7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 1/23

Department of Information and Communication

Technology

Comilla University 

Term Paper

On

TUBELIGHT

Submitted to:Khondokar Fida Hasan

Email: k.fidahasan@yahoo.com

Lecturer

Dept. of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Comilla University (CoU), Comilla-3503

Bangladesh

Submitted by:

 Name ID Position Email

Iqbal hossain 1109039 Group leader   iqbalhossainrobel@gmail.com

Md. Arefin islam 1109038 Group Member Arefinshuvo24@yahoo.com

Date of Submission : 25sth April, 2012

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 2/23

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 3/23

Table of Contents

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….….3

2. History of tube light…………………………………………………………………….....3

3. Literature Review………………………………………………………………….………6

4. Methodology…………………………………….................................................................8

4.1 ZH-9602/A………………………………………………………………..….........8

4.2 ZH-9602/B………………………………………………………………..…..…...9

4.3 ZH-9602/C…………………………………………………………………....…..10

4.4 ZH-9602/D………………………………………………………………..….......11

4.5 ZH-9602/EL……………………………………………………………...………12

4.6 ZH-9602/EL1……………………………………………………………...……..13

4.7 ZH-9602/K1S……………………………………………………………...……..14

5. Results……………………………………………………………………………..……...15

6. Discussion…………………………………………………………………………..…….17

6.1 Solar light tubes…………………………………………………………...……..17

6.2 Fluorescent lamp………………………………………………………..………18

6.3 Vacuum tube……………………………………………………………..…..….18

6.4 Ultraviolet(UV) light………………………………………………….…..…….18

6.5 Vacuum UV…………………………………………………………….,,..…….19

6.6 Ultraviolet LEDs…………………………………………………….,,.…..……19

6.7 Ultraviolet lasers……………………………………………………,,……..…..19

6.8 Gas filled tubes……………………………………………………,,,…………..20

6.9 Cathode ray tubes………………………………………………,,,……..….……20

6.10 Neon light…………………………………………………………,,,….………20

6.11 Vidicon tube………………………………………..………………,,,…..…….21

6.12 Geissler tube…………………………………………………………,,,……….21

7. Conclusipon ………………………………………………………………………...…….21

Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………...22

Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………….23

3

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 4/23

IntroductionTube light is one of the most wonderful invention of modern science. It is a such kind of 

invention that could remove the darkness .In fact, it is a way that can convert the source of 

electricity to the source of light. So that man can easily use tube light to produce light in any

types of dark place. It is the most essential part of human in day to day life. It saves more

energy than a filament bulb. The heat ness of tube light is less than a normal bulb. On the

other hand it gives us so much clear and bright light than a normal bulb. Moreover , it is very

cheap and available. So the people are greatly benefited by using tube light.

Light tubes

Light tubes or light pipes are used for transporting or distributing natural or artificial light. Intheir application to daylighting, they are also often called sun pipes, sun scopes, solar light

 pipes, sky lights or daylight pipes.

History of tube light

Thomas Edison, that prolific American inventor, is often credited with the invention of the

incandescent lamp. More accurately, it could be said that Edison was the man who  perfected 

the incandescent lamp. Edison's successful design of 1879 was actually preceded by 77 years

 by the British scientist Sir Humphry Davy, who first demonstrated the principle of using

electric current to heat a thin strip of metal (called a "filament") to the point of incandescence

(glowing white hot).

Edison was able to achieve his success by placing his filament (made of carbonized sewingthread) inside of a clear glass bulb from which the air had been forcibly removed. In this

vacuum, the filament could glow at white-hot temperatures without being consumed by

combustion:

4

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 5/23

In the course of his experimentation (sometime around 1883), Edison placed a strip of metal

inside of an evacuated (vacuum) glass bulb along with the filament. Between this metal strip

and one of the filament connections he attached a sensitive ammeter. What he found was that

electrons would flow through the meter whenever the filament was hot, but ceased when the

filament cooled down:

The white-hot filament in Edison's lamp was liberating free electrons into the vacuum of the

lamp, those electrons finding their way to the metal strip, through the galvanometer, and back 

to the filament. His curiosity piqued, Edison then connected a fairly high-voltage battery in the

galvanometer circuit to aid the small current:

Sure enough, the presence of the battery created a much larger current from the filament to the

metal strip. However, when the battery was turned around, there was little to no current at all!

5

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 6/23

In effect, what Edison had stumbled upon was a diode! Unfortunately, he saw no practical use

for such a device and proceeded with further refinements in his lamp design.

The one-way electron flow of this device (known as the  Edison Effect ) remained a curiosity

until J. A. Fleming experimented with its use in 1895. Fleming marketed his device as a"valve," initiating a whole new area of study in electric circuits. Vacuum tube diodes --

Fleming's "valves" being no exception -- are not able to handle large amounts of current, and so

Fleming's invention was impractical for any application in AC power, only for small electric

signals.

Then in 1906, another inventor by the name of Lee De Forest started playing around with the

"Edison Effect," seeing what more could be gained from the phenomenon. In doing so, he made

a startling discovery: by placing a metal screen between the glowing filament and the metal

strip (which by now had taken the form of a plate for greater surface area), the stream of 

electrons flowing from filament to plate could be regulated by the application of a small

voltage between the metal screen and the filament:

De Forest called this metal screen between filament and plate a  grid . It wasn't just the amount

of voltage between grid and filament that controlled current from filament to plate, it was the

6

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 7/23

 polarity as well. A negative voltage applied to the grid with respect to the filament would tend

to choke off the natural flow of electrons, whereas a positive voltage would tend to enhance the

flow. Although there was some amount of current through the grid, it was very small; much

smaller than the current through the plate.

Perhaps most importantly was his discovery that the small amounts of grid voltage and grid

current were having large effects on the amount of plate voltage (with respect to the filament)

and plate current. In adding the grid to Fleming's "valve," De Forest had made the valve

adjustable: it now functioned as an amplifying device, whereby a small electrical signal could

take control over a larger electrical quantity.

The closest semiconductor equivalent to the Audion tube, and to all of its more modern tubeequivalents, is an n-channel D-type MOSFET. It is a voltage-controlled device with a large

current gain.

Calling his invention the "Audion," he vigorously applied it to the development of 

communications technology. In 1912 he sold the rights to his Audion tube as a telephone signal

amplifier to the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT and T), which made long-

distance telephone communication practical. In the following year he demonstrated the use of 

an Audion tube for generating radio-frequency AC signals. In 1915 he achieved the remarkable

feat of broadcasting voice signals via radio from Arlington, Virginia to Paris, and in 1916

inaugurated the first radio news broadcast. Such accomplishments earned De Forest the title

"Father of Radio" in America.

  Literature Review

People usually think of using electricity as an everyday necessity. People think about different

way as the source of electricity. So, the method of solar technology has developed . Solar is

when something that is normally powered by electricity is now powered by the sun. There is an

idea that uses solar to make light. This idea is called the solar tube. The solar tube or solar light

uses day lighting to bring natural light into indoor spaces that are dark.

Day lighting has shown to be an essential part of building green homes. Day lighting issunlight that is reflected and then spread throughout the room, which makes a home energy

7

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 8/23

efficient. The word day lighting means the illumination of indoor spaces by natural light. Day

lighting lets in light but also saves energy and reduces lighting costs because you don’t have to

turn on your lights as often. In 1999, studies were done of schools in three states and they have

 proved that day lighting in a room is healthier. Also student’s math and reading grades had

gone up by as much as twenty-five percent because day lighting was used instead of artificial

lighting.

One way to use day lighting in your home is by using a solar tube. A solar tube is a

metal cylinder used to bring natural light into homes. The solar tube is not a new idea. People

in Ancient Egypt used a similar idea to light their homes. The solar tube is effective, and easy

to install. Solar tubes take about two hours to install, while skylights could take days. Solar 

tubes work to reflect and refract the suns light into your home. Another good feature about

solar tubes is that it will reduce your energy bill significantly while keeping your house bright.

A solar tube kit can be in the price range of $200.00-$500.00. Solar tubes cut down on artificial

light and bring in more natural light. Reflection is when a ray of light hits a surface and

 bounces off. Reflection in the solar tube is when the sun reflects down a tube and comes down

at a diffuser at the bottom. Refraction is when a light ray bends as it travels. The refraction in

the solar tube is when the sun’s rays bend and travel out of the solar tube. The sun then comes

out of the bottom of the tube and brings light in to the room. Without the metal cylinder in the

solar tube the sun wouldn’t reflect and refract off of anything and wouldn’t produce light.

Some people who live in third world countries or are poor, and either don’t have

electricity or can’t afford it. One place that this occurs is in the Philippines. One man in the

Philippines, whose name is Demetrio Bukas, came up with an idea similar to a solar tube, but

less expensive. This idea is called the solar bottle. This bottle light is not powered by

electricity, but by the sun similar to the solar tube. For the solar bottle, an empty two-liter 

 plastic soda bottle is first filled with water. Then a cap full of bleach is added to the water to

keep the water clean and mold and algae from growing in the bottle. The water bottle is then

 placed into the roof. The sun will then reflect on the water and create a light in the room that is

equal to a 55-watt light bulb. Refraction in the solar bottle is when the sun is being bent to

shine light out of the bottle. The refraction is when the suns rays bend as they travel through the

 bottle like the solar tube. Then the room will be lightened through the reflection and refraction

 bending and moving the light rays. Reflection and refraction is an important part to make a

room brighter without the high payments of electricity.

8

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 9/23

Methodology

Every machine has such a method to build it for working. Many types of tube lights havedifferent method. The methodology of different tube lights are given below.

1.ZH-9602/A

ZH-9602/A heliport light beacon is a white flashing light, as a distance visual guidance.

It’s so important especially when the ambient light make it different to see there is a heliport.

According to ICAO, every heliport should have at least one light beacon. It should be installed

above or near the heliport, it will be better if it is installed in an elevated place. Please make sure

it will not let the pilot feel glaring in short distance.

  Technical Parameter

 Name Parameter 

Type ZH-9602/A

Input Power AC220V/DC48VConsumption ≤15W

Flash Frequency 4 times/2seconds

Light Intensity 2500cd

Light Source Xenon Tube

Light Source Lifespan 100,000,000times.

Emitting Color White

Ingress Protection IP65

Ambient Temperature -40 ~60℃ ℃

Wind Load 80m/s

9

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 10/23

Weight 3kg

Overall Dimension (mm) 200*180*380

Installation Dimension (mm) 180*160*M10

2.ZH-9602/B

ZH-9602/B heliport approach light is a white sequence flashing light. Used for 

approach guidance when helicopter is landing, it can provided instructions about

approach direction for the helicopter pilot. It can be installing in the exterior of the

heliport perimeter lights, the direction that can approaching, unilateral or two-wayinstallation. At least 5 lights each group. Flash from the outside to the inside.

  Technical Parameter 

Name Parameter  

Type ZH-9602/B

Input Power AC220V/DC48V

Consumption ≤15W

Flash Frequency 1time/s

Light Intensity 3500cd

Light Source Xenon Tube

Light Source Lifespan 100,000,000times

Emitting Color White

Ingress Protection IP65

 Ambient Temperature -40 ~60℃ ℃

Wind Load 80m/s

Weight 3.5kgOverall Dimension (mm) 180*180*430

10

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 11/23

Installation Dimension (mm) 100*100*M10

3.ZH-9602/C

ZH-9602/C heliport perimeter light is a constant green light upright installing light. Emitting

omnidirectional green light at night or in the daytime with low visibility to indicate the

perimeter of heliport take off and land area, to indicate the safe landing area for helicopter 

pilot. It is controlled by switch in the heliport control cabinet.

  Technical Parameter 

Name Parameter  

Type ZH-9602/C

Operating Voltage AC220V/DC48V

Consumption ≤5W

Light Intensity ≥25cd

Light Source Green LED

Light Source Lifespan 100,000hr.

Emitting Color Green

Ingress Protection IP65

 Ambient Humidity 0~98%

 Altitude ≤4500m

 Ambient Temperature -40 ~ 60℃ ℃

Wind Load 80m/s

Weight 1.5kg

Overall Dimension (mm) 168*168*260

Installation Dimension (mm) 100*100*M8

11

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 12/23

4.ZH-9602/D

ZH-9602/D helipad aiming point light isasteady burning white light inset installing light.

Emitting Omnidirectional green light at night or in the daytime with low visibility to show the

accurate loading place for loading helicopter. It is controlled byswitch in the heliport control

cabinet.

Technical Parameter

 Name Parameter 

Type ZH-9602/DOperating Voltage AC220V/DC48V

Consumption ≤12W

Light Intensity 100cd

Light Source White LED

Light source Lifespan 100,000hr.

Emitting Color White

Ingress Protection IP68

Ambient Humidity 0～100%

Altitude ≤4500m

Ambient Temperature -40℃～60℃

Wind Load 80m/s

Weight 6.5kg

Overall Dimension (mm) 220*130∮

5.ZH-9602/EL

12

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 13/23

ZH-9602/EL heliport flood light is a ground surface installation light. It’s used to

lighten the surface of the heliport, ensuring the heliport surface illumination not less

than 10 Lux, making the heliport sign easy to see and giving the landing heliport

accurate guidance. Uniform illumination of the heliport allows the pilot to reduce eye

glare as much as possible in short distance. It is controlled by switch in the heliport

control cabinet.

Technical Parameter 

Name Parameter  

Type ZH-9602/EJ

Operating Voltage AC220V

Consumption ≤160W

Luminous Flux 13000Lm

Light Source 150W Halogen

Light Source Lifespan 15000hr.

Emitting Color White

Ingress Protection IP65

 Ambient Humidity 0～95%

 Altitude ≤4500m

 Ambient Temperature -30℃～60℃

Wind Load 80m/s

Weight 4.5kg

Overall Dimension (mm) 305*250*167

Installation Dimension(mm) 80-M8*2

6.ZH-9602/EL1

13

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 14/23

ZH-9602/EL1 heliport flood light is a white ground installation light. It’s used to lighten the

surface of the heliport, ensuring the heliport surface illumination not less than 10 Lux, making

the heliport sign easy to see and give the landing heliport accurate guidance. Uniform

illumination of the heliport allows the pilot to reduce eye glare as much as possible in short

distance. It is controlled by switch in the heliport control cabinet.

  Technical Parameter

  Name Parameter 

Type ZH-9602/EL1

Operating Voltage AC220V/DC48V

Consumption 20W

Luminous Flux 2100Lm

Light Source White LED

Light source Lifespan 100,000hr.

Emitting Color White

Ingress Protection IP65Ambient Humidity 0～95%

Altitude ≤4500m

Ambient Temperature -40℃～60℃

Wind Load 80m/s

Weight 3.8kg

Overall Dimension (mm) 305*250*167

Installation Dimension(mm) 80-M8*2

7.ZH-9602/K1S

ZH-9602/K1 is a heliport outdoor light controller, suits all kinds of heliport lights’

on-off controller. It controls and shows all the heliport navigation lights’ work status.

14

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 15/23

This product is outdoor type, ingress protection is IP54, can be used in the outdoor 

directly.

Technical Parameter:

Item Technic Parameter  

Model ZH-9602/K1

Operating voltage 220VAC

Power consumption ≤30W

Power consumption load ≤4000W

Controllable circuits 6 circuits

Ingress protection IP54

 Ambient humidity 0~95%

Operating temperature -40~60℃

 Altitude ≤4500m

Net weight 50kg

Overall size(mm) 900*750*250

Installation size(mm) Console installation750*220

Results

The Effects of Fluorescent Light on the Ocular Health of Persons with Pre-Existing Eye

Pathologies Fluorescent light is the most common source of lighting today for industry and

commerce. The cool white fluorescent tube is the light source of choice for most designers of 

interior spaces. Fluorescent light is cheap, efficient and long-lasting and the tubes are available

in a wide array of styles and choices, from the common cool white fluorescent tube (4100K and

5000K) to specialty tubes such as plant growth tubes and actinic tubes for aquarium lighting.

Most schools are lit with cool white fluorescent tubes as well, owing to the qualities of economy and long life they offer. However, recent studies in cellular activity of the human

retina indicate cool white tubes or daylight tubes should probably not be considered as a good

lighting source for persons with eye disease or eye injury.

When the eye is healthy and carrying on the process of photoreception, each photoreceptor 

in the retina does one unit of work for each peak in a wavelength of light which strikes it. Each

unit of work done by a single photoreceptor, generates one unit of cellular waste product which

must be carried away by the eye’s natural system of waste disposal.

15

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 16/23

In the diseased or injured eye, the natural system of waste disposal is often compromised.

Thus, while the retinal cells are working hard to process light information, they often produce

more waste product than the eye’s disposal system can handle. Waste products build up in the

eye and are perceived by the brain as “glare.”

Glare is often characterized as “fog, whiteness, blackness, or an irritating feeling.” Whatever 

it is, it’s unpleasant to the person who experiences it. For the person suffering from diseased or 

injured eyes, it is more than unpleasant, it can be extremely painful and it can last a very long

time after the source of light is removed.

It is not too harsh to state that virtually all persons with vision problems should be removed

from a light environment where the predominant light waves are a temperature above 3500K or a wavelength less than approximately 500 nm.

 Not only is it uncomfortable for persons with diseased or damaged eyes, there is adequate

information available to safely state that blue light, in addition to UV, causes irreparable

damage, over time, to the human retina, especially in young children. Numerous studies by Dr.

Chen of Sweden and Drs. Ham and Buffalo, suggest it is wavelength alone, not duration or 

intensity which is responsible for cellular damage and death in the presence of blue light.

Serious consideration as to how we light environments of persons with visual problems cannot

come too soon.

Because of the slow processing of visual information in the diseased or injured eye, many

 persons with limited vision are able to perceive the flicker in fluorescent lights which is

imperceptible to persons with healthy eyes. While this does not present a health problem to

most people (except those with epilepsy,) it does become a source of annoyance for some.

A new product, the Vivid Vision Lamp, is now available from the American Printing House for 

the Blind. Even though it is fluorescent, it employs a new technology which reduces the flicker 

rate to almost nothing. Additionally, it uses a combination of fluorescent and other lamp

technologies to produce light that is in the 2700K range. It is perfect for most persons with

compromised vision, and those persons with typical vision for whom typical fluorescent

lighting is not advisable, because it emits NO blue or UV light.

16

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 17/23

It is important that those of us who make decisions about the environments of others,

especially children, take the safety and the comfort of their visual experience into

consideration. 

Discussion

1. Solar Light Tubes

Solar light tubes are an excellent way to bring natural light into dark areas of the house. Light

tubes collect light from all directions through a dome on the roof, and bounce it through a

reflective tube into a room below. The light tube shines through a diffuser that can be made to

look like an ordinary recessed fixture. Light tubes can provide bright light even on cloudy days,

and tubes can extend through attics and even around obstacles to get light where you need it.

Like windows and skylights, light tubes should have low U-Factors to reduce heat lost through

the tube, particularly in cold climates.

Good:

• Excellent source of light for interior rooms

• Low U-factor 

• Captures large amount of light for size

• Tubes up to 30 feet long

• Tax credit eligible

Bad:

• May require additional installation parts Overall:

Solartube is one of the best known and best selling brands of light tubes. The 290DSe is a

 particularly efficient model, pulling in lots of light through a 13 inch tube with a U-factor of 

0.28, better than most double glazed windows. There are many available options, including

multiple diffusers and lenses, dimmers and flashing options to customize the product for anyhome.

17

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 18/23

2. Fluorescent lamp

A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite 

mercury  vapor . The excited mercury atoms produce short-wave ultraviolet light that then

causes a phosphor to fluoresce, producing visible light. A fluorescent lamp converts electrical

 power into useful light more efficiently than an incandescent lamp. Lower energy cost typically

offsets the higher initial cost of the lamp. The lamp fixture is more costly because it requires a

 ballast to regulate the current through the lamp.

3. Vacuum tube

In electronics, a vacuum tube, electron tube (in North America), thermionic valve, tube

or valve is a device controlling electric current through a vacuum in a sealed container. The

container is often thin transparent glass in a roughly cylindrical shape. Electrical contacts are

usually made to variously shaped plugs at the base. They are used for  rectification,

amplification, switching, or similar processing or creation of electrical signals. Tubes rely on

thermionic emission of electrons from a hot filament or  hot cathode. Electrons travel to the

anode (or  plate) when it is at a positive voltage with respect to the cathode. Additional

electrodes between the cathode and anode regulate current, allowing a tube to amplify or to

switch.

4. Ultraviolet ( UV ) light

Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that

of visible light, but longer than X-rays, in the range 10 nm to 400 nm, and energies from 3 eV 

to 124 eV. It is named because the spectrum consists of electromagnetic waves with

frequencies higher than those that humans identify as the colour violet. These frequencies are

invisible to humans, but visible to a number of insects and  birds. They are also indirectly

visible, by causing fluorescent materials to glow with visible light.

5.Vacuum UV

Vacuum UV (wavelengths shorter than 200 nm) is blocked by air but can propagate through a

vacuum. These wavelengths are strongly absorbed by molecular oxygen in the air. Pure

nitrogen (with less than about 10 ppm oxygen) is transparent to wavelengths in the range of 

about 150 – 200 nm. This has practical significance, since semiconductor manufacturing

18

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 19/23

 processes have been using wavelengths shorter than 200 nm. By working in oxygen-free gas,

the equipment does not have to be built to withstand vacuum. Some other scientific instruments

that operate in this spectral region, such as circular dichroism spectrometers, are also

commonly nitrogen-purged.

6. Ultraviolet LEDs

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be manufactured to emit light in the ultraviolet range,

although practical LED arrays are very limited below 365 nm. LED efficiency at 365 nm is

about 5-8%, whereas efficiency at 395 nm is closer to 20%, and power outputs at these longer 

UV wavelengths are also better. Such LED arrays are beginning to be used for UV curing

applications, and are already successful in digital print applications and inert UV curingenvironments. Power densities approaching 3,000 mW/cm2 (30 kW/m2) are now possible, and

this, coupled with recent developments by photoinitiator and resin formulators, makes the

expansion of LED-cured UV materials likely.

7. Ultraviolet lasers

UV gas lasers, laser diodes and UV solid-state lasers can be manufactured to emit light in the

ultraviolet range. Direct UV-emitting laser diodes are available at 375 nm. UV diode lasers

have been demonstrated using Ce:LiSAF crystals (cerium  doped with lithium strontium

aluminum fluoride), a process developed in the 1990s at Lawrence Livermore National

Laboratory. Wavelengths shorter than 325 nm are commercially generated from diodes in

solid-state modules that use frequency doubling or tripling diode-pumped solid state DPSS 

technology. Wavelengths available include 262, 266, 349, 351, 355, and 375 nm. Ultraviolet

lasers have applications in industry (laser engraving), medicine (dermatology and

keratectomy), secure communications, and computing (optical storage).

8. Gas-filled tubes

Gas-filled tubes such as discharge tubes and cold cathode tubes are not hard vacuum tubes,

though are always filled with gas at less than sea-level atmospheric pressure. Types such as the

voltage-regulator tube and thyratron resemble hard vacuum tubes and fit in sockets designed

for vacuum tubes. Their distinctive orange, red, or purple glow during operation indicates the

 presence of gas; electrons flowing in a vacuum do not produce light within that region. These

19

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 20/23

types may still be referred to as "electron tubes" as they do perform electronic functions. High-

 power rectifiers use mercury vapor to achieve a lower forward voltage drop than high-vacuum

tubes.

9. Cathode ray tubes

The cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube used particularly for display purposes. Although

there are still many televisions and computer monitors using cathode ray tubes, they are rapidly

 being replaced by flat panel displays whose quality has greatly improved even as their prices

drop. This is also true of digital oscilloscopes (based on internal computers and analog to 

digital converters), although traditional analog scopes (dependent on CRT's) continue to be

 produced, are economical, and preferred by many technicians. At one time many radios used"magic eye tubes", a specialized sort of CRT used in place of a meter movement to indicate

signal strength, or input level in a tape recorder. A modern indicator device, the vacuum

fluorescent display (VFD) is also a sort of cathode ray tube.

10. Neon light

 Neon lighting is created by brightly glowing, electrified glass tubes or bulbs that contain

rarefied neon or other gases. Georges Claude, a French engineer and inventor, presented neon

tube lighting in essentially its modern form at the Paris Motor Show from December 3–18,

1910. Claude, sometimes called "the Edison of France" had a near monopoly on the new

technology, which became very popular for signage and displays in the period 1920-1940.

 Neon lighting was an important cultural phenomenon in the United States in that era; by 1940,

the downtowns of nearly every city in the US were bright with neon signage, and Times Square 

in New York City was known worldwide for its neon extravagances. There were 2000 shops

nationwide designing and fabricating neon signs The popularity, intricacy, and scale of neonsignage for advertising declined in the U.S. following the Second World War (1939–1945), but

development continued vigorously in Japan, Iran, and some other countries. In recent decades

architects and artists, in addition to sign designers, have again adopted neon tube lighting as a

component in their works.

20

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 21/23

11. Vidicon tube 

A vidicon tube is a video camera tube design in which the target material is a photoconductor.

The Vidicon was developed in the 1950s at RCA by P. K. Weimer, S. V. Forgue and R. R.

Goodrich as a simple alternative to the structurally and electrically complex Image Orthicon.

While the initial photoconductor used was selenium, other targets–including silicon diode

arrays–have been used.

12. Geissler tube

A Geissler tube  is an early gas discharge tube used to demonstrate the principles of electrical

glow discharge. The tube was invented by the German physicist and glassblower  Heinrich

Geissler  in 1857. It consists of a sealed, partially evacuated glass cylinder of various shapes

with a metal electrode at each end, containing rarefied gasses such as neon, argon, or  air ;

mercury vapor or other  conductive fluids; or ionizable minerals or  metals, such as sodium. 

When a high voltage is applied between the electrodes, an electrical current flows through the

tube. The current disassociates electrons from the gas molecules, creating ions, and when the

electrons recombine with the ions, the gas emits light. The light emitted is characteristic of the

material within the tube, and is composed of one or more narrow spectral lines. Many different

colors and lighting effects can be achieved. In the early 20th century, Geissler tube technology

was commercialized and evolved into neon lighting.

  Conclusion

Above this statement we can say that tube light has become a necessity in human life

at present. It reduces the use of normal bulb by its activation. In fact , it has placed in top

 position in the sector of lighting site. By using this people are benefited greatly in all

sector . It also saves energy and gives clear light. On the other hand ,it is modified

drastically as different types which are used in many special purpose. Now we have solar 

tube light that is really a great contribution in modern science because it saves the energy

specially. So tube light is a great invention for the betterment of people life and a blessing

for modern world.

21

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 22/23

Bibliography

Web sites:

1. www.Google.com

2. www.wikipedia.com

 

Appendix

22

7/31/2019 Term Paper on Tubelight by Iqbal & Arefin_ICT_3rd Batch_1st Semester_2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/term-paper-on-tubelight-by-iqbal-arefinict3rd-batch1st-semester2011 23/23

Light tubes(3)

History(3)

Methodology(8)

Solar light tubes(17)

Fluorescent(18)

Vacuum tube(18)

Ultraviolet led(19)

Ultraviolet laser(19)

Cathode ray tube(20)

 Neon tube(20)

Vidicon tube(21)

Result(16)