SUBJECT : English ProficiencyLECTURE : Elsan Arvian,SS,M.HumWriter : Ani IstianaNIM : 043131.51114.029

TENSE AND DEIXIS

What is tense ?We take tense to be the grammaticalisation of location in time.

Three parameters are traditionally cited as relevant in defining tense and indentifying tense distinctions.This conceptualisation of time, which appears to be adequate for an account of tense in human language including all time location distinctions found in natural language, can be represented diagrammatically as follows:

TENSE

What one rather finds most typically is the choice of the speech situation as the reference point. The present moment ( for time ), the present spot ( for space ) and the sp[eaker and heare ( for person ). as far as tense is concerned, then the reference point is typically the present moment are distinguished grammatically.

Tense (noun) a form of a verb used to indicate the time, and sometimes the continuation or completeness, of an action in relation to the time of speaking. (From Latin tempus = time).

Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to time - past, present and future. Many languages use tenses to talk about time. Other languages have no tenses, but of course they can still talk about time, using different methods.

Deixis is reference by means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the (usually) extralinguistic context of the utterance, such as * who is speaking * the time or place of speaking * the gestures of the speaker, or * the current location in the discourse. Here are examples of deictic expressions: I – You – Now – There – That - The following – Tenses

DEIXIS

Types of deixis1. Personal Deixis1. Personal deixis concerns the encoding of the participants in the speech

event in which the utterance in question is delivered. The category of personal divided into three: the category are first person is the grammatically of the speaker`s reference himself, second person the encoding of the speaker`s reference to one or more addresses. Third persons encode of reference to person and entities that are neither speakers nor addressees of the utterance in question.

Example : She wants to get the best score in the final exam

* subject pronoun (I, you, we, they, he, she, it)* object pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them)* possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, its, our, their)* possessive pronoun (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, and theirs)* reflexive pronoun (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves).

2. Time DeixisTime deixis makes ultimate reference to participant-role, so it is important to distinguish the moment of utterance from the moment of reception Ex : Tomorrow is Sunday

3. Place DeixisPlace deixis concerns the encoding of spatial locations relative to the location of the participants in the speechEx : There you go

4. Social DeixisFillmore in Levinson states that social dexis concerns that aspect of sentencesThere are also in many languages forms reserved for authorized receipients, including restriction on most titles of address like your honor, your royal hignes, Mr. President

5. Discourse DeixisDiscourse deixis refers to such matters the use of this the point to future discourse element .deixis concern the use of expressions within some utterance to refer to some portion of the discourse contents that utterance (including the use of the utterance itself) .Ex : next thursday, in the last paraagraph, dan in the next chapter