•

Research Report No. 35

\ SURV£t' OF OPEN ff.\ TER WATERFOWL UUNTJNG

L~ WISCONSIN I~ 1967

by Jam~s R. March

and Richard A. Hunt

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES BuNau af Reaeorc:h

Madlaon, W.lac:onaln 53701

August, 1968

TABLE OF CONTENTS

HUNTING REGULATIONS AND SURVEY TECHNIQUESooooooeo•••~o•o•••ooe 1 Regulations o .. ., ... o .. o ........ ., ... • ...... o.................... 1 Number of Permits Issued~o••••••c••••••••••••••••••~o• 2 Techniques•••••••••o•o••••••••••••oooeo••••••••••••••• 2 Survey Size and Costoo•o•~•~••••••ooo•o•o•e••••o•oo••• 2

RESULTSoQo•ee¢ooeooo••••o•o•••o•ooeooeo•o•••q••••••••••••••••• 2 Survey Response•••o•••••••••••••o••••••••••••o•••••••• 2 Hunter Participation"ooo••••••••••••••<>••••••••••••"•• 3 Harvest Aspects.,. ............................. .,........... 3

Diary dataoeooooo••••••••••••o•o••••••o•••••o~•• 3 Duck-wing dataoooo~••••••o•••••o••••~o••••ooooo• 3 Chronology of kill•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••o 3 Hunter effort•••••••••••••••o••••••••••••••••••e 4

DISCUSSION ••• oo••••••••••oo•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••<>••• 4 Lake Winnebago••••••o••••o•o••••ooooooo••••••••••••••• 4 Mississippi River off Grant County .............. ., •••• "•••• 5

INTRODUCTION

The 1967 waterfowl season marked the introduction of open water hunting on specified inland waters of Wisconsin~ "Open water" as defined in the Wisconsin Administrative Code is "any water outside or beyond a natural growth of vegetation extending over the·water surface and of such height as to offer partial or whole concealment for the hunter". Prior to 19671 open water hunting was permitted only on the offshore waters of Lake Superior and Lake Michigan, excluding Green Bay.

Lake 't-linnebago in east central Wisconsin was the area initially recommended for an ex:perime~ season of open water hunting. This 137, 708-acre lake attracts thousands of diving ducks each fall1 especially scaup, a species that could support additional harvest. Ducks using Winnebago receive only l~ght gun pressure because there is limited access to areas available for shooting.

Open water hunting was also authorized on the Mississippi River bordering Grant County. This portion of the river has large lake-like areas attractive to diving ducks and relatively inaccessible to most hunters.,

Participation was expected to be self limiting because of the need for specialized equipment and the difficulties and hazards of hunting on such large bodJ.es of water.

An evaluation of the initial years of open water hunting is essential. We need to measure hunter participation, harvest, duck distr~bution, and the potential application of this hunting to other large water areas in Wisconsino We obtained the information needed for this evaluation primarily from a mail sUTvey of open water hunters.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the experimental open water hunting season vtere:

(1) Provide more hunting opportunities on the designated areas; (2) increase the harvest of scaup and provide a better distribution of the duck harvest on the areas; (3) determine how open water hunting might affect hunter activities; and (4) determine how open water hunting might influence duck distribution and use of the areas.

HUNTING REGULATIONS AND SURVEY TE:CHNIQUES

Regulations

Permits were required. They were issued without charge to all licensed hunters that applied. Applicants could designate on their permit whether they wished to hunt on (1) Lake Winnebago, (2) Mississippi River in Grant County, or (3) both areas., Hunting was authorized only from securely anchored boats or blinds, to eliminate the use of sneak or scull boats. This regulation was written into the Administrative Code but was omitted from the 1967 pamphlet of waterfowl regulations. On Lake Winnebago open water hunting was prohibited within ~00 feet of any shoreline, including islands. On both areas all blinds had to be removed each day and shooting from boats or other devices while propelled by a motor was illegal. Open water hunters were subject to all other state and federal waterfowl regulations for 1967.

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Number of Permits Issued

The number and types of open water hunting permits issued were as follovm:

~25 permits for hunting only on Lake Winnebago 403 permits for bunting only on the Mississippi River

_l§2permits for hunting on both areas

~17 total permits

Permits were issued to individuals throughout the state but the majority of requests came from residents of the counties that bordered waters open to this hunting or from the metropolitan areas of Milwaukee and Dane Counties (Figs. 1, 2 and 3). !l'here v1ere 28 permits issued to non-residents. Permits were issued throughout the vlaterfowl season since no cut-off date was established .. However, about 95% of all permits were issued by the opening of the waterfowl season on October 7.

]:'echnigues

Hunter diaries and packets of twenty duck-wing envelopes were sent to a sample of open water permit holders. These were furnished through the courtesy of the u .. So Fish and ~Tildlife Service and provided most of the data for evaluationo Aerial surveys by law enforcement personnel gave additional information on the number and location of both hunting parties and waterfowl. Comments on open water hunting from both state and federal game, fish and law enforcement field personnel i..rere also helpful in this survey.,

~rv~ SlJe and Cost

Diaries and duck-wing envelopes were sent to 502 permit bolderso We chose survey participants at randc.m from the three groups of permittees. About one of every six permittees was selected from each group.

The diaries were designed specifically for open water hunting {Fig. 4). A letter of instructions and a stamped re"turn envelope were included in the rr£terials sent to surve.y merr;.h3rs. Prepa:;.~otion costs for tht=: diaries was $35~6o. Postage tota::t.eU. $2~~.3 .. 94 for the :packets sent to tb.s hunters, diary-return envelopes, and reminder cards.. Total cost of survey materials was $261 .. 34 or about $1.20 per returned diaryo

RESUIJI6

Survey Response g.,. -\·-----

Hunters returned 218 diaries (43%)o The best response came from Mississippi River hunters and the poorest response came from those holding permits to hunt both areas (Table l)c Follmdng the hunting seaeon, 65 dia::c:·ies (13% of the total sent out) were returned without any reminder to the hunters., In January a postcard was sent to all survey members requesting them to return their diaries and also asking them to destroy any unused wing envelopes. Following the reminder1 153 more diaries were returned. This response represented 35% of the diaries still outstanding when the reminder was sent out and 30% of all diaries. No additional effort was made to obtain more of the diaries~ The higher response to the reminder notice suggests that many survey members had simply forgotten to return their diaries.

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[unt~r Participation

Hunter participation was considerably lower than anticipated. Among the 218 respondents in the diary survey, only 29 (13%) reported one or more open­water hunting trips,. Of these respondents 23 (about 80%) hunted on Lake Winnebago and 6 hunted on the Mississippi Rivero If we assume all non-respondents did not hunt1 a minimum estimate of use on a direct expansion basis suggests only 179 hunters were active (total permits times non-response rate times percent use of each area). However, we know some diary nan-respondents hunted because at least 3 of these hunters submitted duck wings in the envelopes that were sent with the diaries., A maximum estimate of participation, based on the assump­tion that non-respondents were as active as respondents, suggests that 4ll hunters were afield (total permits for each area times percent utilization for each area)o While some non-respondents apparently did hunt, we assume use was at a lower rate but that the actual number of open-water hunters probably vres within the upper half of the estimated 179-4ll range.

llig'vest Aspects

Diary data. Hunters reported that they or their hunting party bagged 166 ducks and 6 coots (Table 2). An additional 35 ducks were reported shot but not retrieved, giving a total reported kill of 207 waterfowl. Open water shooters on the Mississippi River had more successful trips and bagged more ducks per trip. The estimated range for total duck kill on open water was 631-1,445 (Table 2). The size of the kill depends on which estimate of the number of open water hunters is used in the calculation of total kill. About 2/3 of the total kill came from Lake Winnebago. Crippling losses were also higher on Lake Winnebago.

Species composition of the kill as reported in the diaries is shown in (Table 3)., Divers made up 85% of the reported bag on Lake Winnebago.. "Bluebill" represented over 60% of the divers bagged on the lake. Buffleheads were the second most important diver species and ringnecks, redheads, and canvasbacks collectively furnished 19% of the diver bag. Only 27% of the open water bag from the Mississippi were diving ducks. The actual kill reported was 19 "bluebill" and one canvasback. Among the puddlers, blue-winged teal (31%), wood ducks (19%), and mallards (16%) were the important species.

puck-wing data. Thirty-five survey members sent in 137 duck wings, 6 coot wings, and the tail feathers from 5 Canada geeseo Three hunters that sent in wings did not return their diaries, even after being contacted individually. Some hunters apparently did not understand that wing envelopes were for only the wings from waterfowl shot while hunting on open water. Only 65 duck wings and 6 coot wings (39% of the total submitted) were from birds shot while hunting open water. Species composition of wing receipts generally agreed with species composition reported in the diaries (Table 3). Hunters sending diaries apparently separated ringnecks from the general term ''bluebill" since only one ringneck wing was reported in a diary as coming from a ''bluebill". All other wings from ducks reported in diaries as "bluebill" were from lesser scaup. Age ratios (immature to adult) taken from wings were 3.0 for divers and 2.0 for dabblers, respectively.

Chronolo~y of kill.. Chronology of the open water kill as reported in diaries differed for the two areas. The period of heaviest reported kill for lake Hinnebago came after the first week of the season (Table 4).

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On the Mississippi, 58% of the kill came in the first week of the season and 69% was reported taken during the first two weeks. Most of the dabblers shot on Winnebago were killed in the first week of the season and all but two dabblers shot on the Mississippi were taken in the first two weeks of the season~ The entire reported kill of ringnecks, redheads, and canvasbacks on Lake Winnebago occurred before November 1. Only one diver was reported bagged on the Mississippi prior to November 1. Two hunters on Lake Winnebago and two on the Mississippi reported taking bonus scaup after November 1.

Hunter effort., Hunter party size was larger on the Mississippi than on Lake Winnebago (2.4 hunters and 1.8 hunters per party1 respectively)e Respondents hunting on the Ydssissippi also made the most trips on open water per hunter {Teble 2), and spent about an hour longer in the field (4.1 hours per hunter­trip on the Mississippi versus 3.2 hours per hunter-trip on Lake Winnebago).

Mississippi River hunters used decoys on 60% of their trips to open water. Hunters that used decoys bagged 3.3 ducks per trip and those hunting without decoys took 2o5 ducks per trip. Winnebago respondents used decoys on 91% of their trips and decoy users bagged 1.7 ducks per trip while non-decoy users took 1.2 ducks per trip. Hunters that used more than two dozen decoys had better success, bagging 2.3 ducks per trip as compared to 0.6 ducks bagged per trip by hunters using two dozen or fewer decoys.

Information from the diaries indicated that hunters took 3.5 shots per duck in the bag on Lake Winnebago and 5.1 shots per duck in the bag on the Mississippi River.,

DISCUSSION

Lake Winnebago

The 1967 season was a poor one in which to test the effects of open water hunting. Major diver flights were either absent or did not arrive until the last two weeks of the season. One or two unsuccessful trips on the lake in early or mid-October discouraged some permit holders from going out in late October or in November when more birds were present. Overall hunting pressure on open water was lightc Flights over the lake by warden-pilot Ken Corbett recorded one hunting party on the lake on October 10; 12 parties on October 14; 6 parties on October 23; 8 parties on October 28; 4 parties on November 4; and 2 parties out on November 13.

Some hunters reported that rough water prevented them from trying this type of hunting. The introduction of open water shooting also caught many hunters without the proper equipment or the know-hov7 to participate in the sport e Some hunters apparently applied for permits only in case the hunting proved to be successful for their friends. Participants who were prepared for open water hunting and who stuck it out through the season did set ducks.

This special type of hunting furnished recreation to several hundred hunters in 1967. Participation should increase as more people learn to prepare for ito No adverse effects on duck concentrations on the lake were noted and scaup apparently received the bulk of the shooting pressure.

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C<!ly 24 respondents made any comments on future open wa-t;;er huntingo Five of these who had hunted and ten who had not commented favorably on open water hunting and asked that it be continued. Nine respondents gave unfavorable comments, e.g. "lake was too rough", "shore or blind hunting was better", 11too much equipment was needed", and "scares ducks away from other types of hunters"" One person (a guide for hunters using one of the islands) asked that open water shooting be discontinued.

Several other shore or island hunters {not members of the survey) complained that shooting on open water hurt their hunting, but considering the light hunting pressure on the open water, these complaints do not seem justified on a broad scale. Several reports of open water hunters rallying ducks with motorboats or shooting with the motor running were received. However, no arrests were made and this type of complaint is not considered a common occurrenceo

Hunting on large bodies of water could be hazardous {several comments were made on the difficulty of hunting the rough water) but no accidents were reported and hunters seemed to recognize the need for caution.

The present requirement of hunting 1500 feet from shore or islands was of concern to some guides and hunters. Increasing the hunting distance to 2500 feet or 1/2 mile could help this situation. This interval should also be required between hunting parties on open water. Spacing restrictions help protect the quality aspects of shore, offshore blind, island, and open water huntingc

Open water hunting can be given a fair test only under increased hunter pressure and a more normal diver flight. The 1967 results do indicate that open water shooting on Lake Winnebago is a specialized sport and one that will attract a group of hunters with suitable equipment and the ability to withstand the rigorous conditions.

~ssissiJrni River off Grant County

Many points discussed for Lake Winnebago are also true for open water hunting on pools off Grant County. Divers did not stop on the Potosi pool in 1967 as they normally do. State and federal law enforcement personnel reported little hunting pressure on open water. Our survey showed that interest was higher during the early part of the season when fair numbers of dabbling ducks were present. Hunting pressure fell off when diver flights failed to arrive and hunter success dropped.

Added hunting opportunity was made available. Dabbling ducks furnished most of the shooting, at least in the early part of the season. It is questionable whether increasing the harvest of dabblers on the area, partic• ularly of mallards and wood ducks, meets the intent of this new method of hunting. Should the dabbler harvest continue to be heavy in a year of normal diver flights, some consideration might be given to restricting open water hunting to a period after most of the dabblers have moved out of the area. In any case, a season of good diver flights is needed to adequately assess the effects of open water hunting on bird distribution and harvest.

No major complaints were received and all comments about the open water hunting were favorable. No reports of arrests or accidents were received. If more interest develops a spacing regulation may be needed.

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If' one compares the Mississippi with Lake vlinnebago, it appears that in 1967 the latter water area was more difficult to hunt because of its physical nature; but this type of hunting on either location apparently does not interest the "fair-weather" hunter. There also seems to be greater interest in open water hunting by hunters in the Lake Winnebago area.

RECOMMENDATIONS

le The data collected in 1967 are not sufficient to make firm recommen­dations for open water shooting on all Wisconsin waters. However, since no significant adverse affects on hunting conditions or waterfowl populations were evident, it is recommended that open water shooting be continued on the same areas on an eXPerimental basis.

2~ Free permits should be required again to accurately determine hunter interest and for purposes of obtaining survey information. A cut-off date for permit issuance would be desirable.

3. Hunting diaries and duck-wing envelopes provide adequate data to evaluate hunter activity and harvest. These teChniques should be used again. Aerial surveys and frequent field inspections are needed to supplement data from hunters ..

4. Spacing of hunting parties needs careful consideration and may be desirable as a basic requirement.

5. Lake Pepin has been suggested as another area for open water hunting. Present information shows no reason why such a season could not be held on Lake Pepin unless it would complicate relations with Minnesota which does not allow open water shooting.

8/21/68 rdz

Numbe";." of Pe:tmi ttees Surveyed, Survey Response 1 and Estimated Number of Hunters Usi~g Open Water in 1967o

Area No. Respondents of No .. No., Res;eondents Hunt ins Est. No. of Hunters Permit Surveyed Total Percent Total Percent Maximum !!.i Minimum 6

Winnebago 320 139 43 19 14 263 114

Miss. River 65 33 51 5 15 62 31

Both areas 117 46 39 _: ~~c 11 86 ~§2_C - 17

34 (27c - ( 7

Overall 502 218 43 29 13 411 179

a. Total permits issued times percent respondents hunting. b. Total permits issued times percent of total survey that hunted. Assumes all

non-respondents did not hunt. c. Upper figure represents number hunting on Lake Winnebago; lower figure

represents number hunting on the Mississippi River.

TABLE 2.

Hunting Statistics on Open Water in 1967.

Ducks Avg. Est. Crip. Total Success. Bagged/ No. Total

Ducks Ducks Loss Hunter Trips Hunter- Trips/ Duck Area Bagged Lost (%) Trips (%) Trip Hunter Kill a

Winnebago 92 23 25 104 47 0.9 2.6 413-970

Miss. River ..1!£ 12 16 ..22 64 b..l 4.2 241-492

Both ·areas 166 35 21 163 52 1.0 2.9 654-:1#69

a. Estimate of total number hunting (maximum or minimum from Table 1) times Average number trips per hunter times ducks bagged per hunter trip, plus Adjustment for crippling loss.

TABLE 3.

Species of Ducks Bagged on Open Water as Reported in Hunter Diaries and from Duel~: Hings received.

~ke Winnebaso MississiEEi River Reported 1n Diaries Wings SUbmitted R~morted in Dia~ Wings Submitted

§:Eecies No. Percent No. Percent No: Percent No. Percent

Mallard 6 7 4 12 11 15 5 Black Duck 2 2 1 3 Pintail 3 4 2 A. Widgeon 1 1 1 Gadwall 1 1 1 1 1 Wood Duck 14 20 6 B .. W. Teal 5 7 10 G.W. Teal 3 4 3 Uniden .. Teal 2 2 13 18 Shoveler 3 4 1

Percent Dabblers 12 15 74

Scaup 1 ) 55

11 33 1 ) 26 4 11Bluebill11 50 ) 18 ) Ringneck 6 7 3 9 Redhead 6 '7 2 6 Canvasback 3 3 1 3 1 1 Goldeneye 1 3 Bufflehead 11 12 '7 21 H. Merganser 1 1 1 3 Ruddy Duck 3 3 2 6

Percent Divers 88 85 2'7

Coots .2. 4 1 2 -Total Sample 97 37 75 34

TABLE 4.

Percent of Total Duck Kill on Open Water by Period of' the Season.*

October November Area 7-1§ Is-21 22-JL 1-t2 Total

Winnebago 15 38 22 25 100

Miss. River 58 11 31 100

* Figures are based on information from hunter diaries. The waterfowl season opened on October 7, and closed on November 15, 1967.

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Illinois 3 Pennsylvania 1

FIGURE 3. Distribution by Counties of Open Water Hunting Permits Issued for Both Lake Winnebago and the Mississippi River Bordering Grant County. (Number in ( ) indicates number of hunters receiving diaries and wing envelopes.)

(THIS 1S A 'SAMPLE PA'CiE) . INSTRUCTIONS

DATE TIME HUNTED

October 23, 1967 Frornt 6 a.m. To: .4 p.m. (Please pr:int alllinforma4ion)

&.owiONt AftEA HUNTEOt Lake Wlnnebeao Near Van Dyne t. Record only hunting activities under your 0 Mt .. tulppt Rtver

permit for open water shooting on Lake HUNTERS I N PARTV I N~. 0~ OECOVS I DOG

Winnebago and/or Mississippi River in 2 35 D VES !Xl NO Grant County.

Totol Hunting Partyt DUCKS COOTS G I!&:SE

2. Record each hunting trip on a separate Killed and Retrle'led s 4 1 Snow page whether successful or unsuccessful Knocked Down ond Lost 2 0 0 in bagging waterfowl.

Kind of Birds Bogged 3. For "Location", check mark the correct BY YOU: BY YOUR PARTNER(S)

site and list the nearest town or city for "Area Hunted". 2 Redh.eads 1 Canvasback

4. Note that a·ll waterfowl killed and retrieved 1 Lesser 'Scauo 1 Lesser 'Scaup

or knocked down and lost should be reported for you and your hunting partners.

5. For your own activities, list shots fired at 2 2 ducks, kinds of birds bagged, and the birds Coots

you downed but did not retrieve. For your Geese 0 1 'Snow 'Goose partners, please report the kinds of ducks

Ducks Lost 1 Redhead 1 'Scaup bagged. Shots F.lred 13

6. Please check appropriate boxes describing type of blind used. Also describe method Type of Blind Used: of hunting In blanks provided. rn &OAT C!l o .... only 0 Motor [!] Camoullaged

7. Please comment on weather conditions and D OTHER, •uch •• Stump, Wad!na, Temp. Bllnd, etc.

other factors such as disturbance by other Deaortbe method of lnmUna:

hunters, fishermen, boats, etc.

8. Our report will be no more accurate or complete than the information which you submit. We suggest you carry this diary on your hunting trips.

WEATHER CONDITIONS:

Cloudy, Temp. 35 ° IV ind from Northwest

p,.,

FIGURE 4. Instruction Sheet and Sample Page from Diary Sent to Open Water Hunters in 196 7 •

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