Tenerife Excursion 2016

Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants & Bonn Botanic Gardens

Bonn, March 2016

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Protocol of the botanical Tenerife Excursion 2016, organized and realized by Dr. Wolfram Lobin (Botanische Gärten Bonn) and Dr. Stefan Abrahamczyk (Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Uni Bonn).

This work is published under the creative common license (CC BY NC SA). Users are allowed to copy, distribute, display and perform the work and make derivative works and remixes based on it only if they give the author credits.

Please cite as:

Lobin W., Abrahamczyk S. & Böhnert T. (2016) Tenerife Excursion – 2016. Nees Institute, Bonn.

Cover photos: [top] Mount Teide, photograph taken from the Anaga mountains towards the centre of Tenerife (Tim B.); [middle left] creative student amuse-ment while watching stars at the Cañada del Teide (Saskia S.); [middle right] Observing pollinators on Echium simplex at the trip from Punta del Hidalgo to Chinamada (Tim B.); [bottom] Euphorbia aphylla at Punta del Fraile (Tim B.).

Group leader Dr. WOLFRAM LOBIN

Botanische Gärten Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Meckenheimer Allee 171; 53115 Bonn (Germany) wlobin@uni-bonn.de

Dr. STEFAN ABRAHAMCZYK

Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Meckenheimer Allee 170; 53115 Bonn (Germany) sabraham@uni-bonn.de

Editor TIM BÖHNERT

Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Meckenheimer Allee 170; 53115 Bonn (Germany) tboehnert@uni-bonn.de

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Nr. Par cipants Nr. Par cipants1 Daniela Francisca Aros Mualin 10 Saskia Schlesak2 Johannes Krassmann 11 Simon Momper3 Julia Walter 12 Stefan Abrahamczyk4 Karin Becker 13 Stella Eggels5 Konstan n Neumann 14 Stella Fließwasser6 Mahdieh Malek Hosseini 15 Tianjun Liu7 Mahsa Namini 16 Tim Böhnert8 Philipp Gerke 17 Vera Krieger9 Rafael Acuña-Cas llo 18 Wolfram Lobin

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1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 DAILY PROTOCOLS 4

09.03.2016 — City Excursion in Puerto de la Cruz 4

10.03.2016 — Punta de Teno, Punta del Fraile and Buen Paso 9

11.03.2016 — Montaña Roja near El Médano 17

12.03.2016 — El Palmar, Masca, Chío and Icod de los Vinos 22

13.03.2016 — Pínar above Aguamansa 30

14.03.2016 — Mal Pais de Güímar & Barranco de Badajoz 35

15.03.2016 — Cañadas del Teide 42

16.03.2016 — Coast Buenavista & Thermophile forest 46

17.03.2016 — Loro Park 52

18.03.2016 — Anaga I: Laurel Forest, El Pijaral – Roque Chinobre 53

19.03.2016 — Anaga II: Mirador Pico del Inglés & Chamorga 60

20.03.2016 — Los Silos to Erjos 66

21.03.2016 — Punta del Hidalgo to Chinamada 74

22.03.2016 — Jardín botánico and flower ecology 81

3 APPENDIX 86

Species list of all plant taxa recorded during the 2016 excursion 86

Species list of birds 94

List of locations with geographical coordinates 95

Useful & cited Literature 96

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1 Introduction

Extensive field trips have always played an important role for research and education at the Nees Institute. Wolfram Lobin (WL) has continued this tradition which was initiated by his collegues Klaus Kramer and Maximilian Boecker who has unfortunately died few years ago. WL succeeded to guide his first excursion in Bonn with Maximilian Boecker.

1989 Canary Is. with M. Boecker 2008 Canary Is. with J. Mutke1990 Mallorca with M. Boecker 2010 Marocco with J. Mutke1992 Lake Garda 2013 Cyprus with J. Mutke1995 Canary Is. 2015 Marocco with S. Abrahamczyk2004 Canary Is. with J. Mutke 2016 Canary Is. with S. Abrahamczyk2005 Morocco with J. Mutke

In accordance with former field trips the introduction week was postponed. Participants gave presentations about different topics e.g. the history of the Canary Islands, its geological history, spatial and climatic environmental conditions as well as environmental topics. Moreover, they presented plant portraits of important Canarian plants and informed themselves on the Internet about protected areas.

Some of the field trip destinations were situated within protected areas so that it was necessary to get permissions in order to enter the sites (435/15; 2015-03810). Coordination with the respective authorities was manageable with reasonable efforts so that we received all necessary documents without any problems.

The field trip lasted from March 9th to March 23rd, 2016. It started from Cologne/Bonn Airport. Like on previous excursions we were accommodated at the Apartment Hotel Florida Plaza where we had apartments with a small kitchen at our disposal. Moreover, a meeting room in the basement was used for our daily debriefing sessions in the evenings.

Most of the time, we drove four rented cars which were easy to handle and occupied with four or five students. For two field trips (from Los Silos to Erjos and from Punta de Hidalgo to Chinamada) we rented a bus so that we were able to start and finish in different localities.

We managed to visit all the destinations we planned to. We observed that tourism augmented considerably in the intervening eight years, even though in 2008 saturation was observed and we expected that the situation could not get any worse. The journey to Masca along the steep road with all the sharp bends was very nerve-wrecking due to heavy traffic and oversized touring coaches. Therefore, we emphatically advise not to visit Barranco de Masca anymore.

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All participants of the excursion were very active and enthusiastic so that it was very pleasant to show them the beauty of Tenerife and draw the attention of the students to interesting plants.

WL would like to thank everybody considering that this was his last (official) excursion, specially to Dr. Arnoldo Santos whom he owes his good knowledge of the plants and all the locations of the Canaries. Furthermore, he would like to thank Klaus Lewejohann (Göttingen) with whom he explored the Canary Islands and who shared hie knowledge of plants with him.

His thanks also extend to his collegues M. Boecker, J. Mutke and S. Abrahamczyk. Thanks also to the authorities of the Canary Islands (Cabildo Insular de Tenerife, Área de Sostenibilidad, Medio Ambiente, Aguas y Seguridad, Servicio de Medio Ambiente y Seguridad, Unidad de Coordinación). Most importantly his thanks also go to generations of students who have always been open-minded and allowed themselves be fascinated by plants and their beauty during all excursions.

We also thank our drivers who always drove us safely, T. Böhnert who efficiently compiled the excursion report, as well as Rafael Acuña-Castillo and Klaus Lewejohann for proofreading.

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Map 1 | Tenerife, vegeta on types and excursion loca ons A) Overview map of the Canary Islands. B) Overview map of the vegeta on types of Tenerife incl. all loca on and hiking tracks visited during the excursion. C) Roadmap of Tenerife incl. all loca on and hiking tracks visited during the excursion.

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2 Daily Protocols

09.03.2016 — City Excursion in Puerto de la Cruz

Protocol by Mahsa Namini & Saskia Schlesak

Our journey began after meeting up at the main station in Bonn at 4 am. Due to the modified flight schedule with a departure at 6 am we reached the Tenerife Sur Airport at 9:35 am local time, taking the bus to Puerto de la Cruz in the northern part of Tenerife. With the long bus tour to our final destination, we gained some insight to the different vegetation types in contrast to several agricultural and abandoned fields. Finally, we reached the hotel ”Apartamentos Florida Plaza” at 12:30 pm.

We were grouped into 2 to 3 persons per apartment containing a kitchen and a bathroom since no further catering was included. The hotel offered a swimming pool on the rooftop and a meeting room that we used for our evening discussions. The hotel location was very adequate. The parking area for the cars was located next to the coast and therefore very close to the hotel. Furthermore, there were two large supermarkets easily reachable as well as several restaurants and bars. Due to the location of the hotel and our apartments on the first floor the noises of the nightlife were loudly present since the windows of each apartment were very permeable. However, the accommodations were acceptable with the cleaning staff coming 6 days pere week bringing new towels and cleaning up the bedrooms. Unfortunately there was no free WiFi offered by the hotel.

After a short acclimatization our city tour began at 2:40 pm until we reached the car rental “Europcar” at around 5 pm. We stayed in the city near the coast where we walked through the small streets and public parks of the picturesque city center. Directly in the beginning of our tour we found Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, which can be easily recognized as a member of the Malvaceae family by its androgynophore. Along our way through the city we passed several introduced ornamental plants native to the South American and African continent, like Aloe vera, Agave americana and Spathodea campanulata. Especially S. campanulata caught our attention with its orange, tulipe-like flowers. Other plants like Bougainvillea sp. and Euphorbia pulcherrima can be recognized by their coloured bracts that should not be confounded with the inconspicuous flower. E. pulcherrima is also known as “poinsettia” and is native to Mexico.

Then, we surprisingly spotted a handful of plants native to Tenerife like Dracaena draco, Tamarix canariensis, Euphorbia canariensis and Phoenix canariensis. P. canariensis is the only native member belonging to the Arecaceae in between the cultivated palms like Chamaerops humilis, Roystonea regia and Washingtonia sp.

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On our way to the car rental we passed a flower shop selling potted plants including native plants like Euphorbia aphylla, Dracaena draco, Pinus canariensis and some Aeonium species. There, we also spotted the most common cut plant of Tenerife, Strelitzia reginae, where the island is famous for. Since the botanical garden was used for acclimatization of tropical plants, S. reginae became established as Tenerife’s tourism emblem, even though it is native to South Africa. With the search for the car rental the city excursion ended at the coast where we also found Argyranthemum frutescencs among other species. After taking the four cars with us we went back to the hotel at around 6:30 pm without meeting in the evening.

Table 1 | Species list of the city excursion in Puerto de la Cruz.Species Family 2004 2008 2016Acalypha hispida Burm.f. Euphorbiaceae xAcalypha sp. Euphorbiaceae xAcalypha wilkesiana Müll.Arg. Euphorbiaceae xAchyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae xAcokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. Apocynaceae xAdiantum capillus-veneris L. Pteridaceae x xAeonium urbicum (C.Sm. ex Hornem.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x

Map 2 | Puerto de la Cruz City Center. A) Overview map of Tenerife. B) Lower city center of Puerto de la Cruz incl. the excursion Hotel Apartamentos Florida Plaza and a very useful and free parking lot (green dot) near the hotel (28.4182°N -16.5536°E).

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Figure plate 1 | City excurion in Puerto de la Cruz. A) Arriving at the hotel; B) On our way through Puerto to pick up our rental cars; C) Roystonea regia (Arecac.); D) First look at the coast near the harbour; E) Plaza de la Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Pena Francia; F) At the coast with Agave americana (Asparagac.) & Aloe vera (Xanthorrhoeac.). Fotos: Mahsa N. (A), Johannes K. (D E F), Anonymous (B C).

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Agave americana L. Asparagaceae xAgave a enuata Salm-Dyck Asparagaceae xAlbizia sp. Fabaceae xAlocasia sp. Araceae xAloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Asphodelaceae x xAlpinia sp. Zingiberaceae xAlternanthera caracasana Kunth Amaranthaceae xAnthurium sp. Araceae xAraucaria columnaris (G.Forst.) Hook. Araucariaceae xAraucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco Araucariaceae x xSyagrus romanzoffi ana (Cham.) Glassman Arecaceae xArgyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch.Bip. Asteraceae xArgyranthemum maderense (D.Don) Humphries Asteraceae x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Arundo donax L. Poaceae xBauhinia variegata L. Fabaceae x xBougainvillea glabra Choisy Nyctaginaceae x xBougainvillea sp. Nyctaginaceae xBougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Nyctaginaceae xBryophyllum sp. Crassulaceae xCaesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Fabaceae xCallistemon citrinus (Cur s) Skeels Myrtaceae xCallistemon rigidus R.Br. Myrtaceae xCanna sp. Cannaceae xCarissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A.DC. Apocynaceae xCascabela theve a (L.) Lippold Apocynaceae x xCereus sp. Cactaceae x xChamaerops humilis L. Arecaceae x xChlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques Asparagaceae xCitrus sp. Rutaceae xClivia miniata (Lindl.) Bosse Amaryllidaceae xCodiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph. ex A.Juss. Euphorbiaceae x x xColocasia esculenta (L.) Scho Araceae xCycas revoluta Thunb. Cycadaceae x xCylindropun a sp. Cactaceae xCymbalaria muralis P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. Plantaginaceae x xCyrtomium falcatum (L. f.) C. Presl Dryopteridaceae xDelonix regia (Hook.) Raf. Fabaceae xDianthus sp. Caryophyllaceae xDracaena draco (L.) L. Asparagaceae x x xDypsis decaryi (Jum.) Beentje & J.Dransf. Arecaceae xDypsis lutescens (H.Wendl.) Beentje & J.Dransf. Arecaceae x xEchinocactus grusonii Hildm. Cactaceae xEchium plantagineum L. Boraginaceae xEchium simplex DC. Boraginaceae xEpipremnum sp. Araceae xEuphorbia canariensis L. Euphorbiaceae x xEuphorbia candelabrum Trémaux ex Kotschy Euphorbiaceae xEuphorbia milii Des Moul. Euphorbiaceae x x xEuphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch Euphorbiaceae x xEuphorbia sp. Euphorbiaceae xEuphorbia terracina L. Euphorbiaceae xFicus benjamina L. Moraceae xFicus sp. Moraceae x xFurcraea sp. Asparagaceae x xGrevillea robusta A.Cunn. ex R.Br. Proteaceae x xHemerocallis sp. Asphodelaceae xHibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Malvaceae x x xImpa ens walleriana Hook. f. Balsaminaceae xJacaranda mimosifolia D.Don Bignoniaceae x x xJacobaea mari ma ssp. bicolor (Willd.) B.Nord. & Greuter Asteraceae xKalanchoe sp. Crassulaceae x xLantana camara L. Verbenaceae xLeono s sp. Lamiaceae xLimonium macrophyllum Kuntze Plumbaginaceae x xLotus maculatus Brei . Fabaceae xMesembryanthemum nodifl orum L. Aizoaceae xMonstera deliciosa Liebm. Araceae x x xMusa acuminata Colla Musaceae xNauplius sp. Asteraceae xNephrolepis exaltata (L.) Scho Nephrolepidaceae x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae x x xNico ana glauca Graham Solanaceae xOpun a sp. Cactaceae xOxalis sp. Oxalidaceae xParietaria fi lamentosa Webb & Berthel. Ur caceae xParietaria cf. judaica L. Ur caceae xPelargonium sp. Geraniaceaea xPetunia sp. Solanacae xPhilodendron bipinna fi dum Scho ex Endl. Araceae xPhoenix canariensis Chabaud Arecaceae x xPhytolacca sp. Phytolaccaceae xPinus canariensis C.Sm. Pinaceae x xPlumbago auriculata Lam. Plumbaginaceae x xPlumeria rubra L. Apocynaceae xPortulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae xPyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers Bignoniaceae x xRavenala madagascariensis Sonn. Strelitziaceae xRoystonea regia (Kunth) O.F.Cook Arecaceae x xRumex lunaria L. Polygonaceae xSalpichroa origanifolia (Lam.) Baill. Solanaceae xScheffl era arboricola (Hayata) Merr. Araliaceae xScheffl era sp. Araliaceae x xSchinus molle L. Anacardiaceae x x xSenna didymobotrya (Fresen.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Fabaceae xSenna spectabilis (DC.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Fabaceae xSolandra grandifl ora Sw. Solanaceae xSonchus congestus Willd. Asteraceae xSonchus oleraceus (L.) L. Asteraceae xSpathiphyllum sp. Araceae xSpathodea campanulata P.Beauv. Bignoniaceae x x xStenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze Poaceae x x Strelitzia nicolai Regel & K.Koch Strelitziaceae xStrelitzia reginae Banks Strelitziaceae xSyagrus sp. Arecaceae xTagetes minuta L. Asteraceae xTagetes sp. Asteraceae xTamarix canariensis Willd. Tamaricaceae xTecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth Bignoniaceae xTecoma capensis (Thunb.) Lindl. Bignoniaceae xTetrapanax papyrifer (Hook.) K.Koch Araliaceae xThunbergia grandifl ora (Roxb. ex Ro l.) Roxb. Acanthaceae xTibouchina sp. Melastomataceae xTradescan a pallida (Rose) D.R.Hunt Commelinaceae xTradescan a spathacea Sw. Commelinaceae xWashingtonia fi lifera (Linden ex André) H.Wendl. ex de Bary Arecaceae x xWashingtonia robusta H.Wendl. Arecaceae x xWashingtonia sp. Arecaceae x

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10.03.2016 — Punta de Teno, Punta del Fraile and Buen Paso

Protocol by Daniela Aros & Mahdieh Malek Hosseini

Punta de Teno & Punta del Fraile Punta de Teno: 28.4182°N 16.5536°W; elev.: 25 m a.s.l.

Punta del Fraile: 28.3575°N 16.9027°W; elev.: 144 m a.s.l.

We met in front of the hotel at 8:30 and started some minutes later towards Teno. The first stop was Punta de Teno, were two of the four cars arrived at 10:35 and the other two got lost in the way, which delayed a little the program and gave us time to explore by our own. Punta de Teno is located in a coastal area at the western part of Tenerife, and the landscape can be separated between the old mountain range, which is a formation older than the unification of Tenerife, and the coastal platform. The old mountain rage is in the east side of this peninsula, with cliffs that were part of the volcanic massif of Teno, and being exposed to high erosion ending in deep valleys. These valleys are refuge for many endemic and local endemic species. We walked mostly in the coastal platform so to learn about the coastal vegetation surrounding the place. Because this vegetation lives in very harsh conditions, such as high wind exposure, which also brings salt from the sea, and the soils are made of pumice, a very sharp and light volcanic rock, the vegetation is mostly low, presents succulence and is constituted by many halophytes.

From there we started going back, 3 km down the road towards Punta del Fraile was the second stop. It was already lunch time (a little late for Stefan‘s standards) so we took a short break where we were encountered by the incredible person that is Arnoldo Santos. Once we finished our lunch, he took us down the side of the road to the incredible succulent bush. Even though it has some features similar to the coastal vegetation, for example that it is also wind shaped and presents succulence, the succulence is greater and the shapes more attractive, the plants are in general taller and in higher density. Here the variety of Euphorbia species increases (E. atropurpurea, E. aphylla and E. lamarckii, with E. balsamifera, E. canariensis being also in the coastal vegetation), and also some Echium species such as E. strictum, which is more common in higher altitudes. Walking through the steep terrain while trying to learn all the incredible amount of stories and names that Arnoldo knew, proved to be real a challenge, but totally worth it. With him we spotted Ceropegia dichotoma in flower, Vieraea laevigata, which is a monotypic species endemic to Teno and, after a little ride by car down the road (and parking in a really awful and complicated place), we saw Euphorbia atropurpurea with yellow inflorescence growing on an rockslide below the road. Also some things different from plants, such as bags that were thrown in the road by people who stole them, Arnoldo rescued them and told us he would give it to the authorities. We continued moving along the way by foot and by the end of that walk and before he left us, we found a little community of Lotus tenellus just at the side of the road.

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Figure plate 2 | Punta de Teno, Punta del Fraile above Buenavista and Buen Paso. A) Panorama Punta de Teno; B) Euphorbia balsamifera ♂ & C) E. balsamifera ♀ (Euphorbiac.); D) E. aphylla (Euphorbiac.); E) E. lamarckii (Euphorbiac.); F) Aeonium urbicum (Crassulac.); G) Group at Punta de Teno; H) Ceropegia dichotoma (Apocynac.); I) Limonium pec natum (Plumbaginac.); J) Convolvulus canariensis (Convolvulac.) & W. Lobin; K) Barranco near Punta de Teno with E. canariensis (Euphorbiac.); L) Panorama at the road to Punta de Teno with coastal succulant bush vegeta on; M) Group at Punta del Fraile in thermophile shrub vegeta on; N) Globularia salicina (Plantaginac.); O) Kunkeliella subsucculenta (Santalaceae) at Buen Paso. Fotos: Tim B. (A-O).

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Thermophile forest above Buenavista28.3611°N 16.8708°W; elev.: 124 m a.s.l.

Not long after Arnoldo’s departure, we where already back in the cars driving to Buenavista, a little up Teno in camino Risco, changing completely the landscape to thermophilous shrub vegetation. At first it was full of Opuntia ficus-indica and some introduce species next to the huge Arundo donax. As we climb through a small Barranco the amount of species increased, more importantly, the native and endemic ones, such as Jasminum odoratissimum, Rhamnus crenulata and Teucrium heterophyllum. At the very end of our climb we saw some ferns, Aeonium tabuliforme nearby and Monanthes laxiflora in flower. The landscape was full of green and in front of us was a big hill with trees near the top that Dr. Lobin thought were Juniperus.

Map 3 | Punta de Teno, Punta del Fraile and Buen Paso. A) Overview map of Tenerife. B) Map sec on of the loca on of Kunkeliella subsucculenta near Buen Paso. C) Overview of north west Tenerife from Punta de Teno to Buen Paso inlc. the stops at diff erent loca ons. D) Map sec on of Camino del Risco above Buenavista and the Teucrium heterophyllum loca on.

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Kunkeliella locality near Buen Paso28.3923°N 16.6930°W; elev.: 66 m a.s.l.

Our excursion day ended at the coastal location called Buen Paso, with the mission of finding a narrow local endemic species called Kunkeliella subsucculenta. This is a shrubby hemiparasite that usually parasites the roots of Lotus sessilifolius, which has only a single population occurring on this cliff. In order to get to it, we had to cross a narrow path with a cliff ending in the sea to one side and hard rock to the other, but once we made it trough the passage the view was beautiful and seeing this rare plant made it worth it.

Table 2 | Species list of Punta de Teno.

Species Family 2016Aizoon canariense L. Aizoaceae xArgyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch.Bip. Asteraceae xAsteriscus aqua cus (L.) Less. Asteraceae xAstydamia la folia (L.f.) Baill. Apiaceae xAtriplex glauca ssp. ifniensis (Caball.) Rivas Mart. & al. Amaranthaceae xCneorum pulverulentum Vent. Rutaceae xEuphorbia balsamifera Aiton Euphorbiaceae xEuphorbia canariensis L. Euphorbiaceae xFagonia la folia Delile Zygophyllaceae xForsskaolea angus folia Retz. Ur caceae xFrankenia ericifolia C. Sm. Ex DC. Frankeniaceae xHyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf. Poaceae xKleinia neriifolia Haw. Asteraceae xLaunaea arborescens (Ba .) Murb. Asteraceae xLimonium pec natum Kuntze Plumbaginaceae xLotus sessilifolius DC. Fabaceae xLycium intricatum Boiss. Solanaceae xNico ana glauca Graham Solanaceae xPatellifolia procumbens (C.Sm.) A.J.Sco , Ford-Lloyd & J.T Williams Amaranthaceae xPeriploca laevigata Aiton Apocynaceae xPlantago coronopus L. Plantaginaceae xPolycarpaea divaricata Poir. ex Steud. Caryophyllaceae xReichardia ligulata (Vent.) G.Kunkel & Sunding Asteraceae xRumex lunaria L. Polygonaceae xSalsola divaricata Moq. Amaranthaceae xSchizogyne sericea (L.f.) DC Asteraceae xScilla haemorrhoidalis Webb & Berthel. Asparagaceae x

Table 3 | Species list of Punta del Fraile.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Aeonium haworthii Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAeonium sedifolium (Webb ex Bolle) Pit. & Proust. Crassulaceae x xAeonium tabuliforme (Haw.) Webb & Berthel Crassulaceae xAeonium urbicum (C.Sm. ex Hornem.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x x xAnagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae xArgyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch.Bip. Asteraceae xAsparagus umbellatus Link Asparagaceae x xAsphodelus aes vus Brot. Asphodelaceae xAsphodelus microcarpus Salzm. & Viv. Asphodelaceae x xAstydamia la folia (L.f.) Baill. Apiaceae x x x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Atriplex glauca ssp. ifniensis (Caball.) Rivas Mart. & al. Amaranthaceae xBituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H.S rt. Fabaceae x xBrachypodium arbuscula (Gay ex St.-Yves) Gay ex St.-Yves Poaceae xCarduus clavulatus Link Asteraceae xCarlina salicifolia (L.F.) Cav. Asteraceae x xCeropegia dichotoma Haw. Apocynaceae x x xCheirolophus canariensis ssp. subexpinnata (Burch.) G.Kunkel Asteraceae x xCneorum pulverulentum Vent. Rutaceae x x xConvolvulus canariensis L. Convolvulaceae xConvolvulus fl oridus L. Convolvulaceae xCrambe scaberrima Webb ex Bramwell Brassicaceae xDactylis glomerata ssp. smithii (Link) Stebbins & D.Zohary Poaceae xDescurainia millefolia (Jacq.) Webb & Berthel. Brassicaceae xDrimia mari ma (L.) Stearn Asparagaceae xEchium aculeatum Poir. Boraginaceae x xEchium strictum L.f. Boraginaceae xEuphorbia aphylla Brouss. ex Willd. Euphorbiaceae x x xEuphorbia atropurpurea Brouss. ex Willd. Euphorbiaceae xEuphorbia balsamifera Aiton Euphorbiaceae x x xEuphorbia canariensis L. Euphorbiaceae x x xEuphorbia lamarckii Sweet Euphorbiaceae x xEuphorbia terracina L. Euphorbiaceae xFagonia cre ca L. Zygophyllaceae x xFrankenia ericifolia C.Sm. ex DC. Frankeniaceae x x xGalac tes tomentosa Moench Asteraceae xGonospermum fru cosum (Buch) Less. Asteraceae xJus cia hyssopifolia L. Acanthaceae xKleinia neriifolia Haw. Asteraceae x xLaunaea arborescens (Ba .) Murb. Asteraceae xLaunaea spinosa (Forssk.) Kuntze Asteraceae xLavandula buchii Webb & Berthel Lamiaceae xLavandula pinnata L.f. Lamiaceae x x xLavatera acerifolia Cav. Malvaceae xLimonium fru cans Kuntze Plumbaginaceae xLimonium pec natum Kuntze Plumbaginaceae x x xLotus tenellus (Lowe) Sandral, A.Santos & D.D.Sokoloff Fabaceae xLycium intricatum Boiss. Solanaceae x xMesembryanthemum crystallinum L. Aizoaceae x xMicromeria varia Benth Lamiaceae xMonanthes laxifl ora (DC.) Bolle ex Bornmuller Crassulaceae xMonanthes pallens (Webb in Christ) Christ Crassulaceae xMonanthes polyphylla (Aiton) Haw. Crassulaceae x x xOnonis sp. Fabaceae xOpun a dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw. Cactaceae x x xPancra um canariense Ker Gawl. Amaryllidaceae xParietaria fi lamentosa Webb & Berthel Ur caceae xParonychia canariensis (L. f.) Link Caryophyllaceae xPeriploca laevigata Aiton Apocynaceae x x xPhyllis viscosa Webb ex Christ Rubiaceae xPlocama pendula Aiton Rubiaceae x x xReichardia ligulata (Vent.) G.Kunkel & Sunding Asteraceae xRubia fru cosa Aiton Rubiaceae x x xRumex lunaria L. Polygonaceae x xSalsola divaricata Moq. Amaranthaceae x xSchizogyne sericea (L.f.) DC. Asteraceae x x xScilla haemorrhoidalis Webb & Berthel. Asparagaceae x x xSeseli webbii Coss. Apiaceae x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Sideri s cre ca L. Lamiaceae x x xSonchus acaulis Dum.Cours. Asteraceae xSonchus capillaris Svent. Asteraceae xSonchus congestus Willd. Asteraceae xSonchus leptocephalus Cass. Asteraceae x xSonchus radicatus Aiton Asteraceae x xSuaeda vermiculata Forssk. ex J. F. Gmelin Amaranthaceae xTournefor a candidula (Miers.) I.M.Johnst. Boraginaceae x xVieraea laevigata (Willd.) Webb ex Sch.Bip Asteraceae x xWithania aristata Pauquy Solanaceae x x

Table 4 | Species list of the thermophile shrub forest above Buenavista.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae x xAeonium haworthii Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAeonium tabuliforme (Haw.) Webb & Berthel Crassulaceae x xAichryson laxum (Haw.) Bramwell Crassulaceae xAnagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae x xAndryala pinna fi da Aiton Asteraceae xArgyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch.Bip. Asteraceae xArtemisia thuscula Cav. Asteraceae xArundo donax L. Poaceae x xAsparagus pastorianus Webb & Berthel. Asparagaceae x xAsparagus scoparius Lowe Asparagaceae xAsparagus umbellatus Link Asparagaceae xBituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H.S rt. Fabaceae x xCanarina canariensis (L.) Vatke Campanulaceae xCarduus clavulatus Link Asteraceae xCeropegia dichotoma Haw. Asclepiadaceae xCeterach aureum (Cav.) Buch Aspleniaceae xCheirolophus canariensis ssp. subexpinnata (Burch.) G.Kunkel Asteraceae xChenopodium murale L. Amaranthaceae xConvolvulus fl oridus L. Convolvulaceae x x xCrambe scaberrima Webb ex Bramwell Brassicaceae xDactylis glomerata L. Poaceae xDavallia canariensis (L.) Sm. Davalliaceae x xDracaena draco (L.) L. Asparagaceae xDrusa glandulosa (Poir.) H.Wolff ex Engl Apiaceae xEchium aculeatum Poir. Boraginaceae xEchium plantagineum L. Boraginaceae x xEchium strictum L. fi l. Boraginaceae xErysimum bicolor (Horn.) DC. Brassicaceae xEuphorbia aphylla Brouss. ex Willd. Euphorbiaceae xEuphorbia atropurpurea (Brouss.) Webb & Berthel. Euphorbiaceae xEuphorbia balsamifera Aiton Euphorbiaceae xEuphorbia canariensis L. Euphorbiaceae xEuphorbia lamarckii Sweet Euphorbiaceae xEuphorbia terracina L. Euphorbiaceae xFerula communis ssp. linkii (Webb) Reduron & Dobignard Apiaceae xFicus carica L. Moraceae x x xFoeniculum vulgare Mill. Apiaceae xForsskaolea angus folia Retz. Ur caceae xGalac tes tomentosa Moench Asteraceae xGlobularia salicina Lam. Plantaginaceae xGonospermum fru cosum (Buch) Less. Asteraceae x xHyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf Poaceae x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Hypericum canariense L. Hypericaceae x x xJasminum odora ssimum L. Oleaceae x xJuncus acutus L. Juncaceae xKleinia neriifolia Haw. Asteraceae x xLavatera acerifolia Cav. Malvaceae x x xMedicago sp. Fabaceae xMelia azedarach L. Meliaceae xMesserschmidia fru cosa L.f. Boraginaceae xMonanthes laxifl ora (DC.) Bolle ex Bornmuller Crassulaceae x xNico ana glauca Graham Solanaceae xOpun a fi cus-indica (L.) Mill. Cactaceae x x xParaceterach marantae (L.) R.M. Tryon Pteridaceae xPericallis echinata (L.f.) B.Nord. Asteraceae xPeriploca laevigata Aiton Apocynaceae x x xPhagnalon saxa le (L.) Cass. Asteraceae xPhagnalon sp. AsteraceaePhoenix canariensis Chabaud Arecaceae x xPhyllis viscosa Webb ex Christ Rubiaceae x xPiptatherum coerulescens (Desf.) P.Beauv. Poaceae xPiptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss. Poaceae xPistacia atlan ca Desf. Anacardiaceae xPistacia len scus L. Anacardiaceae xPolypodium macaronesicum A.E. Bobrov Polypodiaceae xReichardia sp. AsteraceaeRhamnus crenulata Aiton Rhamnaceae x xRicinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae xRubia fru cosa Aiton Rubiaceae x xRubus ulmifolius Scho Rosaceae xRumex lunaria L. Polygonaceae xRuta pinnata L.f. Rutaceae xScilla haemorrhoidalis Webb & Berthel. Asparagaceae x xSeseli webbii Coss. Apiaceae xSideri s cre ca L. Lamiaceae x xSonchus acaulis Dum. Cours. Asteraceae xSonchus capillaris Svent. Asteraceae xSonchus congestus Willd. Asteraceae x xSonchus radicatus Aiton Asteraceae xStachys arvensis L. Lamiaceae xTeline sp. Fabaceae xTeucrium heterophyllum L‘Hér. Lamiaceae x xTournefor a candidula (Miers.) I.M.Johnst. Boraginaceae x xUmbilicus horizontalis (Guss.) DC. Crassulaceae xVieraea laevigata (Willd.) Webb ex Sch.Bip. Asteraceae x xWahlenbergia lobelioides (L.f.) Link Campanulaceae xWithania aristata Pauquy Solanaceae x x

Table 5 | Species of the Buen Paso Bay Kunkeliella loca on.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth.&Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. Apocynaceae xAeonium haworthii Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x xAeonium urbicum (C.Sm. ex Hornem.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAnagyris la folia Brouss. ex Willd. Fabaceae xArgyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch.Bip. Asteraceae x x xAsphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Asphodelaceae xCarissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A.DC. Apocynaceae xCneorum pulverulentum Vent. Rutaceae x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. Polygonaceae xEuphorbia terracina L. Euphorbiaceae xFrankenia ericifolia C.Sm. ex DC. Frankeniaceae x xHyoscyamus albus L. Solanaceae xJus cia hyssopifolia L. Acanthaceae xKunkeliella subsucculenta Kämmer Santalaceae x xLamarckia aurea (L.) Moench Poaceae xLavandula mul fi da L. Lamiaceae xLimonium pec natum Kuntze Plumbaginaceae x x xLotus sessilifolius DC. Fabaceae x x xMesembryanthemum crystallinum L. Aizoaceae xMicromeria sp. Lamiaceae xMonanthes laxifl ora (DC.) Bolle ex Bornmuller Crassulaceae xPelle era wildpre i Valdés Primulaceae xPlocama pendula Aiton Rubiaceae xReichardia ligulata (Vent.) G.Kunkel & Sunding Asteraceae xRubia fru cosa Aiton Rubiaceae xSchizogyne sericea (L.f.) DC. Asteraceae x xWithania aristata Pauquy Solanaceae x

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11.03.2016 — Montaña Roja near El Médano

Protocol by Johannes Krassmann & Philipp Gerke

28.0376°N 16.5481°W; elev.: 24 m a.s.l.

Our day started as usual with our group meeting in front of the hotel at 8:30. After a short introduction to the drivers we picked up our cars from the parking square and drove first into direction east on the TF-5 to Santa Cruz. Shortly before Santa Cruz we changed to the TF-1 and drove next to the coast into the south of the island. On our way we passed Güímar, an area that would be visited later during the excursion. After we left the motor way we waited for all the other cars and headed by Mr. Lobin to the area of Montaña Roja. It was one of our longest journeys in distance to one of our visited spots in Tenerife with 95 km and more or less one and a half hour in one direction. The Montaña Roja is located between the Airport Reina Sofia and El Médano next to the Atlantic Ocean. On our way from the parking lot to the base of the old cinder cone Montaña Roja we walked through the coastal vegetation, which is mainly influenced by high salinity from the sea, so we found some halophile species.

Map 4 | Montana Roja near El Medano. A) Overview map of Tenerife. B) Overview map of the coast area SW of El Medano incl. Montaña Roja and the transects for the vegeta on survey.

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We passed typical elements of the costal bush vegetation, like Lotus sessilifolius, Sueda sp., Tetraena fontanesii, Traganum moquinii, Atriplex glauca subsp. ifniensis and Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. In general the coastal vegetation was very sparse. With increasing altitude we had to cope with the typical abiotic factor in this area, a strong and constant wind, but we could observe more typical elements of the succulent bush vegetation, mainly Euphorbia balsamifera but also Ceropegia fusca, Plocama pendula or Launaea arborescens.

Figure 1 | Results of the vegeta on surveys. A/B show the average species/family number per plot; C/D describe the average/maximal vegeta on height per plot. E represents the average vegeta on coverage per plot. Graphic: Konstan n Neumann.

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Also the occurrence of communities, like Ceropegia growing in close proximity to Euphorbia could be observed. On the top of the Montaña Roja we took a windy lunch from 12:45 to 13:15 observing some impressive individuals of Hominidae, most likely from the species Homo sapiens subsp. britannica forma purpurea passing by. We also spotted the small, endemic bird Anthus berthelotii (Canarian pipit). After lunch we went down directly to the coast and took a closer look to the coastal vegetation. After that we did field studies for one hour on the vegetation types (14:15 to 15:15). The strong wind in this area is maybe one of the reasons why there are just small and wind-shaped, but very old individuals of shrubs compared to other spots we visited. This phenomenon could be observed especially for Euphorbia balsamifera and the thick stems can be a hint to an old age of these individuals. Also mentionable was, that there were nearly no invasive species like Opuntia sp. etc. in this area. After the field studies we went back to our cars and drove back to Puerto de la Cruz and after a short break we had our obligatory meeting it the TV room of the hotel (18:00). In the meeting the day activities were discussed and the results of the field study were analyzed.

Field studiesIn this vegetation assessment we wanted to investigate the vegetation types in this area and detect measurable differences with empiric analysis between the two vegetation types and to see some trends along the gradient. The main objective of doing the field study was to learn or improve this technique for the students. The group was divided into 5 subgroups with 3 members and distributed 20 m apart from each other. Each group started to analyze a square/plot 3x3 m with the focus in species, families, coverage and vegetation height. Each group analyzed 6 plots on a total distance of 180 meters.

We started in the costal vegetation and ended in the succulent bush.

The mean number of species and families didn’t show a significant trend and was more or less constant over the analyzed area. The coverage didn’t show a linear trend, but a rise of the coverage in total. For the mean and the maximum vegetation height a linear increasing of both parameters over the gradient was observed.

The increasing of the vegetation height and coverage are reasonable because the succulent bush consist of bigger shrubs than the costal vegetation. For the average species and family numbers per plot you could have expected an increase of the two parameters in the transition zone between both vegetation types but the results didn’t show that increase. The two possible explanations could be that we have no transition zone or we didn’t hit the transition zone. Due to the bad state of the costal vegetation compared to 2008 we couldn’t detect the transition zone properly.

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A B C

D E

F G H

KJI

Figure plate 3 | El Médano - Montaña Roja. A) Montaña Roja; B) Anthus berthelo i (Canarian pipit); C) Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (Aizoac.); D) Ceropegia fusca (Apocynac.); E) Coastal vegeta on with El Médano in the back; F) Plocama pendula (Rubiac.) in the wind shadow of Euphorbia balsamifera (Euphorbiac.); G) Tetraena fontanesii (Zygophyllac.); H) old E. balsamifera (Euphorbiac.); I) Gymnocarpos decander (Caryophyllac.); J) Vera beaming into the camera; K) Community of Euphorbia, Launaea, Schizogyne, Plocama. Fotos: Philipp G. (A E), Simon M. (C), Tianjun L. (H), Tim B. (F G I J), W. Lobin (B D K).

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Table 6 | Species of the Montana roja near El Médano.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Aizoon canariense L. Aizoaceae x xAjuga iva (L.) Schreb. Lamiaceae xArgyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch.Bip. Asteraceae xArtemisia reptans C.Sm. ex Link Asteraceae x xAstydamia la folia (L.f.) Baill. Apiaceae x xAtriplex glauca ssp. ifniensis (Caball.) Rivas Mart. & al. Amaranthaceae x x xCakile mari ma Scop. Brassicaceae x x xCenchrus ciliaris L. Poaceae xCeropegia fusca Bolle Apocynaceae x x xDichanthium foveolatum (Delile) Roberty Poaceae xEuphorbia balsamifera Aiton Euphorbiaceae x x xEuphorbia paralias L. Euphorbiaceae x x xFagonia cre ca L. Zygophyllaceae x x xForsskaolea angus folia Retz. Ur caceae x x xFrankenia ericifolia C.Sm. ex DC. Frankeniaceae x x xGymnocarpos decander Forssk. Caryophyllaceae x x xHelianthemum canariense (Jacq.) Pers. Cistaceae x x xHeliotropium europaeum L. Boraginaceae x x xLaunaea arborescens (Ba .) Murb. Asteraceae x x xLimonium pec natum Kuntze Plumbaginaceae x x xLotus sessilifolius DC. Fabaceae x x xLycium intricatum Boiss. Solanaceae x xMesembryanthemum crystallinum L. Aizoaceae x xNico ana glauca Graham Solanaceae xPatellifolia procumbens (C.Sm.) A.J.Sco , Ford-Lloyd & J.T.Williams Amaranthaceae x xPlantago sp. Plantaginaceae xPlocama pendula Aiton Rubiaceae x x xPolycarpaea aristata (Aiton) C.Sm. ex DC. Caryophyllaceae xPolycarpaea nivea (Aiton) Webb Caryophyllaceae x x xPolygonum mari mum L. Polygonaceae x xPortulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae xReseda scoparia Brouss. ex Willd. Resedaceae x x xSalsola divaricata Moq. Amaranthaceae x xSalsola sp. Amaranthaceae x xSchizogyne sericea (L.f.) DC. Asteraceae x x xSenecio glaucus L. Asteraceae x xSenecio sp. Asteraceae xSeseli webbii Coss. Apiaceae xSuaeda sp. Amaranthaceae x xTetraena fontanesii (Webb & Berthel.) Beier & Thulin Zygophyllaceae x x xTraganum moquinii Webb ex Moq. Amaranthaceae x x x

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12.03.2016 — El Palmar, Masca, Chío and Icod de los Vinos

Protocol by Vera Krieger & Rafael Acuña

Pass above El Palmar (Mirador Altos de Baracán)28.3282°N 16.8563°W; elev.: 808 m a.s.l.

The excursion started at 8:30 a.m. when the students and professors gathered outside Apartamentos Florida Plaza to discuss the route to follow in order to reach the localities of the day. At 9:00 a.m. all the participants were heading west, in direction to Teno, from Puerto de la Cruz. Along the way after Garachico, but before this first stop, Laurus novocanariensis, Phoenix canariensis and Pinus canariensis were seen, however as these species were studied in more detail in other trips, no major discussion on them was carried out at that moment. Due to the impressive panoramas that could be seen along the way beyond Garachico, tourists flock here and their heavy activities became a nuisance in some areas. After 1 hour of travel, we reached our first stop of the day (10:05 a.m.) the pass above El Palmar.

The pass above El Palmar contained a mixed vegetation from different zones, due to human activity in the area. Although laurel forest vegetation could have been an important element in this area in the past, nowadays there is no large trees in the area and it is possible to find species native to the lowland dry succulent bush, such as Artemisia thuscula, Euphorbia atropurpurea, Kleinia neriifolia, as well as species from wetter middle elevations, like Cistus monspeliensis and Erica arborea, along with widespread weeds, such as Echium plantagineum, Bituminaria bituminosa, Oxalis pes-caprae and Plantago lagopus (which are a testament of the human intervention in the zone). The flora in vertical rocky areas was also well represented by Aeonium (A. haworthii, A. tabuliforme and A. urbicum) and Monanthes pallens. After about 15 minutes we left the pass and headed towards Masca.

Pass above the Masca Valley - between Masca and Santigao del TeidePass Mirador La Cumbre 28.2998°N -16.8239°W; elev.: 1058 m a.s.l.

On our way to Masca, one car had a minor accident, so part of the group was unable to make the second planned stop of the day. The narrow and sinuous roads in this region, did not deter the arrival of large buses full of tourists, and with only half of the group present, and the presence of too many tourists, we made our second stop, starting at ca 11 a.m. The presence of three woody and large-stemmed, but very different endemic species of Sonchus (S. canariensis, S. capillaris and S. congestus) growing close to each other was one of the highlights. The vegetation here was low as well and the absence of large trees like in the previous stop was evident. Steep rocky slopes are common near this stop and Aeonium haworthii is frequently seen in these environments. About 30 minutes afterwards, the remaining half of the group arrived and then we left towards the Pinar forests above Chío.

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A B C

D E

F G

H

LKJ

I

M ON

Figure plate 4 | Pass above El Palmar, Masca valley, Pinar above Chío and dragon tree in Icod de los Vinos. A) Echium aculeatum (Boraginac.); B) Pass above El Plamar; C) Polycarpaea la folia (Caryophyllac.); D) Dracaena draco (Asparagac.) in Icod de los Vinos; E) Cheilanthes vellea (Pteridac.); F) Café above Chio, start of the Pinar excursion; G) Pinar with Euphorbia bourgeana (Euphorbiac.) in the foreground; H) Aeonium spathulatum (Crassulac.); I) Sonchus acaulis (Asterac.); J) Aeonium pseudourbicum (Crassulac.); K) par cipants; L). Euphorbia atropurpurea (Euphorbiac.); M) Aeonium arboreum var. holochrysum (Crassulac.); N) Paraceterach marantae (Pteridac.); O) Sonchus canariensis (Asterac.). Fotos: Tim B. (A K, M O), W. Lobin (L).

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Pine forest above Chío Bar Estrellas (parking) 28.2292°N 16.7595°W; elev.: 1092 m a.s.l.

We arrived to the Pine forest above Chío at 12:45 p.m., but before exploring the area, a small coffee break at ‘Bar Las Estrellas’ was done. At 1:15 p.m. we started to explore the area. The pine forests above Chío grow on geologically recent lava flows, locally known as ‘Malpaís’. In this kind of environment there is little exposed soil and bare rock is the most visible substrate. Under these circumstances, the pine trees cannot form a closed forest like in other areas of the islands, so, although Pinus canariensis was common, the vegetation was open and plenty of sunlight could reach the forest floor, which in many areas was dominated by Aeonium arboreum var. holochrysum and especially by the very abundant Aeonium pseudourbicum. Pinus canariensis shows some really interesting adaptations: For example on one hand, the trees have very long needles, which favour the condensation of water on their surface, while on the other, the trees develop basal offshoots that allow the plants to be able to withstand forest fires. Like other pine species the bark of the Canarian Pine is thick and able to protect the trees from fire, while its needles decompose

Map 5 | Masca valley and Pine forest above Chío. A) Overview map of Tenerife. B) Overview map of SW area of Tenerife incl. the way we drove by car coming from the NE. C) Map sec on of the Pinar forest stop above Chiowith parking at the Bar Estrellas.

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slowly. This causes the otherwise virtually naked rock to be covered by thick layers of dead needles. Some common species that characteristically grow under the shade of the pines in this and other regions include Adenocarpus foliolosus, Bystropogon plumosus, Cistus monspeliensis and Cytisus proliferus. Although maybe not as spectacular as their laurel forest relatives, the pine forests host an interesting fern flora, that in the ‘Malpaís’ include Davallia canariensis and some drought resistant species like Cheilanthes pulchella, C. vellea and Paraceterach marantae. These plants are poikilohydric, having the ability to survive even when they lose most of the water content in their cells. In this stage they look brown, shriveled and are metabolically inactive, but as soon as water is available again, these ferns regain the lost liquid, their green color and become metabolically active. Both species of Cheilanthes as well as Paraceterach were commonly seen growing on almost bare rock, not only in Chío but also on large boulders in the Pinar above Aguamansa and in rock walls of other visited localities. It was worth noting that in Pine forests it is possible to find Pterocephalus lasiospermus although not as frequently as in the high elevation zone above the treeline in the Teide Massif.

As we entered the Pinar we noticed the evidence of human occupation. Not only on the sides of the road above Chío there were mixed vine and potato cultivated areas, but also fruit trees like Ficus carica and Prunus dulcis, two species commonly associated with humans. Inside the Pinar itself there were somewhat deteriorated but very evident rock walls and trails, maybe indicating that in the past, the area was more intensively occupied by orchards or farms. After leaving the walls behind we went down the slope until we found a small valley like depression, with few adult pines growing there and a much denser shrubby growth, making it challenging to walk through. Some of the species growing here were much more common than in rest of the Chío Pinar, for example Echium virescens in full bloom, the rare spurge Euphorbia bourgeana, and Rumex lunaria. The legumes Adenocarpus foliolosus and Cytisus profilerus, were not only more abundant in this depression than elsewhere, but we found them flowering unlike co-specific plants in other areas of the Pinar. We left the Pinar at 3:50 p.m. and headed towards Icod de los Vinos.

The Dragon tree of Icod de los Vinos28.3681°N 16.7213°W; elev.: 259 m a.s.l.

We arrived to Icod de los Vinos at 4:30 p.m. Our main goal was the so called ‘Dragón milenario’ usually regarded as the largest extant Dracaena draco plant, several centuries old (although definitively not in the millennial range). Other noteworthy plants in this town include introduced ornamental plants like Dombeya wallichii and Pandanus utilis. At 5:00 p.m. the excursion of the day ended and we headed back to Puerto de la Cruz.

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Table 7 | Species list of the pass above El Palmar.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Aeonium arboreum var. holochrysum H.Y.Liu Crassulaceae xAeonium haworthii Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAeonium lindleyi Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAeonium tabuliforme (Haw.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAeonium urbicum (C.Sm. ex Hornem.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAgave americana L. Asparagaceae xArtemisia thuscula Cav. Asteraceae xBituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H.S rt. Fabaceae xCarlina salicifolia (L.f.) Cav. Asteraceae x xCheilanthes guanchica Bolle Pteridaceae xCistus monspeliensis L. Cistaceae x xCuscuta sp. Convolvulaceae xEchium aculeatum Poir. Boraginaceae x xEchium plantagineum L. Boraginaceae xEchium virescens DC. Boraginaceae xErica arborea L. Ericaceae x xErodium sp. Geraniaceae xEuphorbia atropurpurea Brouss. ex Willd. Euphorbiaceae x xEuphorbia lamarckii Sweet Euphorbiaceae xFerula communis ssp. linkii (Webb) Reduron & Dobignard Apiaceae xKleinia neriifolia Haw. Asteraceae x xLamarckia aurea (L.) Moench Poaceae xLaurus novocanariensis Rivas Mart. et al. Lauraceae xLavandula buchii Webb & Berthel. Lamiaceae xLobularia canariensis (DC.) L. Borgen Brassicaceae xMicromeria varia Benth. Lamiaceae xMonanthes pallens (Webb in Christ) Christ Crassulaceae xMorella faya (Aiton) Wilbur Myricaceae xOpun a dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw. Cactaceae xOxalis pes-caprae L. Oxalidaceae xPeriploca laevigata Aiton Apocynaceae xPinus canariensis C. Sm. Pinaceae xPlantago lagopus L. Plantaginaceae xPolycarpaea la folia Poir. Caryophyllaceae xPolypodium macaronesicum A.E. Bobrov Polypodiaceae xReichardia sp. Asteraceae xRetama monosperma (L.) Boiss. Fabaceae xRetama raetam (Forssk.) Webb Fabaceae xSilene gallica L. Caryophyllaceae xSonchus acaulis Dum.Cours. Asteraceae x xSonchus capillaris Svent. Asteraceae xTeline canariensis (L.) Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae x

Table 8 | Specis list of the pass above the Masca valley.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Pteridaceae xAeonium arboreum var. holochrysum H.Y.Liu Crassulaceae xAeonium canariense (L.) Webb. & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAeonium haworthii Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAeonium pseudourbicum Bañares Crassulaceae xAeonium sedifolium (Webb ex Bolle) Pit. & Proust. Crassulaceae x xAeonium tabuliforme (Haw.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x xAgave americana L. Agavaceae xAgera na adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Asteraceae x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Aichryson laxum (Haw.) Bramwell Crassulaceae xAichryson punctatum (C.Sm. ex Link) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xArgyranthemum foeniculum (Willd.) Sch.Bip. Asteraceae x xArgyranthemum gracile Webb ex Sch.Bip. Asteraceae xAsparagus arborescens Willd. ex Schult. & Schult.f. Asparagaceae xAsparagus scoparius Lowe Asparagaceae xCarlina salicifolia (L.f.) Cav. Asteraceae xCenchrus ciliaris L. Poaceae xCheirolophus canariensis (Brouss. ex Willd.) Holub Asteraceae xCistus monspeliensis L. Cistaceae xConvolvulus fl oridus L. Convolvulaceae xCynosurus echinatus L. Poaceae xDicheranthus plocamoides Webb Caryophyllaceae xEchium aculeatum Poir. Boraginaceae xEchium virescens DC. Boraginaceae xEriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. Rosaceae xEuphorbia atropurpurea Brouss. ex Willd. Euphorbiaceae xEuphorbia terracina L. Euphorbiaceae xFerula communis subsp. linkii (Webb) Reduron & Dobignard Apiaceae xFicus carica L. Moraceae xGalac tes tomentosa Moench Asteraceae xGladiolus italicus Mill. Iridaceae xGlobularia salicina Lam Plantaginaceae xGonospermum fru cosum (Buch) Less. Asteraceae xGreenovia aurea (C.Sm. ex Hornem.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xGreenovia dodrentalis (Willd.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xHabenaria tridactylites Lindl. Orchidaceae xHyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf Poaceae x xHypericum refl exum L.f. Hypericaceae xJuncus acutus L. Juncaceae xKleinia neriifolia Haw. Asteraceae xLavandula buchii Webb & Berthel. Lamiaceae xLavandula pinnata L.f. Lamiaceae xLolium canariense Steud. Poaceae xLavatera acerifolia Cav. Malvaceae xMesserschmidia fru cosa L.f. Boraginaceae xMisopates oron um (L.) Raf. Plantaginaceae xMonanthes pallens (Webb in Christ) Christ Crassulaceae xMorus alba L. Moraceae xParonychia canariensis (L.f.) Link Caryophyllaceae xPericallis lanata (L‘Hér.) B.Nord. Asteraceae x xPeriploca laevigata Aiton Apocynaceae x xPhagnalon saxa le (L.) Cass. Asteraceae xPhoenix canariensis Chabaud Arecaceae xPhyllis viscosa Webb ex Christ Rubiaceae x xPlantago arborescens Poir. Plantaginaceae xPolypodium macaronesicum A.E. Bobrov Polypodiaceae xPolypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. Poaceae xRetama monosperma (L.) Boiss. Fabaceae xRubia fru cosa Aiton Rubiaceae xRumex lunaria L. Polygonaceae xSalix pedicellata ssp. canariensis (C.Sm. ex Link) A.K.Skvortsov Salicaceae xSalvia canariensis L. Lamiaceae x xSelaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A. Braun Selaginellaceae xSideri s brevicaulis Mend.-Heuer Lamiaceae x xSonchus acaulis Dum.Cours. Asteraceae xSonchus canariensis (Sch.Bip.) Boulos Asteraceae x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Sonchus capillaris Svent. Asteraceae x xSonchus congestus Willd. Asteraceae xSonchus fauces-orci Knoche Asteraceae xStachys arvensis (L.) L. Lamiaceae xTeline osyroides Gibbs & Dingwall Fabaceae x xTodaroa aurea (Sol.) Parl. Apiaceae xTricholaena teneriff ae (L.f.) Link Poaceae xUmbilicus horizontalis (Guss.) DC Crassulaceae xWahlenbergia lobelioides (L.f.) Link Campanulaceae x

Table 9 | Species list of the Pinar forest above Chio.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Adenocarpus foliolosus (Aiton) DC. Fabaceae x xAdenocarpus viscosus (Willd.) Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae xAeonium arboreum var. holochrysum H.Y.Liu Crassulaceae x xAeonium lindleyi Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAeonium pseudourbicum Bañares Crassulaceae xAeonium spathulatum (Hornem.) Praeger Crassulaceae x xAichryson laxum (Haw.) Bramwell Crassulaceae xArenaria serpyllifolia ssp. leptoclados (Rchb.) Nyman Caryophyllaceae xAsparagus plocamoides Webb ex Svent. Asparagaceae xAsphodelus microcarpus Salzm. & Viv. Xanthorrhoeac. x xBystropogon origanifolius L‘Hér. Lamiaceae xBystropogon plumosus (L.f.) L‘Hér. Lamiaceae xCarlina salicifolia (L.f.) Cav. Asteraceae x xCarlina xeranthemoides L.f. Asteraceae xCentranthus calcitrapa (L.) Dufr. Caprifoliaceae xCheilanthes guanchica Bolle Primulaceae xCheilanthes pulchella Bory Pteridaceae x xCheilanthes vellea (Aiton) Domin Pteridaceae x xCistus monspeliensis L. Cistaceae x xCrassula llaea Lest.-Garl. Pteridaceae xCy sus proliferus L.f. Fabaceae x xDavallia canariensis (L.) Sm. Davalliaceae x x xEchium virescens DC. Boraginaceae xEuphorbia bourgeana J.Gay ex Boiss. Euphorbiaceae xEuphorbia lamarckii Sweet Euphorbiaceae xHimantoglossum metlesicsianum (W.P.Teschner) P.Delforge Orchidaceae xKleinia neriifolia Haw. Asteraceae x xLotus berthelo i Masf. Fabaceae xLotus campylocladus Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae x xMicromeria varia Benth. Lamiaceae x xOpun a fi cus-indica (L.) Mill. Cactaceae x xParaceterach marantae (L.) R.M. Tryon Pteridaceae x xPelle era wildpre i Valdés Primulaceae xPericallis cruenta Lest.-Garl. Asteraceae xPinus canariensis C.Sm. Pinaceae x x xPiptatherum coerulescens (Desf.) P.Beauv. Poaceae xPolycarpaea divaricata Poir. ex Steud. Caryophyllaceae xPrunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb Rosaceae xPterocephalus lasiospermus Link Caprifoliaceae x x xRanunculus cortusifolius Willd. Ranunculaceae x x xRetama raetam (Forssk.) Webb Fabaceae xRubia fru cosa Aiton Rubiaceae x xRumex lunaria L. Polygonaceae x xRumex maderensis Lowe Polygonaceae x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Scilla haemorrhoidalis Webb & Berthel. Asparagaceae xScrophularia glabrata Spreng. Scrophulariac. xSilene vulgaris ssp. commutata (Guss.) Hayek Caryophyllaceae x xSonchus acaulis Dum.Cours. Asteraceae xSonchus canariensis (Sch.Bip.) Boulos Asteraceae x xTolpis laciniata (Sch.Bip.) Webb Asteraceae xUmbilicus horizontalis (Guss.) DC. Crassulaceae x xVicia cirrhosa Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae xVulpia sp. Poaceae x

Table 10 | Species list of the city stop in Icod de los Vinos.

Species Family 2016Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco Araucariaceae xChamaerops humilis L. Arecaceae xDombeya wallichii (Lindl.) K.Schum. Malvaceae xDracaena draco (L.) L. Asparagaceae xPandanus u lis Bory Pandanaceae x

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13.03.2016 — Pínar above Aguamansa

Protocol by Karin Becker & Stella Fließwasser

28.3579°N 16.5023°W; elev.: 1192 m a.s.l.

We started our trip through the Pinar at around 10 am from a parking lot called ‘La Caldera’ above Aguamansa. This parking place is a starting point for several hiking trails. The trail we originally wanted to take was closed due to a landslide, but we decided to go in the same direction first to see if the way might still be possible to walk. The sides of the way were typically lined with Morella faya and Erica arborea, which are limited to disturbed forest sites as well as Cistus monspeliensis and C. symphytifolius both typical species of the Pinar.

Close to Los Organos the way was closed and we then turned right on the Camino Candelaria that went right into the forest. From now on the way led us through the loose forest of Pinus canariensis, the name giving species for this vegetation type. The needles of P. canariensis are very long and have a toothed margin where the moisture from the clouds, coming from the trade winds, gets caught and drops down.

Map 6 | Pínar above Aguamansa. A) Overview map of Tenerife. B) Overview map of the Pínar forest above Aguamansa, with the parking at and old Caldera.

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A B C

D E F

G H

JI

Figure plate 5 | Pinar forest above Aguamansa. A) Pinar forest with incomming trade wind clouds; B) Orchis patens ssp. canariensis (Orchidac.); C) Echium virescens (Boraginac.); D) Pinus canariensis (Pinac.); E) Karin, Pine tree & Tim; F) Aeonium aureum (Crassulac.); G) Cistus symphy folius (Cistac.); H) Karin, Scrophularia smithii & S. glabrata (Scrophulariac.); I) Cy sus proliferus (Fabac.) with fl ower closeup in bo om le corner; J) Monanthes brachycaulos (Crassulac.). Fotos: Karin B. (D G), Stella F. (A E), Tim B. (B C F H I J).

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By this the plant increases the precipitation around its own location. Unfortunately the weather was very dry and sunny on this day so we were not able to observe this spectacle. Instead we were able to see La Palma at the horizon, which was also quite unique.

Around (Nees-) lunch time we were still walking up the steep path searching for a mountain hut that should be somewhere in the forest. With the help of a local couple we concluded that we were actually on the wrong trail and went down again to find a nice place to sit. After lunch and relaxing in the sun we followed the way further down where we reached a larger forest trail and the desperately searched mountain hut.

Behind the hut was a small barranco that was clearly influenced by the Cañadas vegetation. In these barrancos, and sometimes in other sites in the forest, cold air from the mountains comes down at night and facilitates species from the Caldera region to descend into the Pinar. Some of the typical Cañadas species we found were Pterocephalus lasiospermus, Spartocytisus supranubius and Carlina xeranthemoides.

The rest of the day we followed the forest trail down back to the parking place. On the way we passed a water catchment facility where Karin finally found her desperately awaited Urtica morifolia. Additionally, this moist and shady place harbored some more, unusual plants, such as Myosotis latifolia and an unidentified hornwort. Around 15:20 we were back at the cars.

Table 11 | Species list of the Pínar forest above Aguamansa.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Adenocarpus foliolosus (Aiton) DC. Fabaceae x x xAdenocarpus complicatus ssp. aureus (Cav.) C.Vicioso Fabaceae xAeonium aureum (C.Sm. ex Hornem.) T.H.M.Mes Crassulaceae x x xAeonium spathulatum (Hornem.) Praeger Crassulaceae x xAgera na adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Asteraceae x Aichryson laxum (Haw.) Bramwell Crassulaceae x x xAllagopappus canariensis (Willd.) Greuter Asteraceae xAllium sp. Amaryllidaceae xAndryala pinna fi da Aiton Asteraceae x x Anogramma leptophylla (L.) Link Pteridaceae x xArbutus canariensis Duhamel Ericaceae x x xArgyranthemum broussone i (Pers.) Humphries Asteraceae xAsplenium onopteris L. Aspleniaceae x xAsplenium trichomanes L. Aspleniaceae x xBencomia caudata (Aiton) Webb & Berthel. Rosaceae x xBystropogon canariensis (L.) L‘Hér. Lamiaceae x x xCardamine hirsuta L. Brassicaceae xCarlina salicifolia (L.f.) Cav. Asteraceae x x xCastanea sa va Mill. Fagaceae xCheilanthes pulchella Bory Pteridaceae x xCistus monspeliensis L. Cistaceae x x xCistus symphy folius Lam. Cistaceae x x xCrambe strigosa L‘Hér. Brassicaceae x xCupressus sempervirens L. Cupressaceae xCynosurus echinatus L. Poaceae xCy nus hypocis s (L.) L. Cy naceae x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Cy sus proliferus L.f. Fabaceae x xDaphne gnidium L. Thymelaeaceae x x xDavallia canariensis (L.) Sm. Davalliaceae xEchium virescens DC. Boraginaceae x x xErica arborea L. Ericaceae x x xEucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae x x xFestuca agus ni Linding. Poaceae x xGalium aparine L. Rubiaceae x Galium scabrum L. Rubiaceae x xGennaria diphylla (Link) Parl. Orchidaceae x xGeranium reuteri Aedo & Muñoz Garm. Geraniaceae x x Geranium rober anum L. Geraniaceae xHedera canariensis Willd. Araliaceae x x Hypericum grandifolium Choisy Hypericaceae x x xHypericum refl exum L.f. Hypericaceae x x xIlex canariensis Poir. Aquifoliaceae x xIsoplexis canariensis (L.) Loudon Plantaginaceae x x Juniperus cedrus Webb & Berthel. Cupressaceae xLaurus novocanariensis Rivas Mart. et al. Lauraceae x xLobularia canariensis ssp. intermedia (Webb) L. Borgen Brassicaceae x Lotus campylocladus Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae x xLysimachia linum-stellatum L. Primulaeceae xMicromeria varia Benth. Lamiaceae x xMonanthes brachycaulos (Webb & Berthel.) Lowe Crassulaceae x x xMorella faya (Aiton) Wilbur Myricaceae x x xMyoso s la folia Poir. Boraginaceae x xNeo nea maculata (Desf.) Stearn Orchidaceae x x xOrchis patens subsp. canariensis (Lindl.) Asch. & Graebn. Orchidaceae x xParaceterach marantae (L.) R.M. Tryon Pteridaceae x xParonychia canariensis (L. f.) Link Caryophyllaceae x x Pericallis cruenta (L‘Hér.) Bolle Asteraceae x x xPhagnalon saxa le (L.) Cass. Asteraceae x Phyllis nobla L. Rubiaceae x xPimpinella cumbrae Link Apiaceae x x xPinus canariensis C.Sm. Pinaceae x x xPinus radiata D.Don Pinaceae x x xPlantago arborescens Poir. Plantaginaceae x xPolypodium macaronesicum A.E. Bobrov Polypodiaceae x x Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Dennstaed aceae x xPterocephalus lasiospermus Link Caprifoliaceae x xQuercus ilex L. Fagaceae x x xRanunculus cortusifolius Willd. Ranunculaceae x x xRhamnus integrifolia Spreng. ex Meisn. Rhamnaceae x x Rubus sp. Rosaceae xRumex bucephalophorus L. Polygonaceae x Rumex maderensis Lowe Polygonaceae xScrophularia glabrata Spreng. Scrophulariaceae x x xScrophularia smithii Hornem. Scrophulariaceae x x xSedum rubens L. Crassulaceae x Senecio teneriff ae Sch. Bip. ex Bolle Asteraceae xSideri s canariensis L. Lamiaceae x x Sideri s oroteneriff ae Négrin & P.Pérez Lamiaceae xSonchus acaulis Dum.Cours. Asteraceae x x xSonchus canariensis (Sch. Bip.) Boulos Asteraceae xSonchus gummifer Link Asteraceae x x Teline canariensis (L.) Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae x x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Tinguarra cerviariaefolia (DC.) Parl. Apiaceae x xTodaroa montana Webb ex Christ Apiaceae x x xTragopogon hybridus L. Asteraceae x Tragopogon sp. Asteraceae xTuberaria gu ata (L.) Fourr. Cistaceae x Ur ca morifolia Poir. Ur caceae xUsnea sp. (Lichen) Parmeliaceae x x xViburnum nus ssp. rigidum (Vent.) P.Silva Adoxaceae x x xVicia scandens R.P.Murray Fabaceae x xWoodwardia radicans (L.) Sm. Blechnaceae x

Table 12 | Species list of a Barranco with Cañadas elements within the Pinar forest above Aguamansa.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Aeonium aureum (C.Sm. ex Hornem.) T.H.M.Mes Crassulaceae x xAeonium spathulatum (Hornem.) Praeger Crassulaceae x xAsplenium trichomanes L. Aspleniaceae x xBystropogon canariensis (L.) L‘Hér. Lamiaceae xCarlina xeranthemoides L.f. Asteraceae x x xCistus symphy folius Lam. Cistaceae xCrassula llaea Lest.-Garl. Crassulaceae xCy sus proliferus L.f. Fabaceae x xDescurainia bourgeauana (E. Fourn.) O.E. Schulz Brassicaceae x xErica arborea L. Ericaceae xEucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae xFestuca agus ni Linding. Poaceae x xHypericum refl exum L.f. Hypericaceae xMicromeria varia Benth. Lamiaceae x xOphioglossum lusitanicum L. Ophioglossaceae xOrchis patens ssp. canariensis (Lindl.) Asch. & Graebn. Orchidaceae xPoa bulbosa L. Poaceae xPterocephalus lasiospermus Link Caprifoliaceae x x xSideri s oroteneriff ae Négrin & P.Pérez Lamiaceae x x xSpartocy sus supranubius (L. f.) Christ ex G. Kunkel Fabaceae x x xTuberaria gu ata (L.) Fourr. Cistaceae x x xUmbilicus horizontalis (Guss.) DC. Crassulaceae x x x

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14.03.2016 — Mal Pais de Güímar & Barranco de Badajoz

Protocol by Julia Walter & Tianjun Liu

Mal Pais de Güímar east of Puertito de Güímar

28.3031°N 16.435°W; elev.: 17 m a.s.l.

In the morning we met at 8:30 in front of the hotel. It was a sunny morning with 17°C and just some small clouds under the top of the Teide. At 8:45 we drove in the direction to Puertito de Güimar. We arrived at 9:55 and started our tour at Punta de los Canarios. From this point we had a view to Gran Canaria. This is a rare outlook and only possible with clear skies.

When we started our tour we saw coastal vegetation with plants like Astydamia latifolia, which is a halophyte and grows only in areas with splash water.

When we went up some meters the ground changed from sandy and gritty to stony. Then we were in the Malpais which meaned “bad land”. The Malpais are fields of solidified lava with an age of less than 10,000 years. The whole area did emerge by volcanic eruptions of Montaña Grande and occupies 290 ha. There was nearly no soil and the plants had to grow in the cracks of the rocks. The vegetation close to sea level is dominated by succulent species. Among others the dominant species here was Euphorbia balsamifera growing in depressions in the cracks of the lava protected from the wind. Other plants like Ceropegia fusca grew close to the Euphorbia bushes to do the same. During the walk, Mr. Lobin was looking for the information center of the Reserva Natural Especial Malpais de Guimar which should have been there, but we did not find it. Instead, we saw a Canarian pipit (Anthus berthelotii). It was difficult for Mahdieh to walk on this uneven ground, so she went back to the beach soon. Suddenly, Mahsa stumbled. So we made a short break to treat her wounds and went back to the cars afterwards.

At 12:15 we drove to the harbour of Puertito de Guimar to have our lunch break at the coast on some benches. Vera and Johannes spontaneously went for a short swim in the sea.

Barranco de Badajoz (Güímar)28.3031°N 16.4350°W; elev.: 541 m a.s.l.

We finished our break with ice-cream at 13:15, and arrived at the Barranco de Badajoz 13:50 after we made the wrong direction because there was a new road.

Barranco is the Spanish word for cliff. This area has a special geomorphology with bold rock faces made by basalt and pumice. This is why Barrancos are unique watersheds and why they differ from the surroundings in climate. The structures and the own climate build various habitats for many plants and animals. Because of human use, the canyon doesn‘t show its natural face.

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A B C

D E F

G H

L

K

JI

M N O

Figure plate 6 | Mal Pais de Güímar & Barranco de Güímar. A) Mal Pais near Puer to de Güímar; B) Ceropegia fusca (Apocynac.); C) Campylanthus salsoloides (Plantaginac.); D) Euphorbia canariensis (Euphorbiac.); E) Sonchus microcarpus (Asterac.); F) Succulent bush vegeta on; G) Saskia & Stella; H) Mahsa presen ng her wounds; I) Frankenia ericifolia (Frankeniac.); J) Bencomia caudata (Rosac.); K) Barranco de Badajoz; L) Group in the Barranco; M) Vicia cirrhosa (Fabac.); N) Canarina canariensis (Campanulac); O) Kunkeliella retamoides (Santalac.). Fotos: Karin B. (H N L), W. Lobin (M), Tim B. (A B C D E F G I J K).

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People divert the water from its source so there is less humidity than there should have been in natural. This is shown in the vegetation which otherwise would be more opulent. Nevertheless, there are a lot of endemic plants like Vicia cirrhosa and others.

At the entrance of the Barranco, we saw typical elements of deforested thermophilous shrub vegetation which would be replaced by succulent bush. So there were species like Erica aborea, Lavandula canariensis and Rumex lunaria. Next to the indigenous there were also a lot of introduced species like Nicotiana glauca and Oxalis pes caprae which is the most spread neophyte on Tenerife.

When we were half way in the canyon, we saw laurel pigeons (Columba junoniae). For the reason they were marked and since there were nest boxes we concluded that there could be a project to protect them. While observing the pigeons we heard a strange noise. It came somewhere out of the bushes. Stefan tried to find it but it was not possible. Because of the peculiar sound he thought it could be the nest of a petrel.

Map 7 | Mal Pais de Güímar & Barranco de Badajos. A) Overview map of Tenerife. B) Map sec on of the Barranco de Badajoz above Güímar. C) Map sec on of the hiking track through the Nature Reserve Malpaís de Güímar NE of Puer to de Güímar. D) Overview map of the greater Güímar area incl. the two hiking tracks.

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Higher up in the Barranco we came to a transition zone where we found the first two laurel forest elements growing next to each other: Rhamnus glandulosa and Gymnosporia cassinoides. Both are lauroid evergreen trees with leather like leaves. On our way back we saw a lot of flowering Canarina canariensis. We arrived at the cars at 17:00 and in Puerto de la Cruz at 18:15.

Table 13 | Species list of the coastal vegeta on near Puer to de Güímar.

Species Family 2008 2016Aizoon canariense L. Aizoaceae xAstydamia la folia (L.f.) Baill. Apiaceae x xCentaurea melitensis L. Asteraceae xDatura sp. Solanaceae xFagonia la folia Delile Zygophyllaceae xForsskaolea angus folia Retz. Ur caceae x xFrankenia ericifolia C.Sm. ex DC. Frankeniaceae x xHeliotropium erosum Lehm. Boraginaceae xLotus sessilifolius DC. Fabaceae x xPatellifolia procumbens (C.Sm.) A.J.Sco , Ford-Lloyd & J.T.Williams Amaranthaceae x xRumex vesicarius L. Polygonaceae xSchizogyne sericea (L.f.) DC. Asteraceae x xSpergula fallax (Lowe) E.H.L.Krause Caryophyllaceae x xTetraena fontanesii (Webb & Berthel.) Beier & Thulin Zygophyllaceae x xVolutaria sp. Asteraceae x x

Table 14 | Species list of the Mal País de Güímar near Puer to de Güímar.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Aizoon canariense L. Aizoaceae xAjuga iva (L.) Schreb. Lamiaceae xAllagopappus canariensis (Willd.) Greuter Asteraceae x x xAnagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae xArgyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch.Bip. Asteraceae xAris da adscensionis L. Poaceae x xAsparagus arborescens Willd. ex Schult. & Schult.f. Asparagaceae x x xAsteriscus aqua cus (L.) Less. Asteraceae xAstydamia la folia (L.f.) Baill. Apiaceae xBassia crassifolia (Pall.) Soldano Amaranthaceae xCampylanthus salsoloides (L.f.) Roth Plantaginaceae x x xCenchrus ciliaris L. Poaceae x x xCeropegia fusca Bolle Apocynaceae x x xChenopodium coronopus Moq. Amaranthaceae xCneorum pulverulentum Vent. Rutaceae x xDrimia mari ma (L.) Stearn Asparagaceae x xEchium bonne i Coincy Boraginaceae xEuphorbia aphylla Brouss. ex Willd. Euphorbiaceae xEuphorbia balsamifera Aiton Euphorbiaceae x x xEuphorbia canariensis L. Euphorbiaceae x x xEuphorbia lamarckii Sweet Euphorbiaceae x xEuphorbia obtusifolia Poir. in Lam. Euphorbiaceae xFagonia cre ca L. Zygophyllaceae xForsskaolea angus folia Retz. Ur caceae xFrankenia ericifolia C.Sm. ex DC. Frankeniaceae xHeliotropium europaeum L. Boraginaceae xHyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf Poaceae xKickxia scoparia (Brouss. ex Spreng.) G.Kunkel & Sunding Plantaginaceae x x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Kleinia neriifolia Haw. Asteraceae x xLamarckia aurea (L.) Moench Poaceae xLaunaea arborescens (Ba .) Murb. Asteraceae xLavandula canariensis (L.) Mill. Lamiaceae xLavandula mul fi da L. Lamiaceae x xLotus sessilifolius DC. Fabaceae x xLycium intricatum Boiss. Solanaceae xMalva pusilla Sm. Malvaceae xMesembryanthemum crystallinum L. Aizoaceae xMesembryanthemum nodifl orum L. Aizoaceae x xMesserschmidia fru cosa L.f. Boraginaceae xNico ana glauca Graham Solanaceae x xNotoceras bicorne (Aiton) Amo Brassicaceae xPatellifolia procumbens (C.Sm.) A.J.Sco , Ford-Lloyd & J.T.Williams Amaranthaceae xPeriploca laevigata Aiton Apocynaceae x xPhagnalon purpurascens Sch.Bip. Asteraceae xPhagnalon saxa le (L. f.) Cass. Asteraceae xPhagnalon umbelliforme DC. Asteraceae xPlocama pendula Aiton Rubiaceae x x xPolycarpaea divaricata Poir. ex Steud. Caryophyllaceae x xReichardia crystallina (Sch.Bip. ex Sch.Bip.) Bramwell Asteraceae xReichardia famarae Bramwell & G.Kunkel ex M.J.Gallego & TalaveraAsteraceae xRumex lunaria L. Polygonaceae xRumex vesicarius L. Polygonaceae xSchizogyne sericea (L.f.) DC. Asteraceae x x xScilla haemorrhoidalis Webb & Berthel. Asparagaceae x xScrophularia arguta Aiton Scrophulariaceae xSonchus capillaris Svent. Asteraceae xSonchus microcarpus (Boulos) U.Reifenb. & A.Reifenb. Asteraceae x x xSpergula fallax (Lowe) E.H.L.Krause Caryophyllaceae xTetraena fontanesii (Webb & Berthel.) Beier & Thulin Zygophyllaceae xUrginea hesperia (Webb & Berth.) Hans. & Sund. Liliaceae xVolutaria sp. Asteraceae xWahlenbergia lobelioides (L.f.) Link Campanulaceae x

Table 15 | Species list of the Barranco Badajoz above Güímar.

Species Family 2008 2016Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae xAdenocarpus foliolosus (Aiton) DC. Fabaceae xAdiantum reniforme L. Pteridaceae xAeonium arboreum var. holochrysum H.Y.Liu Crassulaceae xAichryson laxum (Haw.) Bramwell Crassulaceae xAllagopappus canariensis (Willd.) Greuter Asteraceae xAnagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae xArbutus canariensis Duhamel Ericaceae x xArgyranthemum gracile Webb ex Sch.Bip. Asteraceae xArgyranthemum vincen i Santos & Feria Asteraceae x xArtemisia thuscula Cav. Asteraceae xBencomia caudata (Aiton) Webb & Berthel. Rosaceae x xBituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H.S rt. Fabaceae xBryonia verrucosa Aiton Cucurbitaceae xBupleurum salicifolium R.Br. Apiaceae x xCampanula erinus L. Campanulaceae xCanarina canariensis (L.) Vatke Campanulaceae x xCarduus clavulatus Link Asteraceae xCarlina salicifolia (L.f.) Cav. Asteraceae x

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Species Family 2008 2016Chamaecy sus prolifer (L. f.) Link Fabaceae xCheilanthes pulchella Bory Pteridaceae x xCistus monspeliensis L. Cistaceae xCistus symphy folius Lam. Cistaceae x xConvolvulus canariensis L. Convolvulaceae x xCrambe arborea Webb ex Christ Brassicaceae xCuscuta sp. Convolvulaceae xDavallia canariensis (L.) Sm. Davalliaceae xDescurainia bourgeauana (E. Fourn.) O.E. Schulz Brassicaceae xDescurainia millefolia (Jacq.) Webb & Berthel. Brassicaceae xDracunculus canariensis Kunth Araceae xEchium virescens DC. Boraginaceae x xErica arborea L. Ericaceae x xEupatorium sp. Asteraceae xFoeniculum vulgare Mill. Apiaceae xGlobularia salicina Lam. Plantaginaceae xGymnosporia cassinoides (L'Hér.) Masf. Celastraceae xHeberdenia excelsa Banks ex Schult. Primulaceae xHypericum calycinum L. Hypericaceae xHypericum canariense L. Hypericaceae x xHypericum refl exum L.f. Hypericaceae x xJasminum odora ssimum L. Oleaceae x xKleinia neriifolia Haw. Asteraceae xKunkeliella retamoides A.Santos Santalaceae x xLavandula canariensis (L.) Mill. Lamiaceae xLavandula mul fi da L. Lamiaceae xLavandula pinnata L.f. Lamiaceae xLobularia canariensis (DC.) L. Borgen Brassicaceae xLuzula elegans Lowe Juncaceae xMercurialis sp. Apiaceae xNico ana glauca Graham Solanaceae xOlea europaea subsp. guanchica P.Vargas et al. Oleaceae xOxalis pes-caprae L. Oxalidaceae xParaceterach marantae (L.) R.M. Tryon Pteridaceae xPennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov. Poaceae xPericallis lanata (L'Hér.) B.Nord. Asteraceae x xPeriploca laevigata Aiton Apocynaceae xPhyllis nobla L. Rubiaceae x xPicconia excelsa (Aiton) DC. Oleaceae xPimpinella sp. Apiaceae xPinus canariensis C.Sm. Pinaceae xPlantago arborescens Poir. Plantaginaceae x xPolypodium macaronesicum A.E. Bobrov Polypodiaceae xRanunculus cortusifolius Willd. Ranunculaceae xRhamnus crenulata Aiton Rhamnaceae x xRhamnus glandulosa Aiton Rhamnaceae xRubia fru cosa Aiton Rubiaceae xRubia peregrina L. Rubiaceae xRubus bollei Focke Rosaceae xRumex bucephalophorus L. Polygonaceae xRumex lunaria L. Polygonaceae xRuta pinnata L.f. Rutaceae xSalvia canariensis L. Lamiaceae x xScabiosa fru culosa C.Sm. ex DC. Caprifoliaceae xScrophularia smithii Hornem. Scrophulariaceae xSelaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A. Braun Selaginellaceae xSideri s soluta Clos Lamiaceae x x

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Species Family 2008 2016Silene gallica L. Caryophyllaceae xSonchus acaulis Dum.Cours. Asteraceae x xSonchus canariensis (Sch.Bip.) Boulos Asteraceae xSonchus congestus Willd. Asteraceae x xSonchus radicatus Aiton Asteraceae xTamus edulis Lowe Discoreaceae xTeline osyrioides Gibbs & Dingwall Fabaceae x xTinguarra cerviariaefolia (DC.) Parl. Apiaceae xTodaroa aurea (Sol.) Parl. Apiaceae xTuberaria gu ata (L.) Fourr. Cistaceae xViburnum nus ssp. rigidum (Vent.) P.Silva Adoxaceae xVicia cirrhosa Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae x xVisnea mocanera L.f. Pentaphylacaceae x

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15.03.2016 — Cañadas del Teide

Protocol by Mahsa Namini & Saskia Schlesak

28.2241°N 16.6272°W; elev.: 2163 m a.s.l.

We left the hotel at 8:30 am, past Aguamansa and drove to the Las Cañadas del Teide National Park. At 10:15 am we arrived at the Hotel Parador de las Cañadas del Teide (Cañada Blanca), which is located at an elevation of around 2250 m. Due to our 16.6 km long trail one car had been brought back to the entrance of the national park (El Portillo). For future excursions there is the possibility to park all cars at the entrance of the national park and take a public bus for the last few kilometers to the hotel. The excursion started at 11 am near the hotel with very clear, sunny weather and melting snow.

The volcano Teide is 3,718 m high and eponymic for the national park. We spent our tour in the Caldera de las Cañadas, which is known for its outstanding geology and biological characteristics.

In the beginning of the tour, we got in touch with two of the most abundant species Pterocephalus lasiospermus and Spartocytisus supranubius, dominating the shrubby vegetation. On the trail several plants endemic to the Cañadas like the presently flowering Erysimum scoparium, Descurainia bourgeauana and Argyranthemum tenerifae dominated the vegetation. An adaptation to the strong exposure to the sun are the trichomes on leaves and stems, which function as a protection. Further endemic plants we found during our trail were Silene cf. nocteolens and Juniperus cedrus. Surprisingly we also found Nepetea teydea, which is also endemic to the Cañadas. With our walk further away from the hotel the amount of faded, desiccated, biennial Echium wildpretii increased, but still only one year old individuals could be found, which should flower in their second year. We also discovered several cold air lakes (Kälteseen) that indicate no vegetation due to the accumulated cold air inhibiting the growth of plants.

At 12:30 pm we started our half an hour lunch break, when we spotted the Canary Shrike, Lanius meridionalis koenigii, sitting on a faded Echium wildpretii looking for lizards or leftovers from our meals. Further, along our way we saw several workers sent by the administration of the national park to census endangered plant species, like Bencomia exstipulata, Helianthemum juliae, v cf. nocteolens and Rhaponticum canariense, which were already present in a small population. Their ambition to establish and increase the population number surprised us in a positive way. Next to the unique plant species we also saw two other bird species: The Canarian pipit (Anthus berthelotii Bolle, 1862) and the Canarian kestrel Falco tinnunculus canariensis. Except for small individuals of Pinus canariensis we discovered a lack of tree-like plants. One should know that a Pine forest could not be established in this evaluation since it is above mean tree-line, which is set by the climatic conditions.

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A B C

D E F

G H

LKJ

I

Figure plate 7 | Punta del Teide. A) Excursion group on the way in the caldera I; B) Signpost on our way; C) Echium auberianum (Boraginac.); D) Aeonium smithii (Crassulac.); E) pool of cold air in the caldera; F) Excursion group on the way in the caldera II; G) Cheirolophus teydis (Asterac.); H) Argyranthemum tenerifae (Asterac.); I) Johannes ge ng his way through the mel ng snow; J) Tjanjun walking on the trail; K) Erysimum scoparium (Brassica.); L) Lanius meridionalis koenigi (Canarian grey shrike). Fotos: Mahsa N. (B E), Saskia S. (J), Simon M. (C I), Tim B. (A D F G H L), W. Lobin (K).

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At 4:30 pm the first of us reached the end of the trail at the entrance of the national park where one of the four cars was parked. After meeting up and getting the other cars, half of the group left to the hotel while the other half stayed to watch the stars.

Due to the early year we did not expect a high diversity and were surprised by the many flowering plant species. We actually saw up to 1/3 of the plants documented for the national park.

Map 8 | Cañada del Teide. A) Overview map of Tenerife. B) Overview map the hiking track along the Cañada del Teide track from the Cañada Visitor Center to El Por llo.

Table 16 | Species list of the Cañada between Hotel Parador and El Por llo.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Adenocarpus foliolosus (Aiton) DC. Fabaceae xAdenocarpus viscosus (Willd.) Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae x x xAeonium smithii (Sims) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x x xAndryala pinna fi da Aiton Asteraceae xArgyranthemum tenerifae Humphries Asteraceae x x xArrhenatherum calderae A.Hansen Poaceae x x xBufonia paniculata ssp. teneriff ae Kunkel Caryophyllaceae xCarlina xeranthemoides L.f. Asteraceae x x xCheilanthes guanchica Bolle Pteridaceae x xCheirolophus teydis (C.Sm.) G.López Asteraceae x x xDescurainia bourgeauana (E. Fourn.) O.E. Schulz Brassicaceae x x x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Descurainia gonzalezii Svent. Brassicaceae x xDescurainia lemsii Bramwell Brassicaceae xEchium auberianum Webb & Berthel. Boraginaceae x x xEchium wildpre i H.Pearson ex Hook.f. Boraginaceae x x xErysimum scoparium (Brouss. ex Willd.) We st. Brassicaceae x x xFerula communis ssp. linkii (Webb) Reduron & Dobignard Apiacaeae x x xJuniperus cedrus Webb & Berthel. Cupressaceae x x xNepeta teydea Webb & Berthel. Lamiaceae x x xPimpinella cumbrae Link Apiaceae x x xPinus canariensis C.Sm. Pinaceae x xPlantago webbii Barnéoud Plantaginaceae x x xPolycarpaea tenuis Webb ex Christ Caryophyllaceae x xPterocephalus lasiospermus Link Caprifoliaceae x x xRhamnus integrifolia Spreng. ex Meisn. Rhamnaceae x x xScrophularia glabrata Spreng. Scrophulariaceae x x xSideri s eriocephala Marrero Rodr. ex Negrín & P.Pérez Lamiaceae x xSilene cf. nocteolens Webb & Berthel. Caryophyllaceae x x xSpartocy sus supranubius (L. f.) Christ ex G. Kunkel Fabaceae x x xTolpis webbii Sch.Bip. Asteraceae x x x

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16.03.2016 — Coast Buenavista & Thermophile forest

Protocol by Tim Böhnert & Simon Momper

Coast near Buenavista beside the golf course

28.3727°N 16.8701°W; elev.: 39 m a.s.l.

As every morning the excursion day started at 8.30 am in front of the hotel. After a short introduction we made our way to the first stop at the coast side of Buenavista near the Golf course, which is located directly at the coast together with a pool (Piscina Municipal de Buenavista) and a café (El Burgado). On our way to Buenavista we passed Los Silos (our destination for the second stop of the day) and several banana plantations. This particular place was discovered by Stefan and Tim, while they lost one’s way during the second day on the way to Punto del Teno. Anyway, the location was dominated by a ca. 200 m long car park along the coastline and a mixture of ornamental trees and planted native plants between the car park and the rugged coast. On the other side of the car park the landscape was dominated by the golf course (north-east) uncultivated land as well as banana plantations. Interestingly, beside the not native Coccoloba uvifera, most of the plants, which were planted there, namely Tamarix canariensis, Ceropegia dichotoma, Euphorbia canariensis, E. balsamifera and E. aphylla, are species native to the Canary Islands or even Canarian endemics. Between these species a mixture of typical elements of coastal and succulent bush vegetation was found, including widely distributed and introduced plants like Atriplex semibaccata. On the other side of the car park along a ruderal band between the car park and the uncultivated land additional native plants were found, namely as Argyranthemum frutescens and Aizoon canariense but also introduced and widely distributed neophytic plants, as Nicotiana glauca. However, we virtually found not a single native species what we haven’t seen during the days before, thus we drove back to Los Silos for our second and last stop of the day.

Thermophile forest above Los Silos28.3632°N 16.8022°W; elev.: 219 m a.s.l.

For the second stop at Los Trigos above Los Silos it was scheduled to see some of the last remnants of thermophile shrub forest vegetation, which was found in former days much more frequent along the humid north side of the island. However, nowadays this vegetation type is extremely threatened because of the special edaphic and climatic conditions, which turned out to be suitable especially for banana production and other agricultural products. Today, thermophile shrub forests are restricted to relatively steep location and are general highly fragmented. Another relatively large area of thermophile shrub vegetation we visited on our second excursion day above Buenavista (Camino del Risco, a seenic hiking track).

However, to reach our today’s excursion destination we left the bypass, coming from Buenavista, behind Los Silos in a roundabout and continued on a small and narrow

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C D

E F G H

I

J

Figure plate 8 | Coast at Buenavista & thermophil forest at Tierra de Trigo above Los Silos. A) Overview over the coastal area of Los Silos with intenive platano planta ons; B) Phoenix canariensis (Arecac.); C) Teucrium heterophyllum (Boraginac.); D) Jus cia hyssopifolia (Acanthac.); E) Aeonium tabuliforme & Monanthes laxifl ora (Crassulac.); F) Vieraea laevigata (Asterac.); G) Marcetella moquiniana (Rosac.); H) Simon with P. canariensis fond with the water chanel and thermophil vegeta on in the back; I) Monanthes polyphylla (Crassulac.); J) Coastal vegeta on at Buenavista. Fotos: Tim B. (A B C D E F H I J ), W. Lobin (G).

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road, which brought us up to 200 m above the coast in a relatively steep north facing mountainside. Following the road through plantations on the first part, the road turned into a serpentine track up the hill. In a serpentine we reached a crossing with a small water-channel, which was built along the mountainside and which was used by us to made our way into the thermophile vegetation. As the channel was closed on the top it was relatively comfortable to use it as track. We followed the channel till we reached a steep cliff and only some of us walked a few meters around the cliff, where we found a flowering Vieraea laevigata. Except from the disturbance along the channel probably caused by its construction the shrub forest vegetation seemed to be in good condition. The most prominent and characteristic species was Phoenix canariensis, while the shrub layer was dominated by Hypericum canariensis, Justicia hyssopifolia, Echium giganteum, Heberdenia excelsa and Jasminum odoratissimum to name only a few. Above the channel, where it was too steep for most of the shrubs species, species like Aeonium tabuliforme but also Dracaena draco dominated the scene. One of the most striking elements mainly restricted to the disturbed vegetation along the channel was Agave americana with many individuals of different age.

At around 1 pm we drove the steep road further up to find a view point. But as several new roads were built during the last years we didn’t find the spot, thus we drove back to Puerto de la Cruz.

Map 9 | Coast at Buenavista & thermophil forest at Tierra de Trigo above Los Silos. A) Overview map of Tenerife. B) Map sec on of the thermophil forest above Los Silos incl. the road from Los Silos to the water channel we walked along.

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Table 17| Species list of the short stop at the car park near Buenavista.

Species Family 2016Aizoon canariense L. Aizoaceae xArgyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch.Bip. Asteraceae xAstydamia la folia (L.f.) Baill. Apiaceae xAtriplex semibaccata R.Br. Amaranthaceae xCarpobrotus sp. Aizoaceae xCenchrus ciliaris L. Poaceae xCeropegia dichotoma Haw. Apocynaceae xCoccoloba uvifera (L.) L. Polygonaceae xCuscuta sp. Convolvulaceae xCynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae xEmex spinosa (L.) Campd. Polygonaceae xEuphorbia aphylla Brouss. ex Willd. Euphorbiaceae xEuphorbia balsamifera Aiton Euphorbiaceae xEuphorbia canariensis L. Euphorbiaceae xEuphorbia cf. serpens Kunth Euphorbiaceae xEuphorbia lamarckii Sweet Euphorbiaceae xForsskaolea angus folia Retz. Ur caceae xKleinia neriifolia Haw. Asteraceae xLavandula canariensis (L.) Mill. Lamiaceae xLimonium pec natum Kuntze Plumbaginaceae xLotus tenellus (Lowe) Sandral, A.Santos & D.D.Sokoloff Fabaceae xMesembryanthemum nodifl orum L. Aizoaceae xNico ana glauca Graham Solanaceae xPatellifolia procumbens (C.Sm.) A.J.Sco , Ford-Lloyd & J.T.Williams Amaranthaceae xPeriploca laevigata Aiton Apocynaceae xPlantago aschersonii Bolle Plantaginaceae xPlantago lagopus L. Plantaginaceae xPlocama pendula Aiton Rubiaceae xRumex lunaria L. Polygonaceae xSalsola divaricata Moq. Amaranthaceae xSchizogyne sericea (L.f.) DC. Asteraceae xSonchus oleraceus (L.) L. Asteraceae xSpergularia sp. Caryophyllaceae xTamarix canariensis Willd. Tamaricaceae x

Table 18 | Species list of thermophil vegeta on at Los Trigos above Los Silos.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Pteridaceae x xAeonium arboreum var. holochrysum H.Y.Liu Crassulaceae xAeonium haworthii Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x xAeonium tabuliforme (Haw.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x x xAeonium urbicum (C.Sm. ex Hornem.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAgave americana L. Asparagaceae x xAgera na adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Asteraceae x x xAichryson laxum (Haw.) Bramwell Crassulaceae x xAllagopappus canariensis (Willd.) Greuter Asteraceae x x xArenaria serpyllifolia ssp. leptoclados (Rchb.) Nyman Caryophyllaceae xArtemisia thuscula Cav. Asteraceae x x xArundo donax L. Poaceae xAsparagus scoparius Lowe Asparagaceae x x xBosea yervamora L. Amaranthaceae xCampanula erinus L. Campanulaceae xCeropegia dichotoma Haw. Apocynaceae x x xChaetonychia cymosa (L.) Sweet Caryophyllaceae x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Convolvulus fl oridus L. Convolvulaceae x x xCuscuta sp. Convolvulaceae xDactylis glomerata ssp. smithii (Link) Stebbins & D.Zohary Poaceae x xDavallia canariensis (L.) Sm. Davalliaceae x x xDescurainia millefolia (Jacq.) Webb & Berthel. Brassicaceae xDicheranthus plocamoides Webb Caryophyllaceae x x xDracaena draco (L.) L. Asparagaceae x x xDracunculus canariensis Kunth Araceae xDrimia hesperia (Webb & Berthel.) J.C.Manning & Goldbla Asparagaceae xDrimia mari ma (L.) Stearn Asparagaceae xEchium aculeatum Poir. Boraginaceae xEchium giganteum L.f. Boraginaceae x xEchium strictum L.f. Boraginaceae xErysimum bicolor (Hornem.) DC. Brassicaceae x x xEucalyptus globulus Labell. Myrtaceae xEuphorbia balsamifera Aiton Euphorbiaceae x xEuphorbia canariensis L. Euphorbiaceae x xEuphorbia lamarckii Sweet Euphorbiaceae x x xFerula communis ssp. linkii (Webb) Reduron & Dobignard Apiaceae x x xGlobularia salicina Lam. Plantaginaceae x x xGonospermum fru cosum (Buch) Less. Asteraceae x x xGymnosporia cassinoides (L‘Hér.) Masf. Celastraceae xHabenaria tridactylites Lindl. Orchidaceae x x xHeberdenia excelsa Banks ex Schult. Primulaceae x x xHypericum canariense L. Hypericaceae x x xHypericum refl exum L.f. Hypericaceae xJasminum odora ssimum L. Oleaceae x x xJus cia hyssopifolia L. Acanthaceae x x xKleinia neriifolia Haw. Asteraceae x x xLamarckia aurea (L.) Moench Poaceae x xLavandula canariensis (L.) Mill. Lamiaceae xLavandula mul fi da L. Lamiaceae x xLavatera acerifolia Cav. Malvaceae x x xLysimachia wildpre i (Valdés) U.Manns & Anderb. Primulaceae xMarcetella moquiniana (Webb & Berthel.) Svent. Rosaceae x x xMaytenus canariensis (Loes.) G.Kunkel & Sunding Celastraceae x x xMercurialis annua L. Euphorbiaceae xMicromeria sp. Lamiaceae xMonanthes brachycaulos (Webb & Berthel.) Lowe Crassulaceae xMonanthes laxifl ora (DC.) Bolle ex Bornmuller Crassulaceae x x xMonanthes polyphylla (Aiton) Haw. Crassulaceae x x xNico ana glauca Graham Solanaceae x xOpun a dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw. Cactaceae xOpun a fi cus-indica (L.) Mill. Cactaceae x xPancra um canariense Ker Gawl. Amaryllidaceae x xParonychia canariensis (L. f.) Link Caryophyllaceae x x xPelargonium sp. Geraniaceae x x xPericallis echinata (L.f.) B.Nord. Asteraceae xPeriploca laevigata Aiton Apocynaceae x xPhagnalon saxa le (L.) Cass. Asteraceae x xPhoenix canariensis Chabaud Arecaceae x x xPhyllis viscosa Webb ex Christ Rubiaceae x x xPistacia atlan ca Desf. Anacardiaceae x x xPolycarpaea carnosa C.Sm. ex Buch Caryophyllaceae xPolypodium macaronesicum A.E. Bobrov Polypodiaceae xReichardia ligulata (Vent.) G.Kunkel & Sunding Asteraceae x xRhamnus crenulata Aiton Rhamnaceae x x x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Rubia agos nhoi Dans. & P.Silva Rubiaceae xRubia fru cosa Aiton Rubiaceae x xRumex lunaria L. Polygonaceae x xSelaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A. Braun Selaginellaceae xSeseli webbii Coss. Apiaceae xSideri s cre ca L. Lamiaceae x x xSonchus acaulis Dum.Cours. Asteraceae xSonchus capillaris Svent. Asteraceae xSonchus congestus Willd. Asteraceae x x xSonchus leptocephalus Cass. Asteraceae x x xTamus edulis Lowe Dioscoreaceae x xTeucrium heterophyllum L‘Hér. Lamiaceae x x xTinguarra cervariaefolia (DC.) Parl. Apiaceae xTrifolium aureum Pollich Fabaceae xUlex europaeus L. Fabaceae xVieraea laevigata (Willd.) Webb ex Sch.Bip. Asteraceae x x xWahlenbergia lobelioides (L.f.) Link Campanulaceae xWithania aristata Pauquy Solanaceae x

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17.03.2016 — Loro Park

Protocol by Stefan Abrahamczyk

We met at 9:00 am to walk from the hotel to the Loro Park. The Loro Park is a zoo, specialized on birds but also shows some rare mammals and reptiles. Outside the public area it harbors the world largest collection of parrots, including several highly endangered species and is famous for breeding successfully several extremely rare species. The walk from the hotel to the zoo, mainly along the coast line took us about 20 minutes. After arriving at the Loro Park we had some time to discover the park on our own. Two hours later we got a guided tour through the bird breeding and health centre by R. Zamora Padrón, one of the scientific directors of the Loro Park. He explained us the activities of the park to breed and reintroduce some of the most threatened parrot species, including the Spix and Lear´s macaw. For breeding these species it is very important to have founded knowledge on the ecology of the species: In what kind of caves do they breed in nature, what exactly do they feed on, how is their social structure, etc. Only if all of these factors are optimal some species start breeding, which makes it complicated to keep them in captivity.

Breeding these rare species has several reasons: 1. to keep a stable population in captivity even if the natural populations are decreasing; 2. is to have a stable breeding population to support wild populations by reintroduction programs if these population decline and preserving them from extinction; 3. to provide birds for the market, which reduces the pressure of illegally capturing of wild birds. Before starting reintroduction programs it is very important to find out which factors are responsible for the decline of the species and to improve the habitat by reducing the impact of such factors. For example it can be necessary to plant additional food plants and provide additional food as long as the plants do not produce enough fruits or to provide additional nesting cages and protect the natural breeding trees. Further, it is most important to educate the local people and getting their support by giving them the chance to earn money with the protection of the bird, e.g. by ecotourism. To prepare young birds for the introduction into the wild it is important to let them socialize with wild birds beforehand. By this contact the birds learn the natural behaviour, lose the trust to humans and find out where to go for feeding and sleeping.

The tour and the open discussion with R. Zamora Padrón was highly appreciated by all members of the excursion. We suggested to include an area into the park that shows the endemic birds and plants of Tenerife and explaining why they are endangered as this information is not provided to most of the tourists. Further, such an information centre could also be visited by the school kids of Tenerife to make them aware of the very special and endangered nature of the island.

After the tour we had time of our own to further discover the Loro Park or do what many other tourist do on Tenerife.

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18.03.2016 — Anaga I: Laurel Forest, El Pijaral – Roque Chinobre

Protocol by Stella Eggels & Konstantin Neumann

28.5520°N 16.1916°W; elev.: 745 m a.s.l.

At this day we started our way into the Anaga with surprisingly smooth traffic from Puerto de la Cruz at 8:55 am. We took the Autopista del Norte (TF-5) in the direction of Santa Cruz and left the highway when a big sign, that could not slip our attention, led the way to the Anaga. Following the TF-13 and crossing Las Mercedes, we joined the street TF-12 that runs through the whole mountain range. We passed Cruz del Carmen and drove onto the TF-123. 1 km behind a small café and hostel called Albergue Montes de Anaga the drivers stopped the cars at an inconspicuous stairway that was carved into the bare stone.

From here the group started the excursion at 10:45 am per pedes through the laurel forest of the natural reserve of El Pijaral1. We were stunned by the atmosphere between the trees that were overgrown with mosses, liverworts, ferns like Davallia canariensis or Polypodium macaronesicum and even the Crassulaceae Aeonium cuneatum and Monanthes laxiflora. It was not very hard to imagine being in the old Fangorn woods known from the Lord of the Rings.

But very quickly we focused our attention back on the flora and examined the eponymous elements of the laurel forest: the lauroid trees. Those trees belong to 6 families: Rosaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Lauraceae, Rhamnaceae, Primulaceae – subfamily Myrsinoideae and Myricaceae. At the first glimpse those trees look very alike with their dark, evergreen, thick, more or less oval leaves and dark and rough bark. However, with the help of some small features the attending observer can distinguish them.

Of course the Rosaceae are the family that is the easiest to recognize because of their typically divided leaves with stipules and the characteristic Rosaceae flowers. Common species in the laurel forest are Bencomia caudata and Prunus lusitanica.

Members of the Aquifoliaceae are dioecious. Their leaves do not have glands and are serrated. Typical representatives on Tenerife are Ilex canariensis or Ilex perado ssp. platyphylla.

The Lauraceae can be identified by the special opening mechanism of their anthers. Furthermore, their leaves are never serrated and their fruits just have very small or no cupulae. But the most striking feature are the glands at the bottom side of their leaves. Those glands are arranged in two rows in the first branching of the leaf veins. Laurus novocanariensis is the most prominent species. Another Lauraceae species which is relatively easy to recognize is Apollonias barbujana due to the galls on the leaves which are caused by mites.

1 We did not men on earlier that we had permissions to enter all protected sites that we visited. As "El Pijeral" is strictly protected we would like to point out the necessity to obtain these permissions from the government and entering this area not without such a permisson.

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Figure plate 10 | El Pijaral – Roque Chinobre (laurel forest in the Anaga mountains). A) Panorama of the Anaga mountain range with laurel forest along the ridge; B) Epiphyllic liverworts; C) Anaga mountains with Teide in the back; D) Aeonium cuneatum (Crassulac.) as faculta ve epiphytegrowing in epiphy c mosses; E) Semele androgyna (Asparagac.); F) Geranium reuteri (Geraniac.) & Ranunculus cortusifolius (Ranunculac.); G) Gennaria diphylla (Orchidac.); H) walking in the laurel forest;I) Trade winds; J) Woodwardia radicans (Blechnac.); K) Laurobasidium lauri (Exobasidiac.) on Laurus novocanariensis (Laurac.); L) Asplenium hemioni s (Aspleniac.); M) Isoplexis canariensis (Plantaginac.). Fotos: Sasakia E. (E I), Tim B. (A B C D F G H K L M), W. Lobin (J).

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Rhamnaceae are a little bit tricky to distinguish because they are very similar to the Lauraceae. However, their leaves are much smaller, the glands are larger and the leaf margin is slightly dissected, like the ones of Rhamnus glandulosa.

Primulaceae – subfamily Myrsinoideae have relatively small leaves as well. The margins of those leaves are crenate and at the end of the branches there are scars of old leaves. Furthermore, they are cauliflorous. A typical member is Heberdenia excelsa.

Very characteristic for Myricaceae are the catkin like panicles and the typical aggregated drupelets that look like mulberries. Morella faya is the most prominent species in the laurel forest.

As we proceeded deeper into the woods, we encountered a lot of big ferns like Dryopteris oligodonta and the relatively similar looking Woodwardia radicans. Woodwardia is also called “Chainfern” due to the chain-like arrangemet of sori underneth the fonds. Additionally, small bulbils are growing at the tip of each frond. When the frond is bending down to the ground, the plantlet is touching the soil and starts rooting and becoming a independent plant. Besides the impressive big fronds there were smaller and more fragile ferns like Vandenboschia radicans or Hymenophyllum tunbrigense. Those rather fine ferns belong to the family of the Hymenophyllaceae and their most striking feature is that the frond lamina is build up of only one layer of cells. That is the reason why those ferns are only found very rarely and only in areas where the humidity is very high. Otherwise they would dry up within minutes.

An additional highlight was Sambucus palmensis. This is a very rare species of Sambucus which is only occurring in those mountains. It is a genus which most of our group was not expecting there.

Between the trees and ferns there were a lot of lianas like Rubus ulmifolius, Smilax aspera, Canarina canariensis and Convolvulus canariensis. But the most striking liana was Semele androgyna, because, besides having small reduced and inconspicuous real leaves, the shoots take over the function of photosynthesis. The flowers of Semele grew on those “Phyllocladia” that look like leaves.

At 12:30 pm, a part of the group had its first lunch break. After that we found something very special on the leaves of the surrounding vegetation: epiphyllous liverworts. This is a very common in tropical rainforests in South America but extremely rare in Europe, due to the fact that European trees lose their leaves during the year. Most trees in the laurel forest are evergreen and therefore the liverworts have a chance to grow on the leaves of those trees. Common species of epiphyllous liverworts are Aphanolejeunea microscopica or Cololejeunea minutissima from the family of the Lejeuneaceae1.

1 During the fi rst excursion with students from Bonn University, we could report eipiphyllous mosses for the fi rst me on the Canary Islands (see Boecker et al. 1993).

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Shortly after this event the group entered the road TF-123 again and followed it until it reached a small parking side called La Ensillada. On the way we saw a specimen of the very rare Euphorbia mellifera. This species is the only member of the genus Euphorbia that grows as a tree in the Canary islands. However, Mr. Lobin supposed that this specimen was planted. Furthermore, we found the tree fungus Laurobasidium lauri growing on a Laurus novocanariensis. This fungus only occurs on this specific Laurus species. Later we found out that the forest way Mr. Lobin was looking for just 2 km behind La Ensillada. But anyway the path was closed. From La Ensillada we again entered the forest and climbed up to the peak of Roque Chinobre. At the top we found a population of several hundred of Viola anagae and some plants of Gennaria diphylla.

On Roque Chinobre we had our second lunch break and encountered a typical phenomenon that is essential for the laurel forest: We could observe clouds that were driven into the mountainside by the Trade winds. Those clouds bring the water into the Anaga that is necessary to sustain the ecosystem. The moisture from the clouds condenses at the leaves of the laurel trees and drips down onto the forest ground.

The Trade winds are also affecting the growth form of the species in a direct manner:

Map 10 | Anaga, Laurel Forest, El Pijaral – Roque Chinobre. A) Overview map of Tenerife. B) Overview map of the Nature Reserve del Pijaral and the hiking track star ng at a small parking along the road through aurel forest to Roque Chinobre viewpoint.

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Most of the wind exposed trees have very long stems that are bent into the direction the wind blows. The whole stem is without branches, only at the tip the trees start branching. This way the plant suffers less damage from strong winds and gets a sufficient light yield.

As the group decided to go back to the cars we realized that some participants of the excursion were lost on the track. No one knew where they were and due to a lack of cellphone reception, we could not reach them. So we assumed they already went back to the cars and we hit the road to do likewise. We followed the road TF-123 back to our parking side. On this way Mr. Lobin found some exemplars of Isoplexis canariensis, whose inflorescences were quite impressive.

As we reached the cars we luckily met The Lost Ones again. So we took the cars and drove on the TF-134 in the direction of Taganana, because Mr. Lobin was looking for Monanthes anagae. We stopped after the tunnel that led to Taganana at 4:30 pm and scanned the high rock walls. But as there was no M. anagae to be found, Mr. Lobin decided to end the excursion day at this point.

Thus the main part of the group drove back to Puerto, but stopped in Las Mercedes for a coffee in a small café. Everyone seemed very pleased with that. A minor group around Mr. Lobin went on hunting for M. anagae along the roads, but with little success.

In the evening everyone met again for the debriefing in the hotel.

Table 19 | Species list of aurel forest excruion at El Pijaral.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae xAeonium canariense (L.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAeonium ciliatum (Willd.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x xAeonium cuneatum Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x x xAeonium lindleyi Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAeonium tabuliforme (Haw.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAeonium urbicum (C.Sm. ex Hornem.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x xAichryson laxum (Haw.) Bramwell Crassulaceae x x xAichryson pachycaulon Bolle Crassulaceae x xAllagopappus canariensis (Willd.) Greuter Asteraceae xAndryala pinna fi da Aiton Asteraceae x xApollonias barbujana (Cav.) Bornm. Lauraceae x x xArgyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch.Bip. Asteraceae xArisarum vulgare O.Targ.Tozz. Araceae xArtemisia thuscula Cav. Asteraceae x xAsparagus fallax Svent. Asparagaceae x x xAsplenium hemioni s L. Aspleniaceae x x xAsplenium onopteris L. Aspleniaceae x xAsteriscus aqua cus (L.) Less. Asteraceae xAstydamia la folia (L.f.) Baill. Apiaceae xBencomia caudata (Aiton) Webb & Berthel. Rosaceae xBlechnum spicant (L.) Sm. Blechnaceae x x xBosea yervamora L. Amaranthaceae xBriza maxima L. Poaceae xBriza media L. Poaceae xBryonia verrucosa Aiton Cucurbitaceae x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Bupleurum salicifolium R.Br. Apiaceae x xBystropogon canariensis (L.) L‘Hér. Lamiaceae xCanarina canariensis (L.) Vatke Campanulaceae x x xCarex canariensis Kük. Cyperaceae x x xCarex divulsa Stokes Cyperaceae x x xCarex perraudieriana (Kük. ex Bornm.) Gay ex Kük. Cyperaceae xCarlina salicifolia (L.f.) Cav. Asteraceae xCedronella canariensis (L.) Webb & Berthel. Lamiaceae xCeropegia dichotoma Haw. Apocynaceae xConvolvulus canariensis L. Convolvulaceae x x xCrambe strigosa L‘Hér. Brassicaceae x xCrassula mul cava Lem. Crassulaceae xCrithmum mari mum L. Apiaceae xCryptotaenia elegans Webb ex Bolle Apiaceae xDavallia canariensis (L.) Sm. Davalliaceae x x xDiplazium caudatum Jermy Athyriaceae x x xDracaena draco (L.) L. Asparagaceae xDracunculus canariensis Kunth Araceae x xDryopteris guanchica Gibby & Jermy Dryopteridaceae x x xDryopteris oligodonta Pic.Serm. Dryopteridaceae x x xEchium strictum L.f. Boraginaceae xEchium plantagineum L. Boraginaceae xErica arborea L. Ericaceae x x xErica scoparia L. Ericaceae x xEriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. Rosaceae xEuphorbia balsamifera Aiton Euphorbiaceae xEuphorbia lamarckii Sweet Euphorbiaceae xEuphorbia mellifera Aiton Euphorbiaceae xGalac tes tomentosa Moench Asteraceae xGalium scabrum L. Rubiaceae x xGennaria diphylla (Link) Parl. Orchidaceae x x xGeranium reuteri Aedo & Muñoz Garm. Geraniaceae x x xGesnouinia arborea (L.f.) Gaudich. Ur caceae x x xGonospermum fru cosum (Buch) Less. Asteraceae xGonospermum revolutum (C.Sm. ex Buch) Sch.Bip. Asteraceae xHeberdenia excelsa Banks ex Schult. Primulaceae x x xHedera canariensis Willd. Araliaceae x x xHymenophyllum tunbrigense (L.) Sm. Hymenophyllaceae x x xHypericum canariense L. Hypericaceae xHypericum glandulosum Gilib. Hypericaceae x xHypericum grandifolium Choisy Hypericaceae x x xIlex canariensis Poir. Aquifoliaceae x x xIlex perado ssp. platyphylla (Webb & Berthel.) Tu n Aquifoliaceae x x xIris foe dissima L. Iridaceae xIsoplexis canariensis (L.) Loudon Plantaginaceae x xIxanthus viscosus (Aiton) Griseb. Gen anaceae x x xKleinia neriifolia Haw. Asteraceae xLaunaea arborescens (Ba .) Murb. Asteraceae xLaurobasidium lauri (Geyl.) Jülich Exobasidiaceae xLaurus novocanariensis Rivas Mart. et al Lauraceae x x xLavandula buchii Webb & Berthel. Lamiaceae xLobularia canariensis (DC.) L. Borgen Brassicaceae xLuzula canariensis Poir. Juncaceae x x xMercurialis annua L. Euphorbiaceae x xMicromeria varia Benth. Lamiaceae xMonantes anagensis Praeger Crassulaceae xMonanthes laxifl ora (DC.) Bolle ex Bornmuller Crassulaceae x x x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Morella faya (Aiton) Wilbur Myricaceae x x xNico ana glauca Graham Solanaceae xOcotea foetens (Aiton) Baill. Lauraceae xPericallis appendiculata (L.f.) B.Nord. Asteraceae x x xPericallis tussilaginis (LHér.) D.Don Asteraceae x x xPeriploca laevigata Aiton Apocynaceae xPersea indica (L.) Spreng. Lauraceae x xPhyllis nobla L. Rubiaceae x x xPicconia excelsa (Aiton) DC. Oleaceae x xPlantago arborescens Poir. Plantaginaceae x xPleiomeris canariensis (Willd.) A. DC. Primulaceae xPolycarpaea divaricata Poir. ex Steud. Caryophyllaceae x xPolypodium macaronesicum A.E. Bobrov Polypodiaceae x x xPolys chum se ferum (Forssk.) Moore ex Woyn. Dryopteridaceae x x xPrunus lusitanica L. Rosaceae x x xPteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Dennstaed aceae x x xRanunculus cortusifolius Willd. Ranunculaceae x x xRanunculus uliginosus Willd. Ranunculaceae xReichardia ligulata (Vent.) G.Kunkel & Sunding Asteraceae xRhamnus glandulosa Aiton Rhamnaceae x x xRubia fru cosa Aiton Rubiaceae x xRubus bollei Focke Rosaceae x x xRumex lunaria L. Polygonaceae x x xSambucus palmensis Link Adoxaceae x x xScrophularia smithii Hornem. Scrophulariaceae x x xSelaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A. Braun Selaginellaceae x x xSemele androgyna (L.) Kunth Asparagaceae x x xSideri s macrostachys Poir. Lamiaceae x x xSilene vulgaris ssp. commutata (Guss.) Hayek Caryophyllaceae x xSmilax aspera L. Smilacaceae x x xSonchus acaulis Dum.Cours. Asteraceae x xSonchus congestus Willd. Asteraceae x x xSonchus radicatus Aiton Asteraceae xTeline canariensis (L.) Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae x x xTolpis lagopoda C.Sm. ex Link Asteraceae xVandenboschia radicans (Sw.) Copel. Hymenophyllaceae x xViburnum nus ssp. rigidum (Vent.) P.Silva Adoxaceae x x xVinca major L. Apocynaceae xViola anagae Gilli Violaceae x x xVisnea mocanera L.f. Pentaphylacaceae x x xWithania aristata Pauquy Solanaceae xWoodwardia radicans (L.) Sm. Blechnaceae x x x

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19.03.2016 — Anaga II: Mirador Pico del Inglés & Chamorga

Protocol by Daniela Aros & Vera Krieger

28.5699°N 16.1584°W; elev.: 476 m a.s.l.

The last day with the rented vehicles we enjoyed another excursion to the Anaga Mountains with its winding roads and outstanding views over the laurel forest and the Atlantic Ocean. After leaving the hotel at 8:45 a.m. and on our way to Chamorga, we made a short stop at the viewpoint ‘Mirador Pico del Inglés’ (9:30 a.m.). There, we finally encountered the typical climate conditions for the laurel forest that had eluded us in our past trips: a misty, foggy and slightly windy weather, which filled us all (especially Mr. Lobin) with great thankfulness. As we went off the cars there was a ten meter visibility, but just some 20 minutes later, when we left the place, the visibility was about 30 meters showing us how quickly the weather conditions can change. We could observe some of the trees typical for the laurel forest: Pleiomeris canariensis, Laurus novocanariensis and Morella faya.

After some more driving and some Impatiens sodenii, which could be seen next to the road on our way, we came to the small and quite old village of Chamorga, which is known to be also an old settling place for the Guanche people. Chamorga is situated at the northeastern part of the Anaga Mountains and the areas and vegetation surrounding the village is mainly characterized by agriculture. With only partially clouded and slightly windy weather it was the perfect conditions for a half easy half difficult hiking trail. Leaving Chamorga in the direction to Faro de Anaga, the firsts species of the degraded thermophilous forest could be observed, such as Teline canariensis, Jasminum odoratissimum, Rumex lunaria to name just a few. Of course also Opuntia ficus-indica as an introduced element, widespread in disturbed areas was present. On the trail to the montaña Tafada some flowering elements from the Fayal-Brezal, such as Rhamnus glandulosa, Ilex canariensis and Erica arborea could be observed as small trees.

The lunch break at 12:40 pm, with a great view over the Barranco de Chamorga, brought as the discovery of Aeonium volkerii and a short discussion of the species name. The typical vegetation of the succulent bush, like Euphorbia balsamifera, Lavandula buchii and Agyranthemum lemsii accompanied our way down to the Faro de Anaga. As in 2004 we could not find some flowering Echium simplex. The lower the trail went, the sunnier the weather got, and also some typical elements from the coastal vegetation, as Frankenia ericifolia appeared. Really nice to observe were the Aeonium tabuliforme on the rocky walls of the barranco exposed to the south sea side. Because of the particular conditions presented in this area, being the steep cliffs and direct sun and wind exposure, the vegetation probably was never constituted by forest but always open.

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Figure plate 11| Anaga: Mirador Pico del Inglés & Chamorga. A) Mirador Pico del Ingles; B) Sideri s macrostachys (Lamiac.); C) S. dendrochahorra; D) Galac tes tomentosa (Asterac.); E) Hypericum glandulosum (Hypericac.); F) Group near Chamorga; G) Aeonium lindleyi (Crassulac.); H) A. volkerii; I) A. tabuliforme & Silene lagunensis (Caryophyllac.); J) Limonium macrophyllum (Plumbaginac.); K) Coastal area near Chamorga; L) Dracaena draco (Asparagac.). Fotos: Daniela A. (H), Tianjun L. (A), Tim B. (B C D E F I J K L), W. Lobin (G).

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Part of the group reached the lowest point of the trail next to the beach of Roque Bermejo around 2:40 p.m. and some others needed more time to get there, mostly due to the sandy and slippery path next to the lighthouse. On the way up several exemplars of Dracaena draco were growing in the barranco, some of them planted and some bewildered. Again the group was separated with some students reaching Chamorga after one hour of walking up the trail and others around 4:20 p.m.

The excursion day ended with a short visit to the old capital of Tenerife and World Heritage Site: San Cristóbal de la La Laguna. After finding out that there was no more to find out in the siesta sleepy city, all the cars turned back to Puerto de la Cruz and to the car rental station.

Mr. Lobin summarized this hiking day of announced 7 km (the GPS track indicated 10 km) with the outstanding views and adventurous ascending and descending at the meeting with the words and a winking eye ‘the most important thing of that day is that we survived the long, steep way.’

Map 11 | Mirador Pico del Inglés & Chamorga. A) Overview map of Tenerife. B) Overview map of the NW p of Tenerife with the hiking track from Chamorga down to the coas and back up Chamorga.

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Table 20 | Species list of the stop at Mirador Pico del Ingles

Species Family 2016Erica arborea L. Ericaceae xPleiomeris canariensis (Wild) A.DC. Primulaceae xLaurus novocanariensis Rivas Mart. et al. Lauraceae xMicromeria varia Benth. Lamiaceae xMorella faya (Aiton) Wilbur Myricaceae x

Table 21 | Species list of the Chamorga tour.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae x xAdenocarpus foliolosus (Aiton) DC. Fabaceae xAdiantum capillus-veneris L. Pteridaceae xAeonium canariense (L.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x x xAeonium ciliatum (Willd.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAeonium cuneatum Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAeonium haworthii Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x x xAeonium lindleyi Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x xAeonium simsii (Sweet) Stearn Crassulaceae xAeonium smithii (Sims) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAeonium tabuliforme (Haw.) Webb & Berthel Crassulaceae x xAeonium urbicum (C.Sm. ex Hornem.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAeonium volkerii E.Hern. & Bañares Crassulaceae xAizoon canariense L. Aizoaceae xAllagopappus canariensis (Willd.) Greuter Asteraceae xAllium roseum L. Amaryllidaceae xAndryala pinna fi da Aiton Asteraceae xArgyranthemum broussone i (Pers.) Humphries Asteraceae x xArgyranthemum lemsii Humphries Asteraceae x x xArisarum vulgare O.Targ.Tozz. Araceae x x xAris da adscensionis L. Poaceae xArtemisia thuscula Cav. Asteraceae x xArundo donax L. Poaceae xAsparagus scoparius Lowe Asparagaceae xAsphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Asphodelaceae xAsplenium hemioni s L. Aspleniaceae xAstydamia la folia (L.f.) Baill. Apiaceae x xBidens pilosa L. Asteraceae xBituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H.S rt. Fabaceae xBryonia verrucosa Aiton Cucurbitaceae x x xBupleurum salicifolium R.Br. Apiaceae xCalendula arvensis (Vaill.) L. Asteraceae xCallitriche stagnalis Scop. Plantaginaceae xCanarina canariensis (L.) Vatke Campanulaceae x x xCarduus clavulatus Link Asteraceae x xCarex divulsa Stokes Cyperaceae xCarlina salicifolia (L.f.) Cav. Asteraceae x xCenchrus ciliaris L. Poaceae x xCeropegia dichotoma Haw. Apocynaceae x x xCeterach aurea (Cav.) Buch Aspleniaceae xConvolvulus fl oridus L. Convolvulaceae x xConvolvulus siculus L. Convolvulaceae xCrithmum mari mum L. Apiaceae xCuscuta sp. Convolvulaceae x xDactylis glomerata ssp. smithii (Link) Stebbins & D.Zohary Poaceae x x xDavallia canariensis (L.) Sm. Davalliaceae x xDescurainia millefolia (Jacq.) Webb & Berthel. Brassicaceae x x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler Poaceae xDorycnium sp. Fabaceae xDracaena draco (L.) L. Asparagaceae x xDracunculus canariensis Kunth Araceae x x xDrimia mari ma (L.) Stearn Asparagaceae xDrusa glandulosa (Poir.) H.Wolff ex Engl. Apiaceae xEchium leucophaeum Webb ex Sprague & Hutch. Boraginaceae x x xEchium plantagineum L. Boraginaceae x xEchium simplex DC. Boraginaceae x x xEchium strictum L.f. Boraginaceae x xEragros s curvula (Schrad.) Nees Poaceae xErica arborea L. Ericaceae x xErica scoparia L. Ericaceae xEuphorbia balsamifera Aiton Euphorbiaceae x xEuphorbia canariensis L. Euphorbiaceae x xEuphorbia lamarckii Sweet Euphorbiaceae x xFerula communis subsp. linkii (Webb) Reduron & Dobignard Apiaceae x xFoeniculum vulgare Mill. Apiaceae xForsskaolea angus folia Retz. Ur caceae x xFrankenia ericifolia C. Sm. Ex DC. Frankeniaceae xFumaria coccinea R.T.Lowe ex Pugsley Papaveraceae xGalac tes tomentosa Moench Asteraceae xGeranium reuteri Aedo & Muñoz Garm. Geraniaceae xGonospermum fru cosum (Buch) Less. Asteraceae xGonospermum revolutum (C.Sm. ex Buch) Sch.Bip. Asteraceae x xHabenaria tridactylites Lindl. Orchidaceae x xHyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf Poaceae xHypericum calycinum L. Hypericaceae xHypericum canariense L. Hypericaceae x xHypericum glandulosum Gilib. Hypericaceae x x xIlex canariensis Poir. Aquifoliaceae x xImpa ens sodenii Engl. & Warb. Balsaminaceae xIsoplexis canariensis (L.) Loudon Plantaginaceae x x xJasminum odora ssimum L. Oleaceae x xJuncus acutus L. Juncaceae x xJuncus bufonius L. Juncaceae x xKleinia neriifolia Haw. Asteraceae x xLamarckia aurea (L.) Moench Poaceae xLaunaea arborescens (Ba .) Murb. Asteraceae x xLaurus novocanariensis Rivas Mart.et al. Lauraceae x xLavandula buchii Webb & Berthel. Lamiaceae x xLavandula minutolii Bolle Lamiaceae xLimonium macrophyllum Kuntze Plumbaginaceae x x xLinum strictum L. Linaceae xLobularia canariensis (DC.) L.Borgen Brassicaceae xLotus dumetorum R.P.Murray Fabaceae x xMalva canariensis M.F.Ray Malvaceae xMedicago sp. Fabaceae xMelica teneriff ae Hack. ex Christ Poaceae xMercurialis annua L. Euphorbiaceae x xMicromeria varia Benth. Lamiaceae x xMonanthes anagensis Praeger Crassulaceae xMonanthes brachycaulos (Webb & Berthel.) Lowe Crassulaceae x xMonanthes laxifl ora (DC.) Bolle ex Bornmuller Crassulaceae x xMorella faya (Aiton) Wilbur Myricaceae xOxalis pes-caprae L. Oxalidaceae xPallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. Asteraceae x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Paraceterach marantae (L.) R.M. Tryon Pteridaceae x xParonychia canariensis (L. f.) Link Caryophyllaceae x xPericallis tussilaginis (L'Hér.) D.Don Asteraceae x x xPeriploca laevigata Aiton Apocynaceae x xPhagnalon rupestre (L.) DC. Asteraceae xPhagnalon saxa le (L.) Cass. Asteraceae xPhoenix canariensis Chabaud Arecaceae xPhyllis nobla L. Rubiaceae x xPiptatherum coerulescens (Desf.) P.Beauv., Ess. Poaceae xPlantago arborescens Poir. Plantaginaceae x xPleiomeris canariensis (Willd.) A. DC. Primulaceae xPolycarpaea la folia Poir. Caryophyllaceae x xPolypodium macaronesicum A.E. Bobrov Polypodiaceae x xPrunus lusitanica L. Rosaceae xRanunculus cortusifolius Willd. Ranunculaceae xRhamnus glandulosa Aiton Rhamnaceae x xRomulea columnae ssp. grandiscapa (Webb) G. Kunkel Iridaceae x xRubia fru cosa Aiton Rubiaceae x xRumex bucephalophorus L. Polygonaceae xRumex lunaria L. Polygonaceae x xSalix pedicellata subsp. canariensis (C.Sm.) A.K.Skvortsov Salicaceae xSalsola sp. Amaranthaceae xScilla haemorrhoidalis Webb & Berthel. Asparagaceae xScrophularia smithii Hornem. Scrophulariaceae xSelaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A. Braun Selaginellaceae xSideri s dendrochahorra Bolle Lamiaceae x x xSideri s macrostachys Poir. Lamiaceae x x xSilene gallica L. Caryophyllaceae xSilene lagunensis C.Sm. ex Link Caryophyllaceae x xSilene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke Caryophyllaceae xSolanum americanum Mill. Solanaceae xSolanum vesper lio Aiton Solanaceae x x xSonchus acaulis Dum.Cours. Asteraceae x xSonchus canariensis (Sch.Bip.) Boulos Asteraceae xSonchus congestus Willd. Asteraceae xSonchus leptocephalus Cass. Asteraceae xSonchus radicatus Aiton Asteraceae x x xStachys ocymastrum (L.) Briq. Lamiaceae x xTeline canariensis (L.) Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae x x xTeucrium heterophyllum L'Hér. Lamiaceae xTodaroa aurea (Sol.) Parl. Apiaceae x xViburnum nus ssp. rigidum (Vent.) P.Silva Adoxaceae x xVicia cirrhosa Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae xWithania aristata Pauquy Solanaceae x x

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20.03.2016 — Los Silos to Erjos

Protocol by Philipp Gerke & Johannes Krassmann

Start in Los Silos: N 28.3645°N 16.8168°W; elev. 116 m a.s.l.Finish in Erjos: N 28.3278° W 16.8047°; elev. 1047 m a.s.l.

After we left the bus in Los Silos at 09:35 we directly walked in the direction to Erjos to challenge our total hiking distance of more than 9 km with an elevational range of 900 m. The aim today was to observe the transition from disturbed succulent bush vegetation inhabited by a lot of Mediterranean species and a few trees of open dry sides, followed by a thermophile zone and finally let us end up in a dense laurel forest with many tree species and lauroid plants in Erjos.

The occurrence of Nicotiana glauca and Passiflora sp. reflects the anthropogenic influence in Los Silos, because many former garden plants now grow next to the natural vegetation. Moreover, grasses like Arundo donax, Lamarckia aurea or Stipa capensis were able to deal with the irradiation here in this partially cleared habitat.

Map 12 | Los Silos to Erjos. A) Overview map of Tenerife. B) Overview map of the hiking track from Los Silos ca. 900 meter up to Erjos.

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A B C D

E F

G H

LK

JI

M

Figure plate 12 | Los Silos to Erjos. A) Star ng point in Los Silos; B) Aeonium tabuliforme (Crassulac.); C) Parentucellia viscosa (Orobanchac.); D) Ceterach aurea (Aspleniac.); E) Panorama along the way from Los Silos to Erjos; F) Aichryson parlatorei (Crassulac.); G) Sideri s cre ca (Lamiac.); H) Echium giganteum (Boraginac.); I) E. virescens; J) Euphorbia lamarckii (Euphorbiac.) K) Cy nus hypocis s (Cy nac); L) Visnea mocanera (Pentaphylacac.); M) Cafe in Erjos and Tim making fun. Fotos: Johannes K. (A B M), Tim B. (D E I K L), W. Lobin (C F G H J).

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This also gave us the chance to take pictures of the endemic gecko Tarentola delalandii (Duméril & Bibron, 1836) that enjoyed the sun nearby the pretty yellow flowering Crassulaceae Aichryson parlatorei. After 2 hours we already walked up 470 meters of elevation and took a small water break next to stony ruins. While moving on, the vegetation changed step by step and in the transition from thermophile to laurel forest we decided to take our lunch break surrounded by Visnea mocanera, Morella faya, Ilex canariensis, Picconia excelsa, Erica arborea, Arbutus canariensis, Heberdenia excelsa, and Rhamnus crenulata. “What you get is what you see” was probably on the dog’s mind when it tried to eat my sandwich in my lunchbox on the ground in front of me. Although its owner shouted at the little dog, we still adored our cute friend. Boosted by our meal, the dog left and so did we. Coming closer to the laurel forest with a higher number of trees, mosses and ferns, we still had to walk 6 kilometers after our short lunch break. In the laurel forest several tree species as Persea indica, Laurus novocanariensis, Apollonias burbujana, Pleiomeris canariensis, Ilex canariensis, Morella faya, Erica arborea and Viburnum tinus ssp. rigidum gave us shelter from the rain that surprised us during our walk. The ground and some walls were covered by ferns like Asplenium onopteris, Dryopteris oligodonta or Ceterach aurea. As soon as we reached the Plaza de Erjos, we all met in a café with fantastic “ofertas”, delicious “dulces” and refreshing “bebidas”. On our way back to the hotel by bus again, we took a stop at “Mirador de Garachico” to have a look at the impressing view above the city of Garachico with its amazing streams of old lava, that covered big parts of the historical important port in the northwest of the Canary Islands during the 17th century. Moreover, we also could see the city’s emblem; the Roque de Garachico located offshore the coast as a “Monumento Natural”. At 17:25 we then finally arrived at the hotel, where we had our daily meeting at 6pm.

Table 22 | Species list of the succulent bush vegeta on

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae x x xAdenocarpus viscosus (Willd.) Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae xAeonium haworthii Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x x xAeonium tabuliforme (Haw.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x x xAeonium urbicum (C.Sm. ex Hornem.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x x xAgave americana L. Asparagaceae xAgave sp. Asparagaceae xAgera na adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Asteraceae x x xAichryson parlatorei Bolle Crassulaceae x xAloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Asphodelaceae xAnagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae xArundo donax L. Poaceae x xAsparagus scoparius Lowe Asparagaceae x x xAtriplex semibaccata R.Br. Amaranthaceae xBidens pilosa L. Asteraceae x xBituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H.S rt. Fabaceae x x xBrachypodium sylva cum (Huds.) P.Beauv. Poaceae xCalendula sp. Asteraceae xCarlina salicifolia (L.f.) Cav. Asteraceae x x x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Casimiroa edulis La Llave Rutaceae xCeropegia dichotoma Haw. Apocynaceae x x xCistus monspeliensis L. Cistaceae x x xConvolvulus fl oridus L. Convolvulaceae x x xConvolvulus siculus L. Convolvulaceae xCynoglossum cre cum Mill. Boraginaceae xDavallia canariensis (L.) Sm. Davalliaceae x x xDescurainia millefolia (Jacq.) Webb & Berthel. Brassicaceae x x xDi richia viscosa (L.) Greuter Asteraceae x x xEchium giganteum L.f. Boraginaceae x x xEchium plantagineum L. Boraginaceae x xEuphorbia canariensis L. Euphorbiaceae x x xEuphorbia lamarckii Sweet Euphorbiaceae x xFicus carica L. Moraceae xFoeniculum vulgare Mill. Apiaceae xGalac tes tomentosa Moench Asteraceae x x xGlobularia salicina Lam. Plantaginaceae x x xGonospermum fru cosum (Buch) Less. Asteraceae x x xJasminum odora ssimum L. Oleaceae x x xJuncus acutus L. Juncaceae xKleinia neriifolia Haw. Asteraceae x x xLamarckia aurea (L.) Moench Poaceae xLavandula canariensis (L.) Mill. Lamiaceae xMercurialis annua L. Euphorbiaceae x xMicromeria varia Benth. Lamiaceae x x xMisopates oron um (L.) Raf. Plantaginaceae xMonanthes brachycaulos (Webb & Berthel.) Lowe Crassulaceae x x xNico ana glauca Graham Solanaceae xOpun a dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw. Cactaceae x xOpun a fi cus-indica (L.) Mill. Cactaceae x xPapaver somniferum L. Papaveraceae x xParietaria fi lamentosa Webb & Berthel. Ur caceae xParonychia canariensis (L. f.) Link Caryophyllaceae x x xPassifl ora sp. Passifl oraceae x x xPeriploca laevigata Aiton Apocynaceae x x xPhagnalon saxa le (L.) Cass. Asteraceae x x xPhoenix canariensis Chabaud Arecaceae x xPlantago lagopus L. Plantaginaceae xPolycarpaea divaricata Poir. ex Steud. Caryophyllaceae xPolypodium macaronesicum A.E. Bobrov Polypodiaceae x x xPteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Dennstaed aceae xRhamnus crenulata Aiton Rhamnaceae x xRicinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae xRubia fru cosa Aiton Rubiaceae x x xRumex lunaria L. Polygonaceae x x xScorpiurus muricatus L. Fabaceae xSideri s cre ca L. Lamiaceae x x xSilene gallica L. Caryophyllaceae x x xSonchus congestus Willd. Asteraceae x x xSonchus leptocephalus Cass. Asteraceae x x xS pa capensis Thunb. Poaceae xTeline canariensis (L.) Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae x x xTournefor a candidula (Miers.) I.M.Johnst Boraginaceae xVieraea laevigata (Willd.) Webb ex Sch.Bip. Asteraceae x x xWithania aristata Pauquy Solanaceae x x x

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Table 23 | Species list of the thermophil forest vegeta on.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Aeonium haworthii Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x x xAeonium urbicum (C.Sm. ex Hornem.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x x xAgave americana L. Asparagaceae xAgera na adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Asteraceae x x xAllagopappus canariensis (Willd.) Greuter Asteraceae xAndryala pinna fi da Aiton Asteraceae x xArbutus canariensis Duhamel Ericaceae x x xArtemisia thuscula Cav. Asteraceae x x xAsparagus umbellatus Link Asparagaceae xAsphodelus ramosus L. Asphodelaceae x xBituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H.S rt. Fabaceae x x xCanarina canariensis (L.) Vatke Campanulaceae x x xCeropegia dichotoma Haw. Apocynaceae x x xCistus monspeliensis L. Cistaceae x x xCistus symphy folius Lam. Cistaceae x x xCynosurus echinatus L. Poaceae xDactylis glomerata L. Poaceae xDicheranthus plocamoides Webb Caryophyllaceae x xDracaena draco (L.) L. Asparagaceae x x xDracunculus canariensis Kunth Araceae x xDrimia mari ma (L.) Stearn Asparagaceae xEchium virescens DC. Boraginaceae x xEchium aculeatum Poir. Boraginaceae xErica arborea L. Ericaceae x x xErysimum bicolor (Hornem.) DC. Brassicaceae x x xEuphorbia balsamifera Aiton Euphorbiaceae x xEuphorbia lamarckii Sweet Euphorbiaceae x xEuphorbia terracina L. Euphorbiaceae xFerula communis ssp. linkii (Webb) Reduron & Dobignard Apiaceae x xFilago gallica (L.) L. Asteraceae xFilago pyramidata L. Asteraceae xGladiolus italicus Mill. Iridaceae xHabenaria tridactylites Lindl. Orchidaceae x xHimantoglossum metlesicsianum (W.P.Teschner) P.Delforge Orchidaceae xHypericum canariense L. Hypericaceae x x xHypericum glandulosum Gilib. Hypericaceae x x xHypericum grandifolium Choisy Hypericaceae x x xHypericum refl exum L.f. Hypericaceae x x xIlex canariensis Poir. Aquifoliaceae x xIlex perado ssp. platyphylla (Webb & Berthel.) Tu n Aquifoliaceae xJus cia hyssopifolia L. Acanthaceae x xLavandula buchii Webb & Berthel. Lamiaceae xLavandula canariensis (L.) Mill. Lamiaceae xLavandula mul fi da L. Lamiaceae x xLavandula pinnata Lundmark Lamiaceae xLinum bienne Mill. Linaceae xLobularia canariensis (DC.) L. Borgen Brassicaceae xLolium canariense Steud. Poaceae x xLuzula elegans Lowe Juncaceae xMarcetella moquiniana (Webb & Berthel.) Svent. Rosaceae x x xMelica canariensis W.Hempel Poaceae xMesserschmidia fru cosa L.f. Boraginaceae x xMonanthes laxifl ora (DC.) Bolle ex Bornmuller Crassulaceae x xMonanthes polyphylla (Aiton) Haw. Crassulaceae x x xMorella faya (Aiton) Wilbur Myricaceae x x xOpun a fi cus-indica (L.) Mill. Cactaceae x x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Paraceterach marantae (L.) R.M. Tryon Pteridaceae x x xParentucellia viscosa (L.) Caruel Orobanchaceae xPennisetum purpureum Schumach. Poaceae xPericallis echinata (L.f.) B.Nord. Asteraceae x x xPhagnalon rupestre (L.) DC. Asteraceae xPhyllis viscosa Webb ex Christ Rubiaceae x x xPinus canariensis C.Sm. Pinaceae xPlocama pendula Aiton Rubiaceae xRomulea columnae Sebast. & Mauri Iridaceae xRubia fru cosa Aiton Rubiaceae x xRubus ulmifolius Scho Rosaceae x xScorpiurus vermiculatus L. Fabaceae xSedum rubens L. Crassulaceae xSelaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A. Braun Selaginellaceae x xSilene vulgaris ssp. commutata (Guss.) Hayek Caryophyllaceae x xSonchus acaulis Dum.Cours. Asteraceae x x xSonchus canariensis (Sch.Bip.) Boulos Asteraceae x xTamus edulis Lowe Dioscoreaceae x x xTeline canariensis (L.) Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae x x xTuberaria gu ata (L.) Fourr. Cistaceae x xUmbilicus horizontalis (Guss.) DC. Crassulaceae x xVisnea mocanera L.f. Pentaphylacaceae x xWahlenbergia lobelioides (L.f.) Link Campanulaceae x

Table 24 | Species list of the laurel forest vegeta on.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Adiantum reniforme L. Pteridaceae x x xAeonium canariense (L.) Webb & Berthel Crassulaceae xAeonium cuneatum Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x xAeonium haworthii Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x xAeonium urbicum (C.Sm. ex Hornem.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x xAichryson laxum (Haw.) Bramwell Crassulaceae x x xApollonias barbujana (Cav.) Bornm. Lauraceae x x xArbutus canariensis Duhamel Ericaceae x x xArgyranthemum adauctum (Link) Humphries Asteraceae x xArgyranthemum broussone i (Pers.) Humphries Asteraceae xArgyranthemum coronopifolium (Willd.) Humphries Asteraceae xAsplenium onopteris L. Aspleniaceae x x xBystropogon canariensis (L.) L'Hér. Lamiaceae x x xCanarina canariensis (L.) Vatke Campanulaceae x x xCarduus clavulatus Link Asteraceae xCarex canariensis Kük. Cyperaceae x xCarex divulsa Stokes Cyperaceae x xCasuarina equise folia L. Casuarinaceae xCedronella canariensis (L.) Webb & Berthel. Lamiaceae x x xCentaurea melitensis L L. Asteraceae xCeterach aurea (Cav.) Buch Aspleniaceae x x xCheilanthes sp. Pteridaceae xCistus monspeliensis L. Cistaceae x xClinopodium menthifolium (Host) Stace Lamiaceae x xConvolvulus canariensis L. Convolvulaceae x xCrambe scaberrima Webb ex Bramwell Brassicaceae x xCrambe strigosa L'Hér. Brassicaceae x xCynoglossum cre cum Mill. Boraginaceae x x xCy nus hypocis s (L.) L. Cy naceae x xCy sus proliferus L.f. Fabaceae x x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Davallia canariensis (L.) Sm. Davalliaceae x xDrusa glandulosa (Poir.) H.Wolff ex Engl. Apiaceae x xDryopteris oligodonta Pic.Serm. Dryopteridaceae x xEchium virescens DC. Boraginaceae x xErica arborea L. Ericaceae x x xEucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae x x xFumaria sp. Papaveraceae xGalium scabrum L. Rubiaceae x x xGennaria diphylla (Link) Parl. Orchidaceae xGeranium reuteri Aedo & Muñoz Garm. Geraniaceae x x xGlobularia salicina Lam. Plantaginaceae x xHeberdenia excelsa Banks ex Schult. Primulaceae xHypericum canariense L. Hypericaceae xHypericum grandifolium Choisy Hypericaceae xHypericum refl exum L.f. Hypericaceae x xIlex canariensis Poir. Aquifoliaceae x x xIsoplexis canariensis (L.) Loudon Plantaginaceae x x xIxanthus viscosus (Aiton) Griseb. Gen anaceae x x xJasminum odora ssimum L. Oleaceae xLaurus novocanariensis Rivas Mart. et al. Lauraceae x x xLuzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. Juncaceae xMelica teneriff ae Hack. ex. Christ Poaceae xMyoso s discolor Pers. Boraginaceae xMyoso s la folia Poir. Boraginaceae x xMyoso s sp. Boraginaceae xOlea europaea ssp. cerasiformis G.Kunkel & Sunding Oleaceae xOrobanche sp. Orobanchaceae x x xOxalis pes-caprae L. Oxalidaceae xPallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. Asteraceae xParaceterach marantae (L.) R.M. Tryon Pteridaceae x x xPericallis appendiculata (L.f.) B.Nord. Asteraceae x x xPericallis cruenta (L'Hér.) Bolle Asteraceae x xPersea indica (L.) Spreng. Lauraceae x x xPetrorhagia nanteuilii (Burnat) P.W.Ball & Heywood Caryophyllaceae x xPhalaris coerulescens Desf. Poaceae xPhyllis nobla L. Rubiaceae xPhyllis viscosa Webb ex Christ Rubiaceae xPicconia excelsa (Aiton) DC. Oleaceae x xPinus radiata D.Don Pinaceae xPisum sa vum L. Fabaceae xPleiomeris canariensis (Willd.) A. DC. Primulaceae x x xRanunculus cortusifolius Willd. Ranunculaceae x x xRanunculus parvifl orus L. Ranunculaceae xRumex maderensis Lowe Polygonaceae x x x Scilla haemorrhoidalis Webb & Berthel. Asparagaceae xScorpiurus muricatus L. Fabaceae xScrophularia smithii Hornem. Scrophulariaceae xSelaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A. Braun Selaginellaceae x xSemele androgyna (L.) Kunth Asparagaceae x x xSideri s canariensis L. Lamiaceae x xSideri s dendrochahorra Bolle Lamiaceae xSmilax aspera L. Smilacaceae x xSmilax canariensis Willd. Smilacaceae xSolanum americanum Mill. Solanaceae xSonchus leptocephalus Cass. Asteraceae xTeline canariensis (L.) Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae x xUlex europaeus L. Fabaceae x x x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Viburnum nus ssp. rigidum (Vent.) P.Silva Adoxaceae x x xVicia scandens R.P.Murray Fabaceae x x xViola odorata L. Violaceae xVisnea mocanera L.f. Pentaphylacaceae x x xWoodwardia radicans (L.) Sm. Blechnaceae x

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21.03.2016 — Punta del Hidalgo to Chinamada

Protocol by Julia Walter & Tianjun Liu

Start in Punta del Hidalgo: 28.5707°N 16.3182°W; elev. 119 m a.s.l.Finish in Chinamada: 28.5619° 16.2909°W; elev. 448 m a.s.l.

Anaga was once again our destination today. We planned a 5.3 km long hike in the northwest of this area to see different vegetation zones from sea shore to the peak. It was sunny in the morning. We met at 08:30 outside the hotel as usual, but the bus driver didn’t show up until 9 am. After a short nap, we arrived at Punta del Hidalgo (elevation: ca. 100 m) at 10:05, and saw Casuarina equisetifolia on the roadside immediately after getting off, which resembled a pine tree and tried to trick us. Mr. Lobin showed us the two peaks in front of us Dos Hermanos, and gave us an introduction of the day. Then, we headed down to the beach to see the coastal flora.

At 10:51 am we climbed up (elevation: ca. 20 m). The first vegetation zone was succulent bushes. Soon we realized that the topic-of-the-day was grass, because grasses with different leaf forms or inflorescences were everywhere along the journey, especially for those from Poaceae.

Map 13 | From Punta del Hidalgo to Chinamada. A) Overview map of Tenerife. B) Overview map of the hiking track from Punta del Hidalgo to Chinamada.

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A B

C D E F

G H

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Figure plate 13 | Punta del Hidalgo to Chinamada. A) Panoramic view on the area above Hidalgo; B) Teucrium heterophyllum (Lamiac.); C) Plantago arborescens (Plantaginac.); D) Periploca laevigata (Apocynac.); E) Cyperus rubicundus (Cyperac.); F) & G) Echium simplex (Boraginac.); H) Unforge able lunch break with wonderful rain view; I) Rock forma ons along the path; J) Gallo a eisentrau i (Canarian lizards); K) Hypericum refl exum (Hypericac.). Fotos: Mahsa N. (J), S. Abrahamczyk (H), Tianjun L. (F), Tim B. (A D E G I), W. Lobin (B C K).

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Later, we saw Dracaena draco far away on another mountain. Then, the thermophilous elements started from here, with Allagopappus canariensis, Echium giganteum, Sideritis dendro-chahorra, etc.. At 12:07 pm, we reached a cliff with a sea view (elevation: ca. 220 m), which is called Mirador. Two pretty Canarian lizards (Gallotia eisentrautii) friendly provided us with lots of photos. There was a large rock and dozens of plants grew on the side facing the sea, including Aeonium tabuliforme, Echium simplex as well as the very rare Argyranthemum coronopifolium, which was very impressive and the highlight of the day for most of the group. Half of us stopped at a one-eyed-skull-like rock 15 minutes later to feed themselves, and the rest kept walking for 30 minutes until it started to rain. So we hid ourselves under natural shelters and had a short lunch break.

All of us set off at around 1 pm. More grass species like Briza maxima and B. media waved their inflorescences to us on the way. On the opposite site of the valley, we saw the Roque Chinamada, an area that Cistus chinamadensis is endemic to. After passing a path surrounded by Opuntia sp., we reached Chinamada at 13:50 pm. Unfortunately, there was no café nearby. And since our bus was already waiting there, we went back to Puerto de la Cruz directly and wandered around in the city.

Table 25 | Species list of coastal vegeta on in Punta de Hidalgo.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Acacia sp. Fabaceae xAchyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae x xAeonium lindleyi Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x x xAgave americana L. Asparagaceae xAizoon canariense L. Aizoaceae x x xAloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Asphodelaceae xArgyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch.Bip. Asteraceae x x xArtemisia thuscula Cav. Asteraceae x x xAsparagus umbellatus Link Asparagaceae x xAstydamia la folia (L.f.) Baill. Apiaceae x x xAtriplex glauca ssp. ifniensis (Caball.) Rivas Mart. & al. Amaranthaceae x xBidens pilosa L. Asteraceae xBituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H.S rt. Fabaceae x xCarpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.Br. Aizoaceae xCasuarina equise folia L. Casuarinaceae xCenchrus ciliaris L. Poaceae x xChenopodium murale L. Amaranthaceae xCrithmum mari mum L. Apiaceae xCyperus involucratus Ro b. Cyperaceae xDrusa glandulosa (Poir.) H.Wolff ex Engl. Apiaceae xEchium giganteum L.f. Boraginaceae xEchium plantagineum L. Boraginaceae xEuphorbia lamarckii Sweet Euphorbiaceae x xEuphorbia terracina L. Euphorbiaceae xForsskaolea angus folia Retz. Ur caceae x xFrankenia ericifolia C.Sm. ex DC. Frankeniaceae x x xGlobularia salicina Lam. Plantaginaceae x xHyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf Poaceae x xKleinia neriifolia Haw. Asteraceae x x xLamarckia aurea (L.) Moench Poaceae x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Lavandula buchii Webb & Berthel. Lamiaceae x xLavandula pinnata L.f. Lamiaceae xLimonium pec natum Kuntze Plumbaginaceae x x xLotus tenellus (Lowe) Sandral, A.Santos & D.D.Sokoloff Fabaceae xLycium intricatum Boiss. Solanaceae xMarcetella moquiniana (Webb & Berthel.) Svent. Rosaceae xMesembryanthemum crystallinum L. Aizoaceae x x xMesembryanthemum nodifl orum L. Aizoaceae x xMonanthes brachycaulos (Webb & Berthel.) Lowe Crassulaceae xNico ana glauca Graham Solanaceae x x xOpun a cylindrica (Lam.) DC. Cactaceae xOpun a dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw. Cactaceae xOpun a fi cus-indica (L.) Mill. Cactaceae x xPatellifolia procumbens (C.Sm.) A.J.Sco et al. Amaranthaceae x x xPennisetum orientale Rich. Poaceae x xPericallis tussilaginis (L'Hér.) D.Don Asteraceae x xPeriploca laevigata Aiton Apocynaceae x x xPistacia atlan ca Desf. Anacardiaceae xPlantago aschersonii Bolle Plantaginaceae xPlantago lagopus L. Plantaginaceae x xReichardia ligulata (Vent.) G.Kunkel & Sunding Asteraceae x xRicinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae x xRubia fru cosa Aiton Rubiaceae x x xRumex lunaria L. Polygonaceae x x xSalsola divaricata Moq. Amaranthaceae x x xSchizogyne sericea (L.f.) DC. Asteraceae xScilla haemorrhoidalis Webb & Berthel. Asparagaceae x xSonchus acaulis Dum.Cours. Asteraceae x xSonchus oleraceus (L.) L. Asteraceae xSonchus radicatus Aiton Asteraceae x xSonchus sp. Asteraceae xS pa capensis Thunb. Poaceae xTamarix canariensis Willd. Tamaricaceae x xTamarix sp. Tamaricaceae x

Table 26 | Species list of the succulent vegeta on in the Barranaco Chinamada above Hidalgo.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Aeonium arboreum var. holochrysum H.Z.Liu Crassulaceae xAeonium lindleyi Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAeonium tabuliforme (Haw.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x xAeonium urbicum (C.Sm. ex Hornem.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x x xAeonium volkeri E. Hern. & Bañares Crassulaceae xAgave americana L. Asparagaceae x xAllagopappus canariensis (Willd.) Greuter Asteraceae x xAnagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae x xAndryala pinna fi da Aiton Asteraceae xAris da adscensionis L. Poaceae x xArum italicum Mill. Araceae xArundo donax L. Poaceae x xAsparagus umbellatus Link Asparagaceae x xAsphodelus microcarpus Salzm. & Viv. Asphodelaceae x xBituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H.S rt. Fabaceae x xBryonia verrucosa Aiton Cucurbitaceae x xBystropogon sp. Lamiaceae x xCanarina canariensis (L.) Vatke Campanulaceae xCarduus clavulatus Link Asteraceae x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Carlina salicifolia (L.f.) Cav. Asteraceae xCeropegia dichotoma Haw. Apocynaceae x x xConvolvulus fl oridus L. Convolvulaceae x x xCynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae xCyperus rubicundus Willd. ex Link Cyperaceae x x xDactylis glomerata ssp. smithii (Link) Stebbins & D.Zohary Poaceae x xDavallia canariensis (L.) Sm. Davalliaceae xDrimia mari ma (L.) Stearn Asparagaceae x xEchium leucophaeum Webb ex Sprague & Hutch. Boraginaceae xEuphorbia canariensis L. Euphorbiaceae x x xForsskaolea angus folia Retz. Ur caceae xGalac tes tomentosa Moench Asteraceae xGlobularia salicina Lam. Plantaginaceae x x xGonospermum fru cosum (Buch) Less. Asteraceae xHyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf Poaceae xHypericum refl exum L.f. Hypericaceae x xJasminum odora ssimum L. Oleaceae x xKleinia neriifolia Haw. Asteraceae xLamarckia aurea (L.) Moench Poaceae x xLavandula mul fi da L. Lamiaceae xLimonium pec natum Kuntze Plumbaginaceae xMalva neglecta Wallr. Malvaceae xMarcetella moquiniana (Webb & Berthel.) Svent. Rosaceae xMedicago sp. Fabaceae xMesserschmidia fru cosa L.f. Boraginaceae x x xMicromeria sp. Lamiaceae xMicromeria varia Benth. Lamiaceae x xMonanthes brachycaulos (Webb & Berthel.) Lowe Crassulaceae xMonanthes laxifl ora (DC.) Bolle ex Bornmuller Crassulaceae xOpun a dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw. Cactaceae x xOxalis pes-caprae L. Oxalidaceae x x xPallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. Asteraceae xParonychia canariensis (L. f.) Link Caryophyllaceae x xPennisetum orientale Rich. Poaceae xPericallis tussilaginis (L'Hér.) D.Don Asteraceae xPinus canariensis C.Sm. Pinaceae xPistacia atlan ca Desf. Anacardiaceae xPlocama pendula Aiton Rubiaceae x xPolycarpaea divaricata Poir. ex Steud. Caryophyllaceae x x xPolypodium macaronesicum A.E. Bobrov Polypodiaceae x xRanunculus cortusifolius Willd. Ranunculaceae x xRhamnus crenulata Aiton Rhamnaceae xRumex bucephalophorus L. Polygonaceae xScilla haemorrhoidalis Webb & Berthel. Asparagaceae xSideri s dendrochahorra Bolle Lamiaceae x xSilene gallica L. Caryophyllaceae x xSmilax aspera L. Smilacaceae xSonchus acaulis Dum.Cours. Asteraceae x x xSonchus capillaris Svent. Asteraceae xSonchus congestus Willd. Asteraceae xSpergula arvensis L. Caryophyllaceae xSporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br. Poaceae x xStachys arvensis (L.) L. Lamiaceae xTamus edulis Lowe Dioscoreaceae x xTeucrium heterophyllum L'Hér. Lamiaceae x xTricholaena teneriff ae (L.f.) Link Poaceae x x xWahlenbergia lobelioides (L.f.) Link Campanulaceae x x x

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Table 27 | Species list of the main view point (Mirador) along the Barranaco Chinamada path.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Aeonium tabuliforme (Haw.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xArgyranthemum coronopifolium (Willd.) Humphries Asteraceae x x xAsparagus umbellatus Link Asparagaceae xCarduus clavulatus Link Asteraceae xDescurainia millefolia (Jacq.) Webb & Berthel. Brassicaceae x x xDi richia viscosa (L.) Greuter Asteraceae x xEchium simplex DC. Boraginaceae x x xEuphorbia canariensis L. Euphorbiaceae xLobularia canariensis (DC.) L. Borgen Brassicaceae xMonanthes brachycaulos (Webb & Berthel.) Lowe Crassulaceae xParonychia canariensis (L. f.) Link Caryophyllaceae xPatellifolia procumbens (C.Sm.) A.J.Sco et al. Amaranthaceae xPhagnalon saxa le (L.) Cass. Asteraceae xReichardia ligulata (Vent.) G.Kunkel & Sunding Asteraceae xSonchus acaulis Dum.Cours. Asteraceae xSonchus radicatus Aiton Asteraceae xS pa capensis Thunb. Poaceae xTeline canariensis (L.) Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae xTricholaena teneriff ae (L.f.) Link Poaceae x

Table 28 | Species list from the Mirador along the path above des Barranco Chinamada.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Adiantum reniforme L. Pteridaceae xAeonium tabuliforme (Haw.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x xAsphodelus aes vus Brot. Asphodelaceae xAthamanta cervariifolia Schrad. ex Spreng. Apiaceae xBriza maxima L. Poaceae x xBriza media L. Poaceae x xBystropogon canariensis (L.) L'Hér. Lamiaceae xCanarina canariensis (L.) Vatke Campanulaceae xCheilanthes catanensis (Cosent.) H.P.Fuchs Pteridaceae xChenopodium urbicum L. Amaranthaceae xDactylis glomerata ssp. smithii (Link) Stebbins & D.Zohary Poaceae x xDaucus carota ssp. maximus (Desf.) Ball Apiaceae xDavallia canariensis (L.) Sm. Davalliaceae xEchium giganteum L.f. Boraginaceae xEchium leucophaeum Webb ex Sprague & Hutch. Boraginaceae xEchium simplex DC. Boraginaceae xFerula communis ssp. linkii (Webb) Reduron & Dobignard Apiaceae xFilago pyramidata L. Asteraceae xForsskaolea angus folia Retz. Ur caceae xHabenaria tridactylites Lindl. Orchidaceae xHypericum refl exum L.f. Hypericaceae xKleinia neriifolia Haw. Asteraceae xLamarckia aurea (L.) Moench Poaceae xLavandula pinnata L.f. Lamiaceae xLimonium macrophyllum Kuntze Plumbaginaceae xMonanthes anagensis Praeger Crassulaceae xMonanthes brachycaulos (Webb & Berthel.) Lowe Crassulaceae xParentucellia viscosa (L.) Caruel Orobanchaceae xPericallis tussilaginis (L'Hér.) D.Don Asteraceae x x xPistacia atlan ca Desf. Anacardiaceae xPlantago arborescens Poir. Plantaginaceae xPolypodium macaronesicum A.E. Bobrov Polypodiaceae x xRanunculus cortusifolius Willd. Ranunculaceae x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Reichardia ligulata (Vent.) G.Kunkel & Sunding Asteraceae xRubia fru cosa Aiton Rubiaceae xRubus ulmifolius Scho Rosaceae xSideri s macrostachys Poir. Lamiaceae xSilene gallica L. Caryophyllaceae xSonchus acaulis Dum.Cours. Asteraceae xSonchus leptocephalus Cass. Asteraceae xSonchus radicatus Aiton Asteraceae x x xStachys ocymastrum (L.) Briq. Lamiaceae xTeline canariensis (L.) Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae xTeucrium heterophyllum L'Hér. Lamiaceae x xTrifolium campestre Schreb. Fabaceae xWahlenbergia lobelioides (L.f.) Link Campanulaceae x

Table 29 | Species list of the thermophil forest in the Barranco Chinamada.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Dracaena draco (L.) L. Asparagaceae xCistus chinamadensis Bañares & P.Romero Cistaceae x xAeonium arboreum var. holochrysum H.Z.Liu Crassulaceae xAeonium canariense (L.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAichryson laxum (Haw.) Bramwell Crassulaceae x xAllagopappus canariensis (Willd.) Greuter Asteraceae xCarlina salicifolia (L.f.) Cav. Asteraceae x xCeterach aurea (Cav.) Buch Aspleniaceae xCuscuta sp. Convolvulaceae xDracunculus canariensis Kunth Araceae x xEchium giganteum L.f. Boraginaceae x x xEchium plantagineum L. Boraginaceae xEchium strictum L.f. Boraginaceae x xFerula communis ssp. linkii (Webb) Reduron & Dobignard Apiaceae x xGonospermum fru cosum (Buch) Less. Asteraceae x xHabenaria tridactylites Lindl. Orchidaceae xHypericum glandulosum Gilib. Hypericaceae xHypericum grandifolium Choisy Hypericaceae xLavandula canariensis (L.) Mill. Lamiaceae xLotus sp. Fabaceae xMercurialis annua L. Euphorbiaceae x xParaceterach marantae (L.) R.M. Tryon Pteridaceae xPlantago arborescens Poir. Plantaginaceae x xReichardia ligulata (Vent.) G.Kunkel & Sunding Asteraceae x xRhamnus crenulata Aiton Rhamnaceae x x xRomulea columnae Sebast. & Mauri Iridaceae xSelaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A. Braun Selaginellaceae xSideri s dendrochahorra Bolle Lamiaceae x xSolanum vesper lio Aiton Solanaceae x x

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22.03.2016 — Jardín botánico and flower ecology

Protocol by Konstantin Neumann & Stella Eggels

Botanic Garden / Jardín botaníco de acclimatacionAfter a half hour way of bus-driving and walking we arrived at the botanic garden in Puerto de la Cruz known as the „Jardín de Aclimatación de La Orotava“ or simply “El botaníco” at 9:05 am. It was created in the end of the 18th century initially for the acclimatization of tropical plants and was expanded more and more under changing administrations until it fell under the responsibility of the Canarian State Institution for Agricultural Investigations1. The 20,000 m² big area of the garden is now planned to be extended to 40,000 m².

The director of the garden Alfredo Reyes Betancort gave us a guided tour through the not public part of the botanic garden. First we got to see the research facility that is shared with the CCBAT (Centro de Conservacion de la Biodiversidad Agrícola de Tenerife). Here, research regarding the Canarian biodiversity and endemic species takes place, however, no molecular laboratories were in use at that moment, due to severe financial cuttings. In that building we were shown the seed bank of the Cabildos, the local authorities, which contains seeds of all crops and potato tubers with agricultural use on the Canary Islands to save the diversity of the varieties. Furthermore, the garden has its own seed bank and a herbarium with about 47,000 specimens that was started in 1943 and therefore is the oldest one of the Canary Islands. It contains mostly plants of the Canary Islands but also some important species from e.g. other parts of Macaronesia or southern Africa. Some members of our excursion were stunned by the size of the saves, in which the herbarium sheets were kept.

Then, we went to see the greenhouse and nursery, where seeds are germinated and also plants with special environmental needs are kept until they recover because the conditions are more favorable there. When the seedlings have reached a certain size they are transferred to another house that we had a look in. Also in this not public area we were shown Sideroxylon canariensis2, a species endemic to the Canary Islands, which we had not found before in nature. Additionally, Alfredo showed us different species of Argyranthemum (A. broussonetii, A. frutescens, A. sundingii), which in collaboration are being analyzed regarding hybridization.

Afterwards, we got to spend half an hour separately in the public botanic garden itself. The predominant family in the garden was the Bromeliaceae and also different palm tree species were abundant.

1 Here Arnoldo Santos worked un l his re rement in 2015. 2 Described among others by W. Lobin & A. Santos (Lobin et al. 2005).

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A B C

D E

F G

Figure plate 14 | City excurion in Puerto de la Cruz. A) Bee on Lavendula canariensis (Lamiac.); B) Spider on Argyranthemum frutescens (Asterac.); C) Ficus macrophylla (Morac.) in the botanic garden; D) Bosea yervamora (Amaranthac.); E) Brugmansia versicolor (Solanac.); F) Bumblebee on Lavendula canariensis (Lamiac.); G) Students at fi eldwork on Argyranthemum frutescens (Asterac.). Fotos: Daniela A. (B), Mahsa N. (E), Saskia S. (A C F), S. Abrahamczyk (G), Tim B. (D).

Some species that especially stood out were the giant Ficus macrophylla ssp. columnaris, Brugmansia mollis, Kigelia africana and Erythrina corallodendron. Therefore, the focus of the planted plants was not necessary on the endemic or native species of the Canary Islands but also on generally in e.g. growth outstanding plants of very different origin.

In the debriefing Mr. Lobin noted that the garden did not change significantly since his first visits some decades ago. A major problem is that the garden is a governmental facility and so the money from the entrance fee goes to the government of the Canary Islands. To improve and expand the garden it would be useful for the garden to

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do more advertising and collaborations with other touristic attractions like the Loro Parque to attract more visitors and generate more income. This money could also be used for special recovery programs for endangered endemics and for research.

At 11:10 am we left the botanic garden and walked towards the Bollullo bay. After a lunch break near the bay, we continued our walk to our destination and found as ruderal vegetation at the roadside Nicotiana paniculata, a hawk moth pollinated Solanaceae, Schinus molle, Datura innoxia, the South American neophyte Salpichroa origanifolia and the shrubby endemic Amaranthaceae Bosea yervamora.

Flower ecology in the Bollullo Bay

28.4164°N 16.5226°; elev.: 31 m a.s.l.

After we arrived near the Bollullo Bay at 12:30 pm we split into four groups to conduct flower ecology investigations of the four species Argyranthemum frutescens, Lavandula canariensis, Euphorbia lamarckii and Withania aristata. One plant of each was watered and covered with fabric for one hour to enhance nectar production and keep the nectar from being taken by pollinators. Then, the nectar of several flowers (Number of flowers was noted) was collected with a 1 μl capillary and then transferred to a refractometer to measure the concentration. While the one plant was covered we started with the observation of pollinators of a plant of the same species nearby. For a time span of 30 min to 1h 45 the number and species of pollinators as well as the number of flowers each of them visited was noted. Some of the pollinators were caught with a net and put into a plastic container for a short time period to have a closer look and get a better idea of their size.

Table 30 | Results of the pollinator observa ons and nectar measurement.

Pollinators Nectar

species number visited fl owers per animal [mean]

mean volume per fl ower [μl]

mean sugar con-centra on [%]

Lavandula canariensis bee 33 7,8 0,13 32(observed for 1h 45 min) bumblebee 4 16,75 (n=1)

fl ower fl y 1 1 Withania aristata bee 6 3 0,54 44,75(observed for 1h 05min) (n=4) Argyranthemum fl y (4 diff . kinds) 8 2,1 - -frutescens spider 2 1,5 (observed for 1h35) beetle 1 1 Euphorbia lamarckii green fl y 2 1 - -(observed for 30 min) transparent fl y 7 1 big fl y 7 1 yellow fl y 1 1 black bug 4 1 black wasp 1 1 bee 1 15

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The results of the pollinator observation as well as the nectar measurement are listed in the following table. Flowers of Lavandula and Withania seemed to be more specialized than the other two species as they were primarily pollinated by one species, namely honey bees (Apis mellifera). In addition for Lavandula some bumblebee and a flower fly were observed and it was generally visited more frequently. Euphorbia lamarckii and Argyranthemum frustescens on the other hand were mostly visited by four different kinds of flies each. Euphorbia was additionally pollinated by a black bug, black wasp and a bee and Argyranthemum by two spiders and a beetle. These two latter species furthermore differed from the first two mentioned ones in their amount of nectar. This was so little here that it was not possible to measure its concentration. For Lavandula one nectar measurement was done, which resulted in an average nectar amount per flower of 1.3 μl and a sugar concentration of 32 %. Flowers of Withania had more nectar (0.54 μl) with a higher sugar concentration of 45 %.

In general flower ecological investigations like this can be used to compare environments, regions, gradients, to gain information about the ecology and for conservation strategies, however in this case for such conclusions more information on the environment would be needed. We ended our program that day at about 2:30 pm.

Table 31 | Species list of the Bullollo Bay.

Species Family 2004 2008 2016Aeonium arboreum Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae xAeonium tabuliforme (Haw.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae x xArchontophoenix cunninghamiana (H.Wendl.) H.Wendl. & Drude Arecaceae xArgyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch.Bip. Asteraceae x xArtemisia thuscula Cav. Asteraceae xAsparagus umbellatus Link Asparagaceae x xAstydamia la folia (L.f.) Baill. Apiaceae x xBauhinia variegata L. Fabaceae xBidens pilosa L. Asteraceae xBosea yervamora L. Amaranthaceae xBromus diandrus Roth Poaceae xCotula australis (Sieber ex Spreng.) Hook.f. Asteraceae x xCrithmum mari mum L. Apiaceae x xCyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae xDatura innoxia Mill. Solanaceae xDracaena draco (L.) L. Asparagaceae xEchium giganteum L.f. Boraginaceae xEuphorbia lamarckii Sweet Euphorbiaceae x xEuphorbia rucalli L. Euphorbiaceae xForsskaolea angus folia Retz. Ur caceae xFrankenia ericifolia C.Sm. ex DC. Frankeniaceae x xLavandula canariensis (L.) Mill. Lamiaceae xLavandula mul fi da L. Lamiaceae xLycium intricatum Boiss. Solanaceae xMonanthes sp. Crassulaceae xNico ana glauca Graham Solanaceae xNico ana paniculata L. Solanaceae xOxalis pes-caprae L. Oxalidaceae xPatellifolia procumbens (C.Sm.) A.J.Sco , Ford-Lloyd & J.T.Williams Amaranthaceae x

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Species Family 2004 2008 2016Pennisetum orientale Rich. Poaceae xRicinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae xRubia fru cosa Aiton Rubiaceae xRumex lunaria L. Polygonaceae xSalpichroa origanifolia (Lam.) Baill. Solanaceae x xSalsola sp. Amaranthaceae xSchinus molle L. Anacardiaceae xScilla haemorrhoidalis Webb & Berthel. Asparagaceae xSonchus congestus Willd. Asteraceae xStenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze Poaceae xTamarix sp. Tamaricaceae x xVolutaria canariensis Wagenitz Asteraceae xWithania aristata Pauquy Solanaceae x x x

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3 Appendix

Species list of all plant taxa recorded during the 2016 excursion

Nr. Species Family Loca on / tabel nr.1 Acacia sp. Fabaceae 252 Acalypha wilkesiana Müll.Arg. Euphorbiaceae 13 Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae 15/21/22/254 Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth. et al. Apocynaceae 15 Adenocarpus complicatus ssp. aureus (Cav.) C.Vicioso Fabaceae 116 Adenocarpus foliolosus (Aiton) DC. Fabaceae 11 / 15 / 7 Adenocarpus viscosus (Willd.) Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae 16 / 228 Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Pteridaceae 1 / 18 / 219 Adiantum reniforme L. Pteridaceae 15 / 24

10 Aeonium arboreum var. holochrysum H.Y.Liu Crassulaceae 9 / 1511 Aeonium aureum (C.Sm. ex Hornem.) T.H.M.Mes Crassulaceae 1112 Aeonium canariense (L.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae 2113 Aeonium ciliatum (Willd.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae 1914 Aeonium cuneatum Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae 19

15 Aeonium haworthii Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae 5 / 7 / 8 / 18 21 / 22 / 23 / 24

16 Aeonium lindleyi Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae 21 / 2517 Aeonium pseudourbicum Bañares Crassulaceae 918 Aeonium sedifolium (Webb ex Bolle) Pit. & Proust. Crassulaceae 319 Aeonium smithii (Sims) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae 1620 Aeonium spathulatum (Hornem.) Praeger Crassulaceae 9 / 11

21 Aeonium tabuliforme (Haw.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae 3 / 4 / 7 / 8 / 18 21 / 22 / 26 / 27 / 28

22 Aeonium urbicum (C.Sm. ex Hornem.) Webb & Berthel. Crassulaceae 3 / 7 / 19 / 22 / 23 / 24 / 2623 Aeonium volkeri E. Hern. & Bañares Crassulaceae 21 / 2624 Agave americana L. Asparagaceae 1 / 7 / 18 / 22 / 23 / 2625 Agave sp. Asparagaceae 2226 Agera na adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Asteraceae 18 / 22 / 2327 Aichryson laxum (Haw.) Bramwell Crassulaceae 11 / 15 / 18 / 19 / 2428 Aichryson pachycaulon Bolle Crassulaceae 1929 Aichryson parlatorei Bolle Crassulaceae 2230 Aizoon canariense L. Aizoaceae 2 / 13 / 17 / 25

31 Allagopappus canariensis (Willd.) Greuter Asteraceae 11 / 14 / 18 / 19 / 21 / 23 / 29

32 Allium roseum L. Amaryllidaceae 2133 Alocasia sp. Araceae 134 Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Xanthorrhoeac. 135 Alpinia sp. Zingiberaceae 136 Alternanthera caracasana Kunth Amaranthaceae 137 Anagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae 14 / 15 / 22 / 2638 Anogramma leptophylla (L.) Link Pteridaceae 1139 Apollonias barbujana (Cav.) Bornm. Lauraceae 19 / 2440 Araucaria columnaris (G.Forst.) Hook. Araucariaceae 141 Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco Araucariaceae 1042 Arbutus canariensis Duhamel Ericaceae 11 / 15 / 23 / 2443 Argyranthemum adauctum (Link) Humphries Asteraceae 2444 Argyranthemum broussone i (Pers.) Humphries Asteraceae 11 / 2145 Argyranthemum coronopifolium (Willd.) Humphries Asteraceae 24 / 2746 Argyranthemum foeniculum (Willd.) Sch.Bip. Asteraceae 847 Argyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch.Bip. Asteraceae 1 / 2 / 5 / 17 / 25 / 3048 Argyranthemum gracile Webb ex Sch.Bip. Asteraceae 1549 Argyranthemum lemsii Humphries Asteraceae 2150 Argyranthemum maderense (D.Don) Humphries Asteraceae 151 Argyranthemum tenerifae Humphries Asteraceae 1652 Argyranthemum vincen i Santos & Feria Asteraceae 1553 Arisarum vulgare O.Targ.Tozz. Araceae 21

A 87

Nr. Species Family Loca on / tabel nr.54 Aris da adscensionis L. Poaceae 14 / 21 / 2655 Arrhenatherum calderae A.Hansen Poaceae 1656 Artemisia thuscula Cav. Asteraceae 7 / 15 / 18 / 19 / 21 / 23 / 2557 Arundo donax L. Poaceae 4 / 21 / 22 / 2658 Asparagus arborescens Willd. ex Schult. & Schult.f. Asparagaceae 1459 Asparagus fallax Svent. Asparagaceae 1960 Asparagus plocamoides Webb ex Svent. Asparagaceae 961 Asparagus scoparius Lowe Asparagaceae 18 / 2262 Asparagus umbellatus Link Asparagaceae 3 / 25 / 2663 Asphodelus microcarpus Salzm. & Viv. Xanthorrhoeac. 3 / 9 / 2664 Asphodelus ramosus L. Xanthorrhoeac. 2365 Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Xanthorrhoeac. 5 / 2166 Asplenium hemioni s L. Aspleniaceae 19 / 2167 Asplenium onopteris L. Aspleniaceae 11 / 19 / 2468 Asplenium trichomanes L. Aspleniaceae 1169 Asteriscus aqua cus (L.) Less. Asteraceae 270 Astydamia la folia (L.f.) Baill. Apiaceae 2 / 3 / 6 / 13 / 17 / 21 / 2571 Atriplex glauca ssp. ifniensis (Caball.) Rivas Mart. & al. Amaranthaceae 2 / 672 Atriplex semibaccata R.Br. Amaranthaceae 17 / 2273 Bauhinia variegata L. Fabaceae 174 Bencomia caudata (Aiton) Webb & Berthel. Rosaceae 15 / 1975 Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae 21 / 22 / 2576 Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H.S rt. Fabaceae 3 / 7 / 15 / 21 / 22 / 23 / 2577 Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm. Blechnaceae 1978 Bosea yervamora L. Amaranthaceae 3079 Bougainvillea glabra Choisy Nyctaginaceae 180 Bougainvillea sp. Nyctaginaceae 181 Briza maxima L. Poaceae 19 / 2882 Briza media L. Poaceae 19 / 2883 Bryonia verrucosa Aiton Cucurbitaceae 2184 Bupleurum salicifolium R.Br. Apiaceae 1585 Bystropogon canariensis (L.) L'Hér. Lamiaceae 11 / 19 /24 / 2886 Bystropogon plumosus (L.f.) L‘Hér. Lamiaceae 987 Bystropogon sp. Lamiaceae 2688 Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Fabaceae 189 Cakile mari ma Scop. Brassicaceae 690 Calendula sp. Asteraceae 2291 Callistemon citrinus (Cur s) Skeels Myrtaceae 192 Campanula erinus L. Campanulaceae 1593 Campylanthus salsoloides (L.f.) Roth Plantaginaceae 1494 Canarina canariensis (L.) Vatke Campanulaceae 15 / 19 / 21 / 23 / 2495 Carduus clavulatus Link Asteraceae 3 / 15 / 21 / 2496 Carex canariensis Kük. Cyperaceae 19 / 2497 Carex divulsa Stokes Cyperaceae 19 / 2498 Carex perraudieriana (Kük. ex Bornm.) Gay ex Kük. Cyperaceae 1999 Carlina salicifolia (L.F.) Cav. Asteraceae 3 / 7 / 11 / 15 / 21 / 22 / 29

100 Carlina xeranthemoides L.f. Asteraceae 9 / 12 / 16101 Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.Br. Aizoaceae 25102 Carpobrotus sp. Aizoaceae 17103 Cascabela theve a (L.) Lippold Apocynaceae 1104 Casimiroa edulis La Llave Rutaceae 22105 Casuarina equise folia L. Casuarinaceae 25106 Cedronella canariensis (L.) Webb & Berthel. Lamiaceae 24107 Cenchrus ciliaris L. Poaceae 6 / 14 / 17 / 21 / 25108 Centaurea melitensis L. Asteraceae 13109 Centranthus calcitrapa (L.) Dufr. Caprifoliaceae 9110 Ceropegia dichotoma Haw. Apocynaceae 3 / 17 / 18 / 21 / 22 / 23 / 26111 Ceropegia fusca Bolle Apocynaceae 6 / 14112 Ceterach aurea (Cav.) Buch Aspleniaceae 4 / 24113 Chamaecy sus prolifer (L. f.) Link Fabaceae 15114 Chamaerops humilis L. Arecaceae 1 / 10115 Cheilanthes guanchica Bolle Pteridaceae 16116 Cheilanthes pulchella Bory Pteridaceae 9 / 11 / 15

A88

Nr. Species Family Loca on / tabel nr.117 Cheilanthes vellea (Aiton) Domin Pteridaceae 9118 Cheirolophus canariensis ssp. subexpinnata (Burch.) G.Kunkel Asteraceae 3119 Cheirolophus teydis (C.Sm.) G.López Asteraceae 16120 Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques Asparagaceae 1121 Cistus chinamadensis Bañares & P.Romero Cistaceae 29122 Cistus monspeliensis L. Cistaceae 7 / 9 / 11 / 22 / 23 / 24123 Cistus symphy folius Lam. Cistaceae 11 / 15 / 23124 Citrus sp. Rutaceae 1125 Clivia miniata (Lindl.) Bosse Amaryllidaceae 1126 Cneorum pulverulentum Vent. Rutaceae 2 / 3 / 14127 Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. Polygonaceae 17128 Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph. ex A.Juss. Euphorbiaceae 1129 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Scho Araceae 1130 Convolvulus canariensis L. Convolvulaceae 3 / 15 / 19 / 24131 Convolvulus fl oridus L. Convolvulaceae 4 / 18 / 22 / 26132 Convolvulus siculus L. Convolvulaceae 22133 Crambe arborea Webb ex Christ Brassicaceae 15134 Crambe scaberrima Webb ex Bramwell Brassicaceae 3 / 24135 Crassula mul cava Lem. Crassulaceae 19136 Cupressus sempervirens L. Cupressaceae 11137 Cuscuta sp. Convolvulaceae 17 / 21138 Cycas revoluta Thunb. Cycadaceae 1139 Cylindropun a sp. Cactaceae 1140 Cymbalaria muralis P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. Plantaginaceae 1141 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae 17 / 26142 Cynoglossum cre cum Mill. Boraginaceae 22 / 24143 Cynosurus echinatus L. Poaceae 11 / 23144 Cyperus involucratus Ro b. Cyperaceae 25145 Cyperus rubicundus Willd. ex Link Cyperaceae 26146 Cyrtomium falcatum (L. f.) C. Presl Dryopteridaceae 1147 Cy nus hypocis s (L.) L. Cy naceae 24148 Cy sus proliferus L.f. Fabaceae 9 / 12 / 24149 Dactylis glomerata ssp. smithii (Link) Stebbins & D.Zohary Poaceae 3 / 18 / 21 / 28150 Daphne gnidium L. Thymelaeaceae 11151 Datura innoxia Mill. Solanaceae 30152 Datura sp. Solanaceae 13

153 Davallia canariensis (L.) Sm. Davalliaceae 4 / 9 / 11 / 15 18 / 19 / 21 / 22 / 24

154 Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. Fabaceae 1155 Descurainia bourgeauana (E. Fourn.) O.E. Schulz Brassicaceae 15 / 16156 Descurainia millefolia (Jacq.) Webb & Berthel. Brassicaceae 3 / 21 / 22 / 27157 Dianthus sp. Caryophyllaceae 1158 Dichanthium foveolatum (Delile) Roberty Poaceae 6159 Dicheranthus plocamoides Webb Caryophyllaceae 18 / 23160 Diplazium caudatum Jermy Athyriaceae 19161 Di richia viscosa (L.) Greuter Asteraceae 22 / 27162 Dombeya wallichii (Lindl.) K.Schum. Malvaceae 10163 Dracaena draco (L.) L. Asparagaceae 1 / 10 / 18 / 21 / 23 / 29164 Dracunculus canariensis Kunth Araceae 15 / 21165 Drimia hesperia (Webb & Berthel.) J.C.Manning & Goldbla Asparagaceae 18166 Drimia mari ma (L.) Stearn Asparagaceae 14167 Drusa glandulosa (Poir.) H.Wolff ex Engl. Apiaceae 24168 Dryopteris guanchica Gibby & Jermy Dryopteridaceae 19169 Dryopteris oligodonta Pic.Serm. Dryopteridaceae 19 / 24170 Dypsis lutescens (H.Wendl.) Beentje & J.Dransf. Arecaceae 1171 Echium aculeatum Poir. Boraginaceae 3 / 7172 Echium auberianum Webb & Berthel. Boraginaceae 16173 Echium giganteum L.f. Boraginaceae 18 / 22 / 28 / 29174 Echium leucophaeum Webb ex Sprague & Hutch. Boraginaceae 21175 Echium plantagineum L. Boraginaceae 7 / 19 / 21 / 22176 Echium simplex DC. Boraginaceae 21 / 27 / 28177 Echium strictum L.f. Boraginaceae 3 / 21178 Echium virescens DC. Boraginaceae 9 / 11 / 15 / 23 / 24

A 89

Nr. Species Family Loca on / tabel nr.179 Echium wildpre i H.Pearson ex Hook.f. Boraginaceae 16180 Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. Polygonaceae 17181 Epipremnum sp. Araceae 1

182 Erica arborea L. Ericaceae 7 / 11 / 15 / 19 20 / 21 / 23 / 24

183 Erodium sp. Geraniaceae 7184 Erysimum bicolor (Hornem.) DC. Brassicaceae 18 / 23185 Erysimum scoparium (Brouss. ex Willd.) We st. Brassicaceae 16186 Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae 11 / 24187 Eupatorium sp. Asteraceae 15188 Euphorbia aphylla Brouss. ex Willd. Euphorbiaceae 3 / 14 / 17189 Euphorbia atropurpurea Brouss. ex Willd. Euphorbiaceae 3 / 7190 Euphorbia balsamifera Aiton Euphorbiaceae 2 / 3 / 6 / 14 / 17 / 18 / 21191 Euphorbia bourgeana J.Gay ex Boiss. Euphorbiaceae 9

192 Euphorbia canariensis L. Euphorbiaceae 1 / 2 / 3 / 14 / 17 21 / 22 / 26 / 27

193 Euphorbia candelabrum Trémaux ex Kotschy Euphorbiaceae 1194 Euphorbia cf. serpens Kunth Euphorbiaceae 17

195 Euphorbia lamarckii Sweet Euphorbiaceae 3 / 14 / 17 / 1821 / 22 / 23 / 25 / 30

196 Euphorbia milii Des Moul. Euphorbiaceae 1197 Euphorbia paralias L. Euphorbiaceae 6198 Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch Euphorbiaceae 1199 Euphorbia mellifera Aiton Euphorbiaceae 19200 Euphorbia sp. Euphorbiaceae 1201 Fagonia cre ca L. Zygophyllaceae 6202 Fagonia la folia Delile Zygophyllaceae 2 / 13203 Ferula communis ssp. linkii (Webb) Reduron & Dobignard Apiaceae 4 / 7 / 16 / 18 / 23 / 28204 Festuca agus ni Linding. Poaceae 11205 Ficus benjamina L. Moraceae 1206 Ficus carica L. Moraceae 4 / 22207 Ficus sp. Moraceae 1208 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Apiaceae 15 / 21 / 22209 Forsskaolea angus folia Retz. Ur caceae 2 / 6 / 13 / 17 / 21 / 26 / 28210 Frankenia ericifolia C.Sm. ex DC. Frankeniaceae 2 / 3 / 5 / 6 / 13 / 25 / 21211 Fumaria coccinea R.T.Lowe ex Pugsley Papaveraceae 21212 Fumaria sp. Papaveraceae 24213 Furcraea sp. Asparagaceae 1214 Galac tes tomentosa Moench Asteraceae 3 / 8 / 21 / 22 / 26215 Galium scabrum L. Rubiaceae 11 / 19 / 24216 Gennaria diphylla (Link) Parl. Orchidaceae 19217 Geranium reuteri Aedo & Muñoz Garm. Geraniaceae 19 / 24218 Gesnouinia arborea (L.f.) Gaudich. Ur caceae 19219 Globularia salicina Lam. Plantaginaceae 4 / 15 / 18 / 22 / 24 / 25 / 26220 Gonospermum fru cosum (Buch) Less. Asteraceae 3 / 8 / 18 / 22 / 29221 Gonospermum revolutum (C.Sm. ex Buch) Sch.Bip. Asteraceae 21222 Grevillea robusta A.Cunn. ex R.Br. Proteaceae 1223 Gymnocarpos decander Forssk. Caryophyllaceae 6224 Gymnosporia cassinoides (L'Hér.) Masf. Celastraceae 15 / 18225 Habenaria tridactylites Lindl. Orchidaceae 18 / 21 / 23 / 28226 Heberdenia excelsa Banks ex Schult. Primulaceae 18 / 19 / 24227 Hedera canariensis Willd. Araliaceae 19228 Helianthemum canariense (Jacq.) Pers. Cistaceae 6229 Heliotropium erosum Lehm. Boraginaceae 13230 Heliotropium europaeum L. Boraginaceae 6231 Hemerocallis sp. Asphodelaceae 1232 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Malvaceae 1233 Hymenophyllum tunbrigense (L.) Sm. Hymenophyllac. 19234 Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf. Poaceae 2 / 8 / 21 / 25235 Hypericum calycinum L. Hypericaceae 15 / 21236 Hypericum canariense L. Hypericaceae 4 / 15 / 18 / 21 / 23237 Hypericum glandulosum Gilib. Hypericaceae 19 /21 / 23238 Hypericum grandifolium Choisy Hypericaceae 11 / 19 / 23

A90

Nr. Species Family Loca on / tabel nr.239 Hypericum refl exum L.f. Hypericaceae 11 / 15 / 23 / 24 / 26 / 28240 Ilex canariensis Poir. Aquifoliaceae 19 / 21 / 23 / 24241 Ilex perado ssp. platyphylla (Webb & Berthel.) Tu n Aquifoliaceae 19 / 23242 Impa ens walleriana Hook. f. Balsaminaceae 1243 Impa ens sodenii Engl. & Warb. Balsaminaceae 21244 Isoplexis canariensis (L.) Loudon Plantaginaceae 19 / 21 / 24245 Ixanthus viscosus (Aiton) Griseb. Gen anaceae 19 / 24246 Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don Bignoniaceae 1247 Jacobaea mari ma ssp. bicolor (Willd.) B.Nord. & Greuter Asteraceae 1248 Jasminum odora ssimum L. Oleaceae 4 / 15 / 18 / 21 / 22249 Juncus acutus L. Juncaceae 21 / 22250 Juncus bufonius L. Juncaceae 21251 Juniperus cedrus Webb & Berthel. Cupressaceae 16252 Jus cia hyssopifolia L. Acanthaceae 18253 Kalanchoe sp. Crassulaceae 1

254 Kleinia neriifolia Haw. Asteraceae 2 / 4 / 7 / 9 / 14 / 1517 / 18 / 21 / 22 / 25

255 Kunkeliella retamoides A.Santos Santalaceae 15256 Kunkeliella subsucculenta Kämmer Santalaceae 5257 Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench Poaceae 7 / 18 / 21 / 22 / 26 / 28258 Launaea arborescens (Ba .) Murb. Asteraceae 2 / 6 / 21259 Laurobasidium lauri (Geyl.) Jülich Exobasidiaceae 19260 Laurus novocanariensis Rivas Mart. et al. Lauraceae 7 / 19 / 20 / 21 / 24261 Lavandula buchii Webb & Berthel. Lamiaceae 3 / 21 / 25

262 Lavandula canariensis (L.) Mill. Lamiaceae 14 / 15 / 17 / 1822 / 23 29 / 30

263 Lavandula pinnata L.f. Lamiaceae 3264 Lavatera acerifolia Cav. Malvaceae 3 / 4 / 18265 Limonium macrophyllum Kuntze Plumbaginaceae 1 / 21266 Limonium pec natum Kuntze Plumbaginaceae 2 / 3 / 5 / 6 / 17 / 25 / 26267 Lobularia canariensis (DC.) L. Borgen Brassicaceae 7 / 15 / 21268 Lolium canariense Steud. Poaceae 23269 Lotus campylocladus Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae 9270 Lotus dumetorum R.P.Murray Fabaceae 21271 Lotus sessilifolius DC. Fabaceae 2 / 5 / 6 / 13 / 14272 Lotus tenellus (Lowe) Sandral, A.Santos & D.D.Sokoloff Fabaceae 3 / 17 / 25273 Luzula canariensis Poir. Juncaceae 19274 Luzula elegans Lowe Juncaceae 15 / 23275 Lycium intricatum Boiss. Solanaceae 2276 Lysimachia linum-stellatum L. Primulaeceae 11277 Medicago sp. Fabaceae 4 / 21278 Mercurialis annua L. Euphorbiaceae 19 / 21 / 22279 Mercurialis sp. Euphorbiaceae 15280 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. Aizoaceae 6 / 3 / 25 / 281 Mesembryanthemum nodifl orum L. Aizoaceae 14 / 17 / 25282 Messerschmidia fru cosa L.f. Boraginaceae 26283 Micromeria sp. Lamiaceae 26284 Micromeria varia Benth. Lamiaceae 7 / 9 / 11 / 20 / 21 / 22 285 Misopates oron um (L.) Raf. Plantaginaceae / 8 / 22 / 286 Monanthes brachycaulos (Webb & Berthel.) Lowe Crassulaceae / 11 / 22 / 28 / 287 Monanthes laxifl ora (DC.) Bolle ex Bornmuller Crassulaceae 3 / 4 / 5 / 18 / 19 / 21 / 23288 Monanthes pallens (Webb in Christ) Christ Crassulaceae 3 / 7289 Monanthes polyphylla (Aiton) Haw. Crassulaceae 3 / 18 / 23290 Monstera deliciosa Liebm. Araceae 1291 Morella faya (Aiton) Wilbur Myricaceae 11 / 19 / 20 / 21 / 23292 Myoso s discolor Pers. Boraginaceae 24293 Myoso s la folia Poir. Boraginaceae 11 / 24294 Neo nea maculata (Desf.) Stearn Orchidaceae 11295 Nepeta teydea Webb & Berthel. Lamiaceae 16296 Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Scho Nephrolepidac. 1297 Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae 1

298 Nico ana glauca Graham Solanaceae 1 / 2 / 6 / 1415 / 17 / 22 / 25

A 91

Nr. Species Family Loca on / tabel nr.299 Nico ana paniculata L. Solanaceae 30300 Ocotea foetens (Aiton) Baill. Lauraceae 19301 Olea europaea ssp. guanchica P.Vargas et al. Oleaceae 15302 Opun a cylindrica (Lam.) DC. Cactaceae 25303 Opun a dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw. Cactaceae 3 / 7 / 22 / 26304 Opun a fi cus-indica (L.) Mill. Cactaceae 4 / 9 / 22 / 23 / 25305 Opun a sp. Cactaceae 1306 Orchis patens ssp. canariensis (Lindl.) Asch. & Graebn. Orchidaceae 11307 Orobanche sp. Orobanchaceae 24308 Oxalis pes-caprae L. Oxalidaceae 7 / 15 / 21 / 24 / 26309 Oxalis sp. Oxalidaceae 1310 Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. Asteraceae 21 / 26311 Pancra um canariense Ker Gawl. Amaryllidaceae 3312 Pandanus u lis Bory Pandanaceae 10313 Papaver somniferum L. Papaveraceae 22314 Paraceterach marantae (L.) R.M. Tryon Pteridaceae 4 / 9 / 21 / 23 / 24315 Parentucellia viscosa (L.) Caruel Orobanchaceae 23 / 28316 Parietaria cf. judaica L. Ur caceae 1317 Parietaria fi lamentosa Webb & Berthel. Ur caceae 3 / 22318 Paronychia canariensis (L. f.) Link Caryophyllaceae 3 / 18 / 21 / 22 / 26319 Passifl ora sp. Passifl oraceae 22320 Patellifolia procumbens (C.Sm.) A.J.Sco , Ford-Lloyd & J.T.WilliamsAmaranthaceae 2 / 13 / 17 / 25321 Pelargonium sp. Geraniaceae 1 / 18 322 Pelle era wildpre i Valdés Primulaceae 5 / 9323 Pennisetum orientale Rich. Poaceae 25 / 26324 Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov. Poaceae 15325 Pericallis appendiculata (L.f.) B.Nord. Asteraceae 19 / 24326 Pericallis cruenta (L‘Hér.) Bolle Asteraceae 11327 Pericallis echinata (L.f.) B.Nord. Asteraceae 4 / 23328 Pericallis lanata (L'Hér.) B.Nord. Asteraceae 15329 Pericallis tussilaginis (L'Hér.) D.Don Asteraceae 19 / 21 / 25 / 28

330 Periploca laevigata Aiton Apocynaceae 2 / 3 / 4 / 8 / 14 / 1517 / 18 / 21 / 22 / 25

331 Persea indica (L.) Spreng. Lauraceae 19 / 24332 Petunia sp. Solanacae 1333 Phagnalon saxa le (L.) Cass. Asteraceae 8 / 18 / 22334 Philodendron bipinna fi dum Scho ex Endl. Araceae 1335 Phoenix canariensis Chabaud Arecaceae 1 / 18 / 22336 Phyllis nobla L. Rubiaceae 15 / 19 / 21337 Phyllis viscosa Webb ex Christ Rubiaceae 3 / 18 / 23338 Picconia excelsa (Aiton) DC. Oleaceae 24339 Pimpinella cumbrae Link Apiaceae 11 / 16340 Pimpinella sp. Apiaceae 15341 Pinus canariensis C.Sm. Pinaceae 1 / 7 / 9 / 11 / 15 / 16 / 23 342 Pinus radiata D.Don Pinaceae 11343 Piptatherum coerulescens (Desf.) P.Beauv., Ess. Poaceae 21344 Pistacia atlan ca Desf. Anacardiaceae 4 / 18345 Plantago arborescens Poir. Plantaginaceae 15 / 19 / 21 / 28346 Plantago aschersonii Bolle Plantaginaceae 17 / 25347 Plantago coronopus L. Plantaginaceae 2348 Plantago lagopus L. Plantaginaceae 7 / 17 / 22349 Plantago sp. Plantaginaceae 6350 Plantago webbii Barnéoud Plantaginaceae 16351 Pleiomeris canariensis (Willd.) A. DC. Primulaceae 20 / 21 / 24352 Plocama pendula Aiton Rubiaceae 3 / 6 / 14 / 17 / 26353 Plumbago auriculata Lam. Plumbaginaceae 1354 Plumeria rubra L. Apocynaceae 1355 Polycarpaea carnosa C.Sm. ex Buch Caryophyllaceae 18356 Polycarpaea divaricata Poir. ex Steud. Caryophyllaceae 2 / 14 / 26 / 22357 Polycarpaea la folia Poir. Caryophyllaceae 7 / 21358 Polycarpaea nivea (Aiton) Webb Caryophyllaceae 6359 Polypodium macaronesicum A.E. Bobrov Polypodiaceae 7 / 15 / 19 / 21 / 22 / 26 / 28360 Polys chum se ferum (Forssk.) Moore ex Woyn. Dryopteridaceae 19

A92

Nr. Species Family Loca on / tabel nr.361 Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae 1362 Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb Rosaceae 9363 Prunus lusitanica L. Rosaceae 19364 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Dennstaed ac. 11 / 19 / 22365 Pterocephalus lasiospermus Link Caprifoliaceae 9 / 12 / 16366 Quercus ilex L. Fagaceae 11367 Ranunculus cortusifolius Willd. Ranunculaceae 9 / 11 / 15 / 19 / 24 / 26 / 28368 Ranunculus uliginosus Willd. Ranunculaceae 19369 Reichardia ligulata (Vent.) G.Kunkel & Sunding Asteraceae 2 / 3 / 5 / 18 / 25 / 28 / 29370 Reseda scoparia Brouss. ex Willd. Resedaceae 6371 Retama monosperma (L.) Boiss. Fabaceae 7372 Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb Fabaceae 9373 Rhamnus crenulata Aiton Rhamnaceae 4 / 15 / 18 / 22 / 29374 Rhamnus glandulosa Aiton Rhamnaceae 15 / 19 / 21375 Rhamnus integrifolia Spreng. ex Meisn. Rhamnaceae 16376 Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae 4 / 22377 Romulea columnae ssp. grandiscapa (Webb) G. Kunkel Iridaceae 21378 Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F.Cook Arecaceae 1379 Rubia fru cosa Aiton Rubiaceae 3 / 4 / 9 / 18 / 21 / 22 / 25380 Rubia peregrina L. Rubiaceae 15381 Rubus bollei Focke Rosaceae 15 / 19382 Rubus sp. Rosaceae 11383 Rubus ulmifolius Scho Rosaceae 4 / 23384 Rumex bucephalophorus L. Polygonaceae 15 / 21

385 Rumex lunaria L. Polygonaceae 2 / 3 / 9 / 15 / 17 19 / 21 / 22 / 25

386 Rumex maderensis Lowe Polygonaceae 24387 Rumex vesicarius L. Polygonaceae 13388 Ruta pinnata L.f. Rutaceae 15389 Salpichroa origanifolia (Lam.) Baill. Solanaceae 30390 Salsola divaricata Moq. Amaranthaceae 2 / 3 / 6 / 17 / 25391 Salsola sp. Amaranthaceae 6392 Salvia canariensis L. Lamiaceae 15393 Sambucus palmensis Link Adoxaceae 19394 Scabiosa fru culosa C.Sm. ex DC. Caprifoliaceae 15395 Scheffl era arboricola (Hayata) Merr. Araliaceae 1396 Scheffl era sp. Araliaceae 1397 Schinus molle L. Anacardiaceae 1 / 30398 Schizogyne sericea (L.f.) DC. Asteraceae 2 / 3 / 6 / 13 / 14 / 17399 Scilla haemorrhoidalis Webb & Berthel. Asparagaceae 2 / 3 / 4 / 14 / 25400 Scorpiurus muricatus L. Fabaceae 22 / 24401 Scrophularia arguta Aiton Scrophulariac. 14402 Scrophularia glabrata Spreng. Scrophulariac. 11 / 16403 Scrophularia smithii Hornem. Scrophulariac. 11 / 15 / 19404 Selaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A. Braun Selaginellaceae 15 / 19 / 21 / 23405 Semele androgyna (L.) Kunth Asparagaceae 19 / 24406 Senna spectabilis (DC.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Fabaceae 1407 Seseli webbii Coss. Apiaceae 3 / 6408 Sideri s brevicaulis Mend.-Heuer Lamiaceae 8409 Sideri s canariensis L. Lamiaceae 24410 Sideri s cre ca L. Lamiaceae 3 / 18 / 22411 Sideri s dendrochahorra Bolle Lamiaceae 21 / 29412 Sideri s macrostachys Poir. Lamiaceae 19 / 21413 Sideri s oroteneriff ae Négrin & P.Pérez Lamiaceae 12414 Sideri s soluta Clos Lamiaceae 15415 Silene gallica L. Caryophyllaceae 7 / 15 / 21 / 22 / 26 / 28416 Silene lagunensis C.Sm. ex Link Caryophyllaceae 21417 Silene cf. nocteolens Webb & Berthel. Caryophyllaceae 16418 Silene vulgaris ssp. commutata (Guss.) Hayek Caryophyllaceae 9 / 19 / 23419 Smilax aspera L. Smilacaceae 19 / 24420 Solanum americanum Mill. Solanaceae 21 / 24421 Solanum vesper lio Aiton Solanaceae 21

A 93

Nr. Species Family Loca on / tabel nr.

422 Sonchus acaulis Dum.Cours. Asteraceae 3 / 7 / 9 / 11 / 15 / 18 / 21 / 23 / 25 / 26 / 28

423 Sonchus canariensis (Sch.Bip.) Boulos Asteraceae 8 / 9 / 15424 Sonchus capillaris Svent. Asteraceae 8425 Sonchus congestus Willd. Asteraceae 3 / 8 / 15 / 18 / 19 / 22426 Sonchus leptocephalus Cass. Asteraceae 18 / 22427 Sonchus microcarpus (Boulos) U.Reifenb. & A.Reifenb. Asteraceae 14428 Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. Asteraceae 17429 Sonchus radicatus Aiton Asteraceae 3 / 15 / 21 / 25 / 28430 Spartocy sus supranubius (L. f.) Christ ex G. Kunkel Fabaceae 12 / 16431 Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. Bignoniaceae 1432 Spergula fallax (Lowe) E.H.L.Krause Caryophyllaceae 13433 Spergularia sp. Caryophyllaceae 17434 Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br. Poaceae 26435 Stachys ocymastrum (L.) Briq. Lamiaceae 21 / 28436 Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze Poaceae 1437 S pa capensis Thunb. Poaceae 22 / 25438 Strelitzia nicolai Regel & K.Koch Strelitziaceae 1439 Strelitzia reginae Banks Strelitziaceae 1440 Suaeda sp. Amaranthaceae 6441 Syagrus sp. Arecaceae 1442 Tagetes sp. Asteraceae 1443 Tamarix canariensis Willd. Tamaricaceae 1 / 17 / 25444 Tamus edulis Lowe Dioscoreaceae 15 / 18 / 23445 Teline canariensis (L.) Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae 19 / 21 / 22 / 23 / 24446 Teline osyrioides Gibbs & Dingwall Fabaceae 8 / 15447 Tetraena fontanesii (Webb & Berthel.) Beier & Thulin Zygophyllaceae 6 / 13448 Teucrium heterophyllum L'Hér. Lamiaceae 4 / 18 / 26 / 28449 Todaroa aurea (Sol.) Parl. Apiaceae 15 / 21450 Todaroa montana Webb ex Christ Apiaceae 11451 Tolpis lagopoda C.Sm. ex Link Asteraceae 19452 Tolpis webbii Sch.Bip. Asteraceae 16453 Tournefor a candidula (Miers.) I.M.Johnst. Boraginaceae 3 / 4 / 22454 Tradescan a spathacea Sw. Commelinaceae 1455 Traganum moquinii Webb ex Moq. Amaranthaceae 6456 Tricholaena teneriff ae (L.f.) Link Poaceae 26457 Trifolium aureum Pollich Fabaceae 18458 Tuberaria gu ata (L.) Fourr. Cistaceae 12 / 15/ 23459 Ulex europaeus L. Fabaceae 18 / 24460 Umbilicus horizontalis (Guss.) DC. Crassulaceae 9 / 12461 Ur ca morifolia Poir. Ur caceae 11462 Usnea sp. (Lichen) Parmeliaceae 11463 Vandenboschia radicans (Sw.) Copel. Hymenophyllac. 19464 Viburnum nus ssp. rigidum (Vent.) P.Silva Adoxaceae 11 / 15 / 19 / 21 / 24465 Vicia cirrhosa Webb & Berthel. Fabaceae 15466 Vicia scandens R.P.Murray Fabaceae 24467 Vieraea laevigata (Willd.) Webb ex Sch.Bip. Asteraceae 3 / 18 / 22468 Vinca major L. Apocynaceae 19469 Viola anagae Gilli Violaceae 19470 Viola odorata L. Violaceae 24471 Visnea mocanera L.f. Pentaphylacac. 19 / 23 / 24472 Volutaria sp. Asteraceae 13473 Wahlenbergia lobelioides (L.f.) Link Campanulaceae 14 / 26 / 28474 Washingtonia sp. Arecaceae 1475 Withania aristata Pauquy Solanaceae 3 / 18 / 22 / 30476 Woodwardia radicans (L.) Sm. Blechnaceae 19

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Species list of birds

Species list of birds observed on Tenerife 2016 at excursion locali es; * Canarian endemic subspecies, ** Canarian endemic species.

Bird species LocalityHaussperling (Passer domes cus) Puerto de la Cruz, 09.03.2016Amsel (Turdus merula cabrerae)* Puerto de la Cruz, 09.03.2016Türkentaube (Streptopelia decaoto) Puerto de la Cruz, 09.03.2016Felsentaube (Columba livia) Puerto de la Cruz, 09.03.2016Kanarengirlitz (Serinus canaria)** Puerto de la Cruz, 09.03.2016Kanarenpieper (Anthus berthelo i)** Costal Teno mountains, 10.03.16Kanarenblaumeise (Cyanistes teneriff ae teneriff ae)* Costal Teno mountains, 10.03.16Kanarenturmfalke (Falco nnunculus canariensis)* Costal Teno mountains, 10.03.16Mi elmeermöwe (Larus michahellis atlan s) Costal Teno mountains, 10.03.16Kanarenzilpzalp (Phylloscopus canariensis)** Costal Teno mountains, 10.03.16Kanarenmäusebussard (Buteo buteo insularum)* Way to Masca gorge, 12.03.16Kolkrabe (Corvus corax) Way to Masca gorge, 12.03.16Kanarenbuntspecht (Dendrocopos major canariensis)* Pinar - San José de los Llanos, 12.03.2016Kanarenbuchfi nk (Fringilla coelebs canariensis)* Pinar above Aguamansa, 13.03.2016Kanarenrotkehlchen (Erithacus superbus)** Pinar above Aguamansa, 13.03.2016Lorbeertaube (Columba junoniae)** Barranco de Güimar, 14.03.2016Cories Gelbschnabelsturmtaucher (Calonectris borealis) Barranco de Güimar, 14.03.2016Kanarenraubwürger (Lanius meridionalis koenigi)* Las Cañadas del Teide, 15.03.2016Felsenhuhn (Alectoris barbara) Bollullu Bay, 16.03.2016Kanarensamtkopfgrasmücke (Sylvia melanocephala leucogastra)* Bollullu Bay, 16.03.2016Fahlsegler (Apus unicolor) Above Los Silos, 16.03.2016

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List of locations with geographical coordinates

List of all loca on visited during the excursion.

Date Loca on La tude Longitude Ele. [m a.s.l.]10.03.2016 Coast carpark Puerto del la Cruz 28.4182 -16.5536 2510.03.2016 Punot del Teno 28.3430 -16.9201 2610.03.2016 Punot del Fraile 28.3575 -16.9027 14410.03.2016 Camino del Risco above Buenavista - Start & parking 28.3611 -16.8708 12410.03.2016 Camino del Risco above Buenavista - Teucrium heterophylla 28.3577 -16.8733 25710.03.2016 Buen Paso junc on to Kunkeliella subsucculenta loca on 28.3805 -16.6888 22410.03.2016 Buen Paso - Kunkeliella subsucculenta (parking) 28.3912 -16.6922 3110.03.2016 Buen Paso - Kunkeliella subsucculenta loca on 28.3923 -16.6930 6610.03.2016 Stop above Buenavista - Euphorbia atropurpurea 28.3649 -16.8801 16211.03.2016 El Medano - Montana Roja (parking) 28.0376 -16.5482 2411.03.2016 El Medano - Montana Roja (summit) 28.0271 -16.5489 18212.03.2016 Mirador Altos de Baracán - above El Palmar 28.3282 -16.8563 80812.03.2016 Mirador La Cumbre - between Masca & San ago del Teide 28.2998 -16.8239 105812.03.2016 Pinar above Chio - Bar Estrellas (parking) 28.2292 -16.7595 109212.03.2016 Pinar above Chio - Bartramia stricta 28.2322 -16.7627 109712.03.2016 Icod de los Vinos - Dracena draco 28.3682 -16.7214 25913.03.2016 Pinar forest above Aguamansa - parking 28.3579 -16.5023 119214.03.2016 Puer to de Guimar - coast mal Pais (parking) 28.2976 -16.3717 1714.03.2016 Barranco de Badajos (Guimar) - parking 28.3031 -16.4350 54115.03.2016 Teide - Cañada Blanca Visitor Center (start) 28.2241 -16.6272 216315.03.2016 Teide - El Por llo (End) 28.3036 -16.5669 206416.03.2016 Buenavista - coast parking 28.3727 -16.8701 3916.03.2016 Channel above Los Silo - Thermophil forest 28.3632 -16.8022 21916.03.2016 Channel above Los Silo - Vierea laevigata loca on 28.3655 -16.8003 21918.03.2016 Pijaral parking (along the road) 28.5520 -16.1916 74518.03.2016 Pijaral - Roque Chinobre viewpoint 28.5587 -16.1754 92019.03.2016 Chamorga (Start & End) 28.5699 -16.1584 47620.03.2016 Los Silos - Start 28.3645 -16.8168 10320.03.2016 Erjos - End 28.3278 -16.8047 100221.03.2016 Punta de Hidalgo - Start 28.5707 -16.3182 11921.03.2016 Chinamada - End 28.5619 -16.2909 44822.03.2016 Floral ecology in the Bullullo Bay 28.4164 -16.5226 31

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Useful & cited Literature

Boecker M., Fischer E. & Lobin W. (1993) Epiphylle Moose von den Kana-rischen Inseln (La Gomera und Teneriffa). Nova Hedwigia, 57(1–2): 219–230.

Böhle U.R., Hilger, H.H. & Martin, W.F. (1996) Island colonization and evolu-tion of the insular woody habit in Echium L. (Boraginaceae). PNAS, 93: 11740–11745.

Borregaard M.K., Amorim I.R., Borges P.A.V., Cabral J.S., Fernandez-Palacios J.M., Field R., Heaney L.R., Kreft H., Matthews T.J., Olesen J.M., Price J., Rigal F., Steinbauer M.J., Triantis K.A., Valente L., Weigelt P. & Whittaker R.J. (2016) Oceanic island biogeography through the lens of the gene-ral dynamic model: assessment and prospect. Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

Bramwell D. & Bramwell Z. (1974) Wildflowers of the Canary Islands.

Bramwell D. & Bramwell Z. (1983) Jardines de Canarias I. Flores Ornamen-tales. Editorial Rueda, Madrid.

Bramwell D. & Bramwell Z. (1984) Jardines de Canarias II. Cactus y Plantas Crasas. Editorial Rueda, Madrid.

Bramwell D. & Bramwell Z. (1985) Jardines de Canarias III. Plantas Utiles. Editorial Rueda, Madrid.

Bramwell D. & Bramwell Z. (2001) Flores Silvestres de las Islas Canarias. 4th edt. Editorial Rueda, Madrid.

Garcia-Maroto F., Manas-Fernandez A., Garrido-Cardenas J.A., Alonso D.L., Guil-Guerrero J.L., Guzman B. & Vargas P. (2009) Delta6-desaturase sequence evidence for explosive Pliocene radiations within the adapti-ve radiation of Macaronesian Echium (Boraginaceae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 52: 563–574.

Hohenester A. & Welss W. (1993) Exkursionsflora für die Kanarischen Inseln mit Ausblicken auf ganz Makaronesien. Ulmer, Stuttgart.

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Juan C., Emerson B.C., Oromí P. & Hewitt G.M. (2000) Colonization and diversification: towards a phylogeographic synthesis for the Canary Islands. Trends Ecol. Evol., 15 (3): 104–109.

Kier G., Kreft H., Lee T.M., Jetz W., Ibisch P.L., Nowicki C., Mutke J. & Barth-lott W. (2009) A global assessment of endemism and species richness across island and mainland regions. PNAS, 106: 9322–9327.

Kunkel G. (1976) Biogeography and ecology in the Canary Islands. In: Illies J (ed.) Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 30. The Hague, Netherlands.

Kunkel G. (1993) Die Kanarischen Inseln und ihre Pflanzenwelt. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart.

Lobin W., Leyens T., Santos A., Costa Neves H. & Gomes I. (2005) Revision of the genus Sideroxylon. Vieraea 33: 119–144.

Nyffeler R. (1992) A taxonomic revision of the genus Monanthes (Crassula-ceae). Bradleya, 10: 49–82.

Pott R., Hüppe J., Wildpret de la Torre W. (2003) Die Kanarischen Inseln: Natur- und Kulturlandschaft. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart.

Schönfelder P. & Schönfelder I. (2002) Kosmos Atlas Mittelmeer- und Kana-renflora. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart.

Schönfelder P. & Schönfelder I. (2012) Die Kosmos-Kanarenflora: über 1000 Arten und 60 tropische Ziergehölze. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart.

Weigelt P., Jetz W. & Kreft H. (2013) Bioclimatic and physical characterizati-on of the world‘s islands. PNAS, 110: 15307–15312.

Weigelt P., Steinbauer M.J., Cabral J.S. & Kreft H. (2016) Late Quaternary climate change shapes island biodiversity. Nature, 532: 99–102.

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