teorisi ve lar - savunma sanayii dergilik
TRANSCRIPT
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Teorisi ve lar
Transnational Organized Crime in Financing Terrorism
*
ulu
* , e-posta: [email protected].
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Anahtar Kelimeler
Abstract The subject of this study is to analyze the relationship between
terrorism and transnational organized crime theoretically and chronologically and through examples that gained importance in both national and international security arena after Cold War. The aim of this
which suggested that terrorist organizations become also organized crime
organizations, which become also organized crime organizations such as PKK will be presented. Drug trafficking, weapon smuggling, forgery, human trafficking, extortion and theft and cyber crimes are the organized crimes, which are committed often by terrorist organizations. This situation emphasizes the importance of need to development of national strategy for struggle against organized crime, while also forming national strategy to struggle against terrorism. The data in this study are gathered from comprehensive international literature review and actual national data of Turkey are based on primary data of General Directorate of Security Affairs. It is concluded that terrorist organizations has began to transform into organized crime organizations and the problem of financing terrorism has become much more important regarding the counter terrorism at tactical, operational and strategic level.
Keywords: Terrorism, Financing Terrorism, Organized Crime, Transnational Crimes.
1.
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Stratejileri 13
h- -
1
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2 Paula D Global Issues, 2001, Vol. 6, No: 2, s. 2.
30 Security
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her iki
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Critical Studies on Terrorism, 6:1, 2013, s. 77).
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uyu
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4 H. Diffe Global Crime, 2014, 15:3-4, s. 213. 5 Global Issues, 2001, Vol. 6, No: 2, s. 5.
32 Security
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6
etmektedir.7
le gelmektedir.
6 7 A.g.e., s. 481.
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veretaraftan,
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her iki olgunun da kavra
9 Bu durum bizi
8 , Roma
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1959 Haziran 1962 Atlanta, Georgia
.
ve John L. Cosa Nostra (
ABD Robert Kennedy
(Kaynak: https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Valachi
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fa10
faaliyetlerini
10 Bkz. http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/pc-oc/PCOC_documents/Documents %202014/CDPC%20(2014)%2011%20Fin%20-%20e%20-%20White%20paper.pdf
Makarenko'nu
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Stratejileri 13
11 imzalanan
zi yapmak,
12 12-
.13
belirtilen
14 15
16 gibi
11 licy-
Defence and Peace Economics, 2011, 22:2, s. 194. 12 Lauren R. Heller, a.g.m., s. 195. 13 https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/kanunlar/k4800.html 14 18.03.2003 tarih ve 15 Ns Millennium, 1999, Vol. 3, s. 57. 16 Global Issues, 2001, Vol. 6, No. 2, s. 19.
36 Security
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iddia edilebilir.17 u tarihten sonra Afganistan,
Sri
etmek
18
17 licies and Transnational Policing in
European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 2001, Vol: 9/2, s. 105. 18 , Roma
Makarenko'nu
37
Stratejileri 13
ak nitelendirmektedir.19
20
21
tedir.22
23
19 Angela Veng Mei Leong,
Journal of Money Laundering Control, 2004, Vol. 8, No. 1, s. 31. 20
Public Integrity, 2004, Vol. 6, No. 2, s. 157. 21 22 A.g.e. 23
a, mala zarar verme, genel
38 Security
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Ka
24 4.
olm
bozma, verileri yok
24
, 2008, Ankara, s. 160-161.
Makarenko'nu
39
Stratejileri 13
bombalama bulund
tahmin edilmektedir.25
26 an El
27
riye sokmak
25 Thomas Biersteker ve Sue Eckert, Countering The Financing of Terrorism, Routledge Publications, New York, 2008, ss. 15-18. 26 Thomas Biersteker ve Sue Eckert, a.g.e., s. 8. 27 Between Organised Crime and Al- South African Journal of International Affairs, 10:20, 2003, ss. 84-85.
40 Security
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eylemleri
28
bir maliyet un
fa
29
28
Public Integrity, 2004, Vol. 6, No. 2, s. 155. 29 Thomas Biersteker ve Sue Eckert, a.g.e., s. 10.
Makarenko'nu
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finans 30
rlikte bu
.31 El Ordusu
32
30 A.g.e. 31 -Terror Nexus? Thinking on some of
Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 30:12, 2007, ss. 1095- -Terror Continuum: Tracing the
Global Crime, 6:1, 2004, ss. 142-Criminal Syndicate: Studies in Conflict &Terrorism, 30:10, 2007, s. 901-920. 32
Critical Studies on Terrorism, 6:1, 2013, s. 76.
42 Security
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33
34 Kaide ve
-
lerin El .35
33 -Terror Nexus? Thinking on some of
Studies in Conflict&Terrorism, 30:12, 2007, s. 1095. 34 35 Rachel Ehrenfeld, Funding Evil: How Terrorism is Financed and How to Stop It, Bonus Books, Los Angeles, 2003, ss. 26-28.
Makarenko'nu
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Stratejileri 13
ili organize
36
kollanmaya
37 Her iki b
.38
39
36 Syndicate: Funding Terrorism through Organized Crime, A Case Study Studies in Conflict &Terrorism, 30:10, 2007, s. 914. 37
Transnational Organised Crime, Vol. 2, No: 4, 1996, s. 40. 38 -Terror Nexus? Thinking on some of
Studies in Conflict&Terrorism, 30:12, 2007, s. 1096. 39 Convergence of International Organized Crime Police Practice and Research, 3:4, 2002, s. 305.
44 Security
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BM 40
41 Bireysel
42
, 43
edilmektedir.44
45
40 -Terror Nexus? Thinking on some
Studies in Conflict&Terrorism, 30:12, 2007, s. 1096. 41 Alain Journal of Drug Issues, 35(1), 2005, s. 119. 42 Alain Labrousse, a.g.m., s. 124-125. 43 Akt. Alain Labrousse, a.g.m. s. 125. 44 Steven Hutchinson& A Crime-Terror Nexus? Thinking on some of the Links
Studies in Conflict&Terrorism, 30:12, 2007, s. 1097. 45
International Criminal Law Review, (2), 2002, s. 231.
Makarenko'nu
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illegal
teh geleneksel
tespit
BM
kategorize etmektedir.46
bir alanda deneyim sahibi olm
edebilmektedir.47 r
toritesine zarar veren faaliyetlerinden .
46 A.g.e., ss. 131-135. 47 A.g.e., s. 138.
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- 48
benimsemeye
ise,
yapmak
48 -Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay Between
Global Crime, 6:1, 2004, s. 142.
gruplarla
Organize
Eylemlerde
kullanma
Eylemlerde organize
yararlanma
Sendromu
Siyasi
Ticari
1 2 3 1 2 3
4
Makarenko'nu
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Stratejileri 13
organize 49
operasyonlar ve ve
kleri tespit 50
faaliyetlerini engellemek, suikast de
.51
organize s kadro
52
49 -Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between
Global Crime, 6:1, 2004, s. 142. 50 Rachel Ehrenfeld, Funding Evil: How Terrorism is Financed and How to Stop It, Bonus Books, Los Angeles, 2003, s. 39. 51
, 2008, Ankara, s. 168. 52 A.g.e., s. 169.
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etmektedir ve
53
54
.55
ise
.
56
53 A.g.e., s. 171. 54 A.g.e., s. 175. 55 A.g.e. 56 Rachel Ehrenfeld, Funding Evil: How Terrorism is Financed and How to Stop It,
Makarenko'nu
49
Stratejileri 13
birbirinden ay
lde
da,
zamanda sahiplenmektedir. Bu durum
Bonus Books, Los Angeles, 2003, ss. 36-38.
50 Security
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izlendi
- -
engellerin lan ve
Makarenko'nu
51
Stratejileri 13
rlar.
(Ekonomi . idir.
Ulusal-
Tablo 1:
n
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57
58
dan .59
koruma, zarar vermeme ve tehdit gibi sebepler ortaya sunularak ,
vaadinde bulunma, zarar ve
alarak f .60 organize
. 1970 lerden bu yana FARC, Basque, ETA, PKK ve Sandero
57 Rachel Ehrenfeld, Funding Evil: How Terrorism is Financed and How to Stop It, Bonus Books, Los Angeles, 2003, s. 40 58 Sabrina Adamoli, Organized Crime Around The World, European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, United Nations Publications, Helsinki, 1998, s. 48. 59
, 2008, Ankara, ss. 151-152. 60 A.g.e., s.156.
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61 Balkan r
Bekaa 62
-
-
63
e etmek, hem de
bilinmektedir.64
, uzun ir.
61 -Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between
Global Crime, 6:1, 2004, s. 134. 62 Tamara Makarenko, a.g.m., s. 135. 63 64 Ankara, 2003, s. 118.
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65
66
tercih ettikleri .67 ye PKK/KCK
68 de
len olaylarda toplamda 207 70 69
5.3. Sahtecilik
belgeleri
65 Sabrina Adamoli, Organized Crime Around The World, European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, United Nations Publications, Helsinki, 1998, s. 41. 66 A.g.e., s. 42-43 67 Rachel Ehrenfeld, Funding Evil: How Terrorism is Financed and How to Stop It, Bonus Books, Los Angeles, 2003, s. 39. 68
verileri, 2016. 69 A.g.e.
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,
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74
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71 - South African Journal of International Affairs, 2003, 10:20 s. 85. 72 Gail Wannenburg, a.g.m., s. 86. 73 A.g.e. 74 Rachel Ehrenfeld, Funding Evil: How Terrorism is Financed and How to Stop It, Bonus Books, Los Angeles, 2003, s. 39.
56 Security
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75
a da
rl,
ilah
nispeten daha az risk sebebiyle giderek
, eleman da temin edebilmektedir.
,
- 76
75 sed Crime and Al- South African Journal of International Affairs, 2003, 10:20 s. 86. 76 The EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT), https://www.europol. europa.eu/content/te-sat-2014-european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-
Makarenko'nu
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24 Haziran
;
77 5.5.
an
knolojilerle birlikte bilgi
1998
Birinci
silah sistemlerini devre i ise, yle
78 El Kaide nin
SamurB
79
2014, 77 Milliyet Gazetesi. http://www.milliyet.com.tr/ 2000/07/01/dunya/dun01.html 78 Haydar. (ed.) Ankara, 2009, s. 87. 79 Taner Altunok, a.g.e., s. 88.
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bilgilerinin yoluyla
nce de
uzundur. Orta D da Hizbullah, Hamas, El-t PKK/ Kongra-Gel,
- Latin AmerikaKuvvetleri, Tupac Amaru; Asya Kaide, Ensan el
80 Dijital teknolojiyi
Endonezya ine
sistemlerinin
kull kendi
80 Sabrina Adamoli, Organized Crime Around The World, European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, United Nations Publications, Helsinki, 1998, s. 43.
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plomatik yollarla elde edemeyen
nin,
devlet
zedelenmesi
faaliyetleri se
fa
ya da en
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-19
geleneksel
. Ancak zaman
tir. Bu durum ise salt asker
ve
etmektedir. kara
para e arz
ve talebin bulun
,
ekonomik ve kurumsal
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anlamda ,
Summary In this article, the relationship between terrorism and transnational
organized crime is analyzed. Financing terrorism by organized criminal activities has gained importance after Cold War period and has become important issue in both national and international security level of the countries. The main thesis of the article is that financial support of foreign states into terrorism is decreasing while financing terrorism through organized crime is increasing dramatically.
There are some common motivations between terrorist groups and transnational organized criminals. Both groups commit the crimes in organized way, they use the same methods as pressure, force, violence and threats, they have a strong hierarchical structure and there is a kind of sanctions system among the members of organizations. Also both terrorist groups and organized criminals rapidly orientate themselves into technological changes and especially provide their staff from minority groups in the society. On the other hand, there is dissimilarity between transnational organized crime and terrorism. For instance, for organized criminals, fear and violence are instrumental, whereas fear and violence are main goals of terrorist organizations. Since main motivation of organized criminals is to gain money and to increase the profit, politics is an instrument for organized criminals; but since main motivation of terrorist groups is political power, economics is an instrument for terrorist activities.
Drug trafficking, weapon smuggling, forgery, human smuggling, extortion and theft, cyber crimes and money laundering are organized crimes which are committed often by terrorist organizations. This situation emphasizes the importance of need to development of national
62 Security
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strategy for struggle against organized crime and terrorism together. In conclusion, the comprehensive fight strategy against terrorism
requires a multi dimensional approach. In addition to political, economic, social, cultural, and military/police combating efforts with the terrorism, the vital approach is prevention of financing instruments of terrorism. The combat with transnational organized crime is very important in blocking financing of terrorism as a way of prevention of providing financial support to terrorist activities.
Kaynak Kitaplar ADAMOLI, Sabrina, Organized Crime Around The World, European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, United Nations Publications, Helsinki, 1998. BIERSTEKER, Thomas, ECKERT Sue, Countering The Financing of Terrorism, Routledge, New York, 2008. EHRENFELD, Rachel, Funding Evil: How Terrorism is Financed and How to Stop It, Bonus Books, Los Angeles, 2003.
, Sedat, ,
, Enver Alper,
, Mustafa,
Makaleler ADEN, Hartmut, Convergence of Policing Policies and Transnational
European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice vol: 9/2, 2001. CARRAPICO,
Global Crime, 15:3-4, 2014.
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ok
DOBRIANSKY, Global Issues, Vol. 6, No: 2, 2001. FLANIGAN, Mexican Drug Cartels and Terrorism and Political Violence, 24:2, 2012. GALLAGHER, -
Terrorism and Political Violence, 26:2, 2014. HELLER, ns of (In)Security within the EU. How European Policy-makers view the Sources and costs of Terrorism and
Defence and Peace Economics, 22:2, 2011. HUTCHINSON, Steven and O MALLEY, -Terror Nexus? Thinking on some of the Links between Terrorism and Criminality", Studies in Conflict&Terrorism, 30:12, 2011. LABROUSSE, s Connection to
Journal of Drug Issues, 35(1), 2005. LEONG, Terror and O Journal of Money Laundering Control, Vol.8, No.1, 2004. LI, Quan and SCHAUB,
Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2004, 48(2), 2004.
Ns Millenium, Vol. 3, 1999. -Terror Continuum: Tracing the
Global Crime, 6:1, 2004. MYLONAKI, Terrorists: Legal and Factu International Criminal Law Review, (2), 2002. ROTH, Mitchel and SEVER, (PKK) as Criminal Syndicate: Funding Terrorism Through Organized
Studies in Conflict &Terrorism, 30:10, 2007.
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Transnational Organised Crime, Vol. 2, No: 4, 1996. SHELLEY, Global Issues, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2001. SHELLEY, Louise ve PICARELLI, Implications of the Convergence of International Organized Crime and
Police Practice and Research, 3:4, 2002.
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Critical Studies on Terrorism, 6:1, 2013. WANNENBURG, Gail, Links Between Organised Crime and Al-Qaeda, South African Journal of International Affairs, 10:20, 2003.
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Gazete, Kanun No.4800, 30 Ocak 2003. https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ kanunlar/k4800.html
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Nisan 1991, http://www.uhdigm.adalet.gov.tr/suggam/ulusal_mevzuat /3713%20Ter%C3%B6rle%20M%C3%BCcadele%20Kanunu.pdf