temperate forests
DESCRIPTION
TEMPERATE FORESTS. By Theresa Kish. Geography. Can be found between 30 - 55 ° latitude Most lie between 40 degrees and 50 degrees latitude Originally covered In Asia, much of Japan, eastern China, Korea, and eastern Siberia - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
TEMPERATE FORESTSBy Theresa Kish
Geography
Can be found between 30 - 55 ° latitude Most lie between 40 degrees and 50 degrees latitude Originally covered
In Asia, much of Japan, eastern China, Korea, and eastern Siberia
In western Europe, extended from southern Scandinavia to northwestern Iberia and from the British Isles through eastern Europe
Geography
In North America, found from the Atlantic sea coast to the Great Plains and reappear on the West Coast as temperate coniferous forests that extend from northern California through southeastern Alaska
In the Southern Hemisphere, found in southern Chile, New Zealand, and southern Australia
Climate
May either be coniferous or deciduous Occur where temperatures are not extreme and where
annual precipitation averages anywhere from about 650mm to over 3,000mm
Generally receive more winter precipitation than temperate grasslands
Deciduous trees usually dominate, where the growing season is moist and at least 4 months Though snow fall may be heavy, winters are relatively mild
Climate
Where winters are more severe or summers drier, conifers are more abundant the deciduous trees
Coniferous forests of the Pacific Coast of North America receive most of their precipitation during fall, winter, and spring Are subject to summer drought The few deciduous trees in these forests are largely
restricted to streamside environments, where water remains abundant during the drought-prone growing season
Soils
Usually fertile Most fertile soils develop under deciduous forests, where
they are generally neutral or slightly acidic and rich in both organic matter and inorganic nutrients
Rich soils may develop under coniferous forests but coniferous forests but conifers are also able to grow on poorer and more acidic soil
Nutrient movement with between soil and vegetation tends to be slower and more conservative in the coniferous forest
Soils
Nutrient movement with in deciduous forest is generally more dynamic
Biology
While the diversity of trees found here is lower than that of tropical rain forests, temperate forest biomass can be as great or greater
Like the tropical rain forest, they are vertically stratified Layers of vegetation
Lowest layer/herb layer Shrub layer Layer of shade-tolerant understory trees Finally the canopy formed by the largest trees
Biology
Height of canopy varies from approximately 40m to over 100m
The birds, mammals, and insects make use of all layers of the forest from beneath the forest floor through the canopy
Some of the most important consumers are fungi and bacteria, which, along with a diversity of microscopic invertebrate animals, consume the large quantities of wood stored on the floor of old-growth temperate forests Activities of these organisms recycle nutrients, a process
upon which the health of the entire forest depends
Biology
The 2 largest trees in the world the sequoias of western North America and the giant Eucalyptus trees of southern Australia
Temperate forest of North America, Europe, and Asia still harbor ancient trees that are no less impressive
Human Influences
The 1st human settlements in temperate forests were concentrated along forest margin, usually along rivers and streams
Agriculture was practiced in these clearings Animals and plants products were harvested from the
surrounding forest this was the circumstance:
In Europe and Asia several thousand years ago In North America 5 centuries ago
Threats
Since the most of the ancient forests have been destroyed by clear cutting
Reasons for clear cutting Clear land for farming, building new cities, and expending
the size of existing cities For the trees lumber which was in high demand
The lumber from trees was used to make building, bridges, furniture, paper, heat building, and fuel
Threats
Tokyo, Beijing, Moscow, Warsaw, Berlin, Paris, London, New York, Washington D.C., Boston, Toronto, Chicago, and Seattle are all built on lands that once supported a temperate forest
Few tracts of virgin deciduous forests which once covered the eastern ½ of North America remain
Disparate interests struggle over the remaining 1% to 2% of old growth forests left in western North America
Laws and regulations
Currently there are several laws and regulations for clear cutting
Cutting Practices Laws Chapter 132: Section 40. Declaration of policy of
commonwealth. 132: Section 41. State forestry committee; members; forest
cutting practices and guidelines. Chapter 132: Section 42. Notice of proposed cutting
of forest products; final work order; report to director; appeal of decision of director.
Chapter 132: Section 43. Failure to give notice. Chapter 132: Section 44. Exempted cuttings. Chapter 132: Section 46. License to harvest forest
products. SLASH LAW
Chapter 48: Section 16A. Handling of slash. Chapter 48: Section 17. Disposition of slash cut near
highways. Chapter 48: Section 18. Disposition of slash cut by public
utility companies.