Temperature, Heat, and Laws of Thermodynamics

Kinetic Energy Tie In• There were _______ main types of

kinetic energy that we went over. • __________ KE• __________ KE• __________ KE• __________ KE

• _________ KE is when an object is moving forward. • _________ KE is when an object is

spinning. • _________ KE is when the parts of

something are moving together.• _________ KE is when an object is

moving in a repetitive back and forth motion, like _______.

• __________ and ________ KE happen on a _________ scale. • The ______ object moves from point A to

point B. We covered most of that in the first half of the unit. • _________ KE happens on a smaller

scale. • _________ KE happens mostly on a

microscopic or molecular level.

• We’ll mostly be looking at _______ KE for the rest of the unit.

• ___________ is the measure of average kinetic energy of matter.

Temperature• We can say _________ is a measure of

an object’s _______ or _______. • It is ______ a measure of heat. But it

can be used as an indicator of heat or internal energy.

• The ________ the molecules are vibrating and moving, the ________ the object feels. • This gives it a ________ temperature. • The ________ the molecules are vibrating

and moving, the _______ the object feels. • This gives it a ________ temperature. • TL;DR – The _________ the _________ are

moving, the _________ the temperature.

• Another factor for temperature is how ______ the molecules are together.

• Think about what happens during a ______ or ______ drill here at the school, or in your _______ classrooms.

• The _______ the molecules, the more they’ll ________ _______ each other. • That ________ molecular friction and

makes the temperature _________. • The _______ _______ the molecules,

the ______ they’ll _______. • That ________ molecular friction, and

makes the temperature _________

States of Matter• ______ have the most KE. They move

freely and randomly. • Because they have more space to move,

these molecules move with 100% _________ KE. • ______ are in between ______ and _______.• ______ have the least KE. The molecules

are crammed very close together. • ______ molecules move with 100% ________

KE.

Measuring Temperature• We measure temperature with _______

different scales• ____________• ____________• ____________

Fahrenheit• ºF is the __________ ________ unit for

measuring temperature. • Began by filling the thermometer

with _______. • ºF can be ________ or _________. • Freezing point of water: __________.• Boiling point of water: __________.

Celsius• ºC is the _______ unit of measuring

temperature. • Based off of thermometers filled with

_______.• ºC can be ________ or _________. • Freezing point of water: _________• Boiling point of water: ________

Kelvin• K (NEVER ºK) is the _________ unit of

measuring temperature. • K uses the same increments as ________.• K measures the _________ of the

__________.• __________ ________ - no molecular

vibration. This is 0 K. • ______ has ever hit absolute zero. Even

the _______ of _______ has 2.3 K.

Examples of Temperature

Kelvin Celsius Fahrenheit

Surface of temp of Sun 5800 K 5537ºC 9,999ºF

Boiling point temp of H2O 373 K 100ºC 212ºFHuman body temp 310 K 37ºC 98.6ºFMelting point temp of H2O 273 K 0ºC 32ºFZero Fahrenheit 255 K -18ºC 0ºFAbsolute Zero 0 K -273ºC -459ºF

Conversions!• Celsius and

Fahrenheit• Celsius to Kelvin

Heat• The ________ of internal energy from

one object to another. • _________ be directly measured. • Indicates __________ _________.• Temperature going down? Losing

energy = ______ in heat. • Temperature going up? Gaining

energy = ______ in heat.

Internal Energy• Internal Energy = the energy within

the _______ of the _______ in the object. • Examples: •Chemical PE that could be released during _______.•KE of individual _________ moving.

Heat and Energy Transfer• When objects interact, there are

_______ types of heat transfer that can occur. • _____________• _____________• _____________

Conduction• Conduction – transfer of energy/heat

by ________ or ________.• This energy passes through matter

because of ________ to ________ vibration.• Most affective through __________.

Radiation• Transfer of energy from ________

passing through ______ or ________.• All ________ has energy.• We cannot see all forms of light. We

can’t see gamma, x-ray, UV, infrared, microwave, or radiowaves.

Convection• Transfer of energy that

happens in ________ ________.

• Occurs in _______ and ________.

• Warm air is ________ dense than cold air, and this makes the warm air _______. As it gives off energy, it becomes ______ dense and sinks.

• Think about _________!

Insulators• Materials that _______ or _______

transfer of energy. • Examples!• ___________________________________• ___________________________________• ___________________________________• ___________________________________• ___________________________________

Conductors• Materials that _______ transfer energy

easily. • Examples!• _________________________________________• _________________________________________

Thermodynamic Equilibrium• If two or more objects are _________

and are the ________ temperature, the energy transfer between them is ________.

Laws of Thermodynamics• There are ____ laws of

thermodynamics.• The laws explain ______ energy will

move. They do not explain ______ the energy moves.

0th Law of Thermodynamics• If ______ or more objects are in

contact with each other and are the same temperature, they are at ____________ ______________.

1st Law of Thermodynamics• When heat energy is ________ to

matter, the total heat added to the matter ________ the internal energy of the matter minus the ______ it preformed.

2nd Law of Thermodynamics• Energy moves _______ the energy

gradient. So energy will move toward where there is _____ energy: i.e., ______ energy will move toward _______.

3rd Law of Thermodynamics• _________ ________ is a real number.

If anything is found at it, it will be a ________ ________ and will have NO energy transfer.

Entropy • A measure of ________ or ________ in

molecules. • The more _________ something has,

the _______ entropy it has.