television en el mundo

7/27/2019 Television en El Mundo

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Television en el mundo

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"TV" redirects here. For other uses, seeTV (disambiguation).

American family watching TV, 1958

Television (TV) is atelecommunicationmediumfor transmitting and receiving moving images that can

bemonochrome(black-and-white) or colored, with or without accompanying sound. "Television" may

also refer specifically to atelevision set,television program, ortelevision transmission.

The etymology of the word has a mixed Latin and Greek origin, meaning "far sight": Greek tele (), far,

and Latin visio, sight (from video, vis- to see, or to view in the first person).

Commercially available since the late 1920s, the television set has become commonplace in homes,

businesses and institutions, particularly as a vehicle foradvertising, a source of entertainment, andnews.

Since the 1950s, television has been the main medium for moldingpublic opinion.[1]Since the 1970s the

availability ofvideo cassettes,laserdiscs,DVDsand nowBlu-ray Discs, have resulted in thetelevision

setfrequently being used for viewing recorded as well as broadcast material. In recent years,Internet

televisionhas seen the rise of television available via theInternetthrough services such

asiPlayerandHulu.

Although other forms such asclosed-circuit television(CCTV) are in use, the most common usage of the

medium is forbroadcast television, which was modeled on the existingradio broadcastingsystems

developed in the 1920s, and uses high-poweredradio-frequencytransmitters tobroadcastthe television

signal to individual TV receivers.
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ia.org/wiki/Monochromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_(disambiguation)


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Thebroadcast television systemis typically disseminated viaradiotransmissions on designated

channels in the 54890MHzfrequency band.[2]Signals are now often transmitted withstereoorsurround

soundin many countries. Until the 2000s broadcast TV programs were generally transmitted as

ananalog televisionsignal, but during the decade several countries went almost exclusively digital.

A standardtelevision setcomprises multiple internalelectronic circuits, including those forreceivingand

decoding broadcast signals. A visualdisplay devicewhich lacks atuneris properly called avideo

monitor, rather than a television. A television system may use different technical standards such

asdigital television(DTV) andhigh-definition television(HDTV). Television systems are also used for

surveillance, industrial process control, and guiding of weapons, in places where direct observation is

difficult or dangerous. Some studies have found a link between infancy exposure to television and

ADHD.[3]

Contents

[hide]

1 History

2 Geographical usage

3 Content

o 3.1 Programming

o 3.2 Funding

3.2.1 Advertising

3.2.1.1 United States

3.2.1.2 United Kingdom

3.2.1.3 Ireland

3.2.2 Taxation or license

3.2.3 Subscription

o 3.3 Genres

4 Sales of television sets

5 Social aspects and effects on children

6 Environmental aspects

7 See also

8 References

9 Further reading

10 External links
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dia.org/wiki/Television#Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#Fundinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#Programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#Contenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#Geographical_usagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuner_(television)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuner_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_sethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megahertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_television_system


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History

Main article:History of television

In its early stages of development, television employed a combination ofoptical, mechanical

andelectronictechnologies to capture, transmit and display a visual image. By the late 1920s, however,

those employing only optical and electronic technologies were being explored. All modern television

systems relied on the latter, although the knowledge gained from the work on electromechanical systems

was crucial in the development of fully electronic television.

Braun HF 1television receiver, Germany, 1958

The first images transmitted electrically were sent by early mechanicalfaxmachines, including

thepantelegraph, developed in the late nineteenth century. The concept of electrically powered

transmission of television images in motion was first sketched in 1878 as thetelephonoscope, shortly

after the invention of the telephone. At the time, it was imagined by early science fiction authors, that

someday that light could be transmitted over copper wires, as sounds were.

The idea of usingscanningto transmit images was put to actual practical use in 1881 in the

pantelegraph, through the use of apendulum-based scanning mechanism. From this period forward,

scanning in one form or another has been used in nearly every image transmission technology to date,

including television. This is the concept of"rasterization", the process of converting a visual image into a

stream of electrical pulses.
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In 1926, Hungarian engineerKlmn Tihanyidesigned a television system utilizing fully electronic

scanning and display elements, and employing the principle of "charge storage" within the scanning (or

"camera") tube.[10][11][12][13]

On 25 December 1926,Kenjiro Takayanagidemonstrated a television system with a 40-line resolution

that employed a CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan.[14]This was the first

working example of a fully electronic television receiver. Takayanagi did not apply for a patent.[15]

By 1927, Russian inventorLon Theremindeveloped a mirror-drum-based television system which

usedinterlacingto achieve animage resolutionof 100 lines.[16]

Philo Farnsworth

In 1927,Philo Farnsworthmade the world's first working television system with electronic scanning of

both the pickup and display devices,[17]which he first demonstrated to the press on 1 September

1928.[17][18]

WRGBclaims to be the world's oldesttelevision station, tracing its roots to an experimental station

founded on 13 January 1928, broadcasting from theGeneral Electricfactory inSchenectady, NY, under

the call letters W2XB.[19]It was popularly known as "WGY Television" after its sister radio station. Later in

1928, General Electric started a second facility, this one in New York City, which had the call

lettersW2XBS, and which today is known asWNBC. The two stations were experimental in nature and

had no regular programming, as receivers were operated by engineers within the company. The image of

aFelix the Catdoll, rotating on a turntable, was broadcast for 2 hours every day for several years, as

new technology was being tested by the engineers.

At the Berlin Radio Show in August 1931,Manfred von Ardennegave the world's first public

demonstration of a television system using a cathode ray tube for both transmission and reception. The

world's first electronically scanned television service then started in Berlin in 1935. In August 1936
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theOlympic Gamesin Berlin were carried by cable to television stations in Berlin and Leipzig where the

public could view the games live.[20]

In 1935 the German firm ofFernseh A.G.and the United States firm Farnsworth Television owned

byPhilo Farnsworthsigned an agreement to exchange their television patents and technology to speed

development of television transmitters and stations in their respective countries.[21]

On 2 November 1936 theBBCbegan transmitting the world's first public regular high-definition service

from the VictorianAlexandra Palacein north London.[22]It therefore claims to be the birthplace of

television broadcasting as we know it today.

In 1936,Klmn Tihanyidescribed the principle ofplasma display, the firstflat panel displaysystem.[23][24]

Mexican inventorGuillermo Gonzlez Camarenaalso played an important role in early television. His

experiments with television (known as telectroescopa at first) began in 1931 and led to a patent for the

"trichromatic field sequential system"color televisionin 1940,.[25]

Although television became more familiar in the United States with the general public at the1939 World's

Fair, the outbreak ofWorld War IIprevented it from being manufactured on a large scale until after the

end of the war. True regular commercialtelevision networkprogramming did not begin in the U.S. until

1948. During that year, legendary conductorArturo Toscaninimade his first of ten TV appearances

conducting theNBC Symphony Orchestra,[26]andTexaco Star Theater, starring comedianMilton Berle,

became television's first gigantic hit show.[27]Since the 1950s, television has been the main medium for

moldingpublic opinion.[1]

Amateur television(ham TVorATV) was developed fornon-commercialexperimentation, pleasure and

public service events byamateur radiooperators. Ham TV stations were on the air in many cities before

commercial TV stations came on the air.[28]

In 2012, it was reported that television revenue was growing faster than film for major media

companies'.[29]

Geographical usage
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Television introduction by country

1930 to 1939 1980 to 1989

1940 to 1949 1990 to 1999

1950 to 1959 After 2000

1960 to 1969 No television

1970 to 1979 No data

Main article:Geographical usage of television

Timeline of the introduction of television in countries

Content

Programming

See also:Television programandCategory:Television genres

Getting TV programming shown to the public can happen in many different ways. After production the

next step is to market and deliver the product to whatever markets are open to using it. This typically

happens on two levels:

1. Original Run orFirst Run: a producer creates a program of one or multiple episodes and

shows it on a station ornetworkwhich has either paid for the production itself or to which alicense has been granted by thetelevision producersto do the same.

2. Broadcast syndication: this is the terminology rather broadly used to describe secondary

programming usages (beyond original run). It includes secondary runs in the country of first

issue, but also international usage which may not be managed by the originating producer. In

many cases other companies,TV stationsor individuals are engaged to do the syndication

work, in other words to sell the product into the markets they are allowed to sell into by contract

from the copyright holders, in most cases the producers.

First run programming is increasing on subscription services outside the U.S., but few domestically

produced programs are syndicated on domesticfree-to-air(FTA) elsewhere. This practice is increasing

however, generally on digital-only FTA channels, or with subscriber-only first-run material appearing on

FTA.
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Unlike the U.S., repeat FTA screenings of a FTA network program almost only occur on that network.

Also,affiliatesrarely buy or produce non-network programming that is not centred aroundlocal

programming.

Funding

The examples and perspective in this section may not represent

aworldwide viewof the subject. Pleaseimprove this articleand

discuss the issue on thetalk page.(January 2010)

Television sets per 1000 people of the world

1000+ 100200

5001000 50100

300500 050

200

300 No data

Around the globe, broadcast television is financed by either government, advertising, licensing (a form of

tax), subscription or any combination of these. To protect revenues, subscription TV channels are usually

encrypted to ensure that only subscription payers receive the decryption codes to see the signal.

Unencrypted channels are known as free to airorFTA.

In 2009 the global TV market represented 1,217.2 million TV households with at least one television, and

total revenues of 268.9 billion EUR (declining 1.2% compared to 2008).[30]North America had the biggest

TV revenue market share with 39%, followed by Europe (31%), Asia-Pacific (21%), Latin America (8%)

and Africa and the Middle East (2%).[31]

Globally, the different TV revenue sources divide into 45 to 50% TV advertising revenues, 40 to 45%

subscription fees and 10% public funding.[32][33]

Advertising
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Television's broad reach makes it a powerful and attractive medium for advertisers. Many television

networks and stations sell blocks of broadcast time to advertisers ("sponsors") in order to fund their

programming.[34]

United States

Since inception in the U.S. in 1941,[35]television commercialshave become one of the most effective,

persuasive, and popular methods of selling products of many sorts, especially consumer goods. During

the 1940s and into the 1950s, programs were hosted by single advertisers. This, in turn, gave great

creative license to theadvertisersover the content of the show. Perhaps due to thequiz show

scandalsin the 1950s,[36]networks shifted to the magazine concept introducingadvertisingbreaks with

multiple advertisers.

U.S. advertising rates are determined primarily byNielsen ratings. The time of the day and popularity of

the channel determine how much a television commercial can cost. For example, the highly

popularAmerican Idolcan cost approximately $750,000 for a 30-second block of commercial time; while

the same amount of time for theSuper Bowlcan cost several million dollars. Conversely, lesser-

viewedtime slots, such as early mornings and weekday afternoons, are often sold in bulk to producers

ofinfomercials, at far lower rates.

In recent years, the paid program orinfomercialhas become common, usually in lengths of 30 minutes

or one hour. Somedrug companiesand other businesses have even created "news" items for broadcast,

known in the industry asvideo news releases, payingprogram directorsto use them.[37]

Some TV programs also weave advertisements into their shows, a practice begun in film

[38]

and knownasproduct placement. For example, a character could be drinking a certain kind of soda, going to a

particularchain restaurant, or driving a certain make of car. (This is sometimes very subtle, where shows

have vehicles provided by manufacturers for low cost, rather than wrangling them.) Sometimes a specific

brand ortrade mark, or music from a certain artist or group, is used. (This excludes guest appearances

by artists, who perform on the show.)

United Kingdom

The TV regulator oversees TV advertising in the United Kingdom. Its restrictions have applied since the

early days of commercially funded TV. Despite this, an early TV mogul,Roy Thomson, likened thebroadcasting licence as being a "licence to print money".[39]Restrictions mean that the big three national

commercial TV channels:ITV,Channel 4, andFivecan show an average of only seven minutes of

advertising per hour (eight minutes in the peak period). Other broadcasters must average no more than

nine minutes (twelve in the peak). This means that many imported TV shows from the US have unnatural

pauses where the UK company does not utilize the narrative breaks intended for more frequent US
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advertising. Advertisements must not be inserted in the course of certain specific proscribed types of

programs which last less than half an hour in scheduled duration; this list includes any news or current

affairs program, documentaries, and programs for children. Nor may advertisements be carried in a

program designed and broadcast for reception in schools or in anyreligious broadcastingservice or

other devotional program, or during a formal Royal ceremony or occasion. There also must be clear

demarcations in time between the programs and the advertisements.

TheBBC, being strictlynon-commercialis not allowed to show advertisements on television in the UK,

although it has many advertising-funded channels abroad. The majority of its budget comes

fromtelevision licensefees (see below) andbroadcast syndication, the sale of content to other

broadcasters.

Ireland

TheBroadcasting Commission of Ireland(BCI) (Irish:Coimisin Craolachin na hireann)[40]oversees

advertising on television and radio within Ireland on both private and state owned broadcasters.

Advertising is found on both private and state owned broadcasters. There are some restrictions based on

advertising, especially in relation to the advertising of alcohol. Such advertisements are prohibited until

after 7 pm. Broadcasters in Ireland adhere to broadcasting legislation implemented by the Broadcasting

Commission of Ireland and theEuropean Union.Sponsorshipof current affairs programming is prohibited

at all times.

As of 1 October 2009 the responsibilities held by the BCI are gradually being transferred to

theBroadcasting Authority of Ireland.

Taxation or license

Television services in some countries may be funded by atelevision licenceor a form of taxation which

means advertising plays a lesser role or no role at all. For example, some channels may carry no

advertising at all and some very little, including:

Australia (ABC)

Japan (NHK)

Norway (NRK)

Sweden (SVT)

United Kingdom (BBC)

United States (PBS)

Denmark (DR)
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TheBBCcarries notelevision advertisingon its UK channels and is funded by an annual television

Licence paid by premises receiving live TV broadcasts. Currently, it is estimated that approximately 26.8

million UK private domestic households own televisions, with approximately 25 million TV Licences in all

premises in force as of 2010.[41]This television license fee is set by government, but the BBC is not

answerable to or controlled by government.

The two main BBC TV channels are watched by almost 90 percent of the population each week and

overall have 27 per cent share of total viewing.[42]This in spite of the fact that 85% of homes are

multichannel, with 42% of these having access to 200 free to air channels via satellite and another 43%

having access to 30 or more channels viaFreeview.[43]The licence that funds the seven advertising-free

BBC TV channels currently costs 139.50 a year (about US$215) irrespective of the number of TV sets

owned. When the same sporting event has been presented on both BBC and commercial channels, the

BBC always attracts the lion's share of theaudience, indicating viewers prefer to watch TV uninterrupted

by advertising.

TheAustralian Broadcasting Corporation(ABC) carries no advertising (except for internal promotional

material) as it is banned under theABC Act 1983. The ABC receives its funding from the Australian

Government every three years. In the 2008/09 Federal Budget the ABC received A$1.13 Billion.[44]The

funds assist in providing the ABC's Television, Radio, Online and International outputs. The ABC also

receives funds from its many ABC Shops across Australia. However funded by the Australian

Government the editorial independence of the ABC is ensured through law.

In France, government-funded channels carry advertisements yet those who own television sets have to

pay an annual tax ("la redevance audiovisuelle").[45]

In Japan,NHKis paid for by license fees (known in Japanese as reception fee (Jushinry?)). The

Broadcast Law which governs NHK's funding stipulates that any television equipped to receive NHK is

required to pay. The fee is standardized, with discounts for office workers and students who commute, as

well a general discount for residents of Okinawa prefecture.

Subscription

Some TV channels are partly funded fromsubscriptionstherefore the signals are encrypted during

broadcast to ensure that only the paying subscribers have access to the decryption codes to watchpay

televisionorspecialty channels. Most subscription services are also funded byadvertising.

Genres

Televisiongenresinclude a broad range of programming types that entertain, inform, and educate

viewers. The most expensive entertainment genres to produce are usually drama and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeview_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeview_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporationhttp://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/ActCompilation1.nsf/all/search/8B104AA963F8AB9FCA25718D002260DChttp://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/ActCompilation1.nsf/all/search/8B104AA963F8AB9FCA25718D002260DChttp://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/ActCompilation1.nsf/all/search/8B104AA963F8AB9FCA25718D002260DChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_setshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_setshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_setshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialty_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialty_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialty_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_genrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_genrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_genrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_genrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialty_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_setshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-44http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/ActCompilation1.nsf/all/search/8B104AA963F8AB9FCA25718D002260DChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeview_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC


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Worldwidelarge-screen television technologybrand revenue share in 2012

Rank Manufacturer DisplaySearch[47]

1 Samsung Electronics 27.7%

2 LG Electronics 15.0%

3 Sony 7.8%

4 Panasonic 6.0%

5 Sharp Corporation 5.4%

Others 38.2%

Note: Vendor shipments are branded shipments and exclude OEM sales for all vendors

Worldwide TV Shipments by Technology in 2012

Technology DisplaySearch[47]

LCD TV 87.3%

PDP TV 5.7%

OLED TV 0.0%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-screen_television_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-screen_television_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-screen_television_technologyhttp://www.displaysearch.com/http://www.displaysearch.com/http://www.displaysearch.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporationhttp://www.displaysearch.com/http://www.displaysearch.com/http://www.displaysearch.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLED_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLED_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD_TVhttp://www.displaysearch.com/http://www.displaysearch.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronicshttp://www.displaysearch.com/http://www.displaysearch.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-screen_television_technology


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CRT TV 6.9%

RPTV 0.0%

Total 100%

Note: Vendor shipments are branded shipments and exclude OEM sales for all vendors

Social aspects and effects on children

Main article:Social aspects of television

Television has played a pivotal role in the socialization of the 20th and 21st centuries. There are many

aspects of television that can be addressed, includingmedia violence research. In 2010

theiPlayerincorporated asocial mediaaspect to itsinternet televisionservice,

includingFacebookandTwitter.[48]Other devices that allow interactivity such as theApple TVorGoogle

TV, have made possible for users to access content through the internet on their TVs and log in social

media websites likeYoutube. Also, the use of the television for video games, especially games such as

the Wii, has contributed to a growing kinaesthetic connection between television and viewers.[49]

Environmental aspects

With highleadcontent inCRTs, and the rapid diffusion of new, flat-panel display technologies, some of

which (LCDs) use lamps which containmercury, there is growing concern aboutelectronic wastefrom

discarded televisions. Relatedoccupational healthconcerns exist, as well, for disassemblers

removingcopperwiring and other materials from CRTs. Further environmental concerns related to

television design and use relate to the devices' increasingelectrical energyrequirements.[50]

Elecciones electorales

Para otros usos de este trmino, vaseElecciones (desambiguacin).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRT_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear-projection_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_aspects_of_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_aspects_of_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_aspects_of_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_violence_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_violence_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_violence_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPlayerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPlayerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youtubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youtubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youtubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-50http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones_(desambiguaci%C3%B3n)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones_(desambiguaci%C3%B3n)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones_(desambiguaci%C3%B3n)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones_(desambiguaci%C3%B3n)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youtubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPlayerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_violence_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_aspects_of_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear-projection_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRT_TV


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Un hombre votando enAfganistn.

Elecciones, en poltica, es un proceso detoma de decisionesen donde loselectoreseligen con

suvotoentre una pluralidad decandidatospara ocupar loscargos polticosen unademocracia

representativa. Hay elecciones generales (las que se convocan para elegir a los miembrosdelparlamentoo poder legislativo, y en su caso aljefe del Estadoo delpoder ejecutivo) yelecciones

localesde mbito municipal o regional. En algunossistemas polticostambin se someten a eleccin

popularotros cargos.

Se considera que hay elecciones libres cuando el voto se emite en circunstancias delibertad, es decir,

que no est sometido acoacciones(voto secreto) y no se adultera su sentido (fraude

electoral,pucherazo); adems de haberse permitido el acceso de todos losciudadanosen condiciones

deigualdad. Un mecanismo que altera esa igualdad es la manipulacin interesada del tamao y

distribucin de lascircunscripciones electorales(gerrymandering,rotten boroughs). Si se reconoce

lasoberana popular, todo elpueblotiene derecho tanto alsufragio activo(cuando todos pueden votar,

se habla desufragio universal, si no, desufragio restringido) como alsufragio pasivo(todos han de

poder ser elegidos). En ocasiones la ley prev circunstancias en las que se pierde elderecho de

sufragioo requisitos de distinta naturaleza para su ejercicio; limitaciones que en algunos casos pueden

llegar a ser tan abusivas que desvirtan los resultados electorales.1Las caractersticas de las elecciones

en cada pas se regulan en lalegislacin electoral, que define su peculiarsistema electoral, como por

ejemplo su naturaleza deelecciones directas(la totalidad de la ciudadana elige directamente con su

voto al cargo elegido) oindirectas(hay un cuerpo intermedio, compuesto por representantes elegidos

por toda la ciudadana, que es el que toma la decisin). La introduccin de novedades en los sistemas

electorales se denominareforma electoral.

El mecanismo habitual departicipacin polticade los ciudadanos en lademocracia liberalson las

instituciones denominadaspartidos polticos, aunque hay otros mecanismos para la presentacin

decandidaturas electorales(coaliciones electorales,agrupaciones de electores, etc.)
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganist%C3%A1nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganist%C3%A1nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganist%C3%A1nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toma_de_decisioneshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toma_de_decisioneshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toma_de_decisioneshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voto_(elecciones)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voto_(elecciones)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voto_(elecciones)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidatohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidatohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidatohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargos_pol%C3%ADticoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargos_pol%C3%ADticoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargos_pol%C3%ADticoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_representativahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_representativahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_representativahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_representativahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefe_del_Estadohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefe_del_Estadohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefe_del_Estadohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poder_ejecutivohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poder_ejecutivohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poder_ejecutivohttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones_locales&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones_locales&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones_locales&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones_locales&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemas_pol%C3%ADticoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemas_pol%C3%ADticoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemas_pol%C3%ADticoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertadhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertadhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertadhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaccioneshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaccioneshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voto_secretohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voto_secretohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voto_secretohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraude_electoralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraude_electoralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraude_electoralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraude_electoralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucherazohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucherazohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucherazohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudadanohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudadanohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudadanohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igualdad_pol%C3%ADticahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igualdad_pol%C3%ADticahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igualdad_pol%C3%ADticahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circunscripciones_electoraleshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circunscripciones_electoraleshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circunscripciones_electoraleshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrymanderinghttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrymanderinghttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrymanderinghttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_boroughshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_boroughshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_boroughshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberan%C3%ADa_popularhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberan%C3%ADa_popularhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberan%C3%ADa_popularhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_activohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_activohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_activohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_universalhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_universalhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_universalhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_restringidohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_restringidohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_restringidohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_pasivohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_pasivohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_pasivohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_sufragiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_sufragiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_sufragiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_sufragiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#cite_note-1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#cite_note-1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#cite_note-1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaci%C3%B3n_electoralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaci%C3%B3n_electoralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaci%C3%B3n_electoralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_electoralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_electoralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_electoralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones_directas&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones_directas&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones_directas&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones_indirectas&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones_indirectas&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones_indirectas&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reforma_electoral&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reforma_electoral&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reforma_electoral&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participaci%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADticahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participaci%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADticahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participaci%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADticahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_liberalhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_liberalhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_liberalhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidos_pol%C3%ADticoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidos_pol%C3%ADticoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidos_pol%C3%ADticoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidaturas_electoraleshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidaturas_electoraleshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidaturas_electoraleshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaliciones_electoraleshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaliciones_electoraleshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaliciones_electoraleshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrupaciones_de_electoreshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrupaciones_de_electoreshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrupaciones_de_electoreshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Afghan_elections_2005.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Afghan_elections_2005.jpghttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Afghan_elections_2005.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Afghan_elections_2005.jpghttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrupaciones_de_electoreshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaliciones_electoraleshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidaturas_electoraleshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidos_pol%C3%ADticoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_liberalhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participaci%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADticahttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reforma_electoral&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones_indirectas&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones_directas&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_electoralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaci%C3%B3n_electoralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#cite_note-1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_sufragiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_sufragiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_pasivohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_restringidohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_universalhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_activohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberan%C3%ADa_popularhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_boroughshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrymanderinghttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circunscripciones_electoraleshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igualdad_pol%C3%ADticahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudadanohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucherazohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraude_electoralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraude_electoralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voto_secretohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaccioneshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertadhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemas_pol%C3%ADticoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones_locales&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones_locales&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poder_ejecutivohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefe_del_Estadohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_representativahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_representativahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargos_pol%C3%ADticoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidatohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voto_(elecciones)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toma_de_decisioneshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganist%C3%A1n


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La rama de laciencia polticaque analiza cientficamente las elecciones se denominapsefologa(de

psephos , "guijarro" engriego, por los que se usaban en lademocracia griegacomopapeletas

electorales-vase tambinostracon-).2

ndice

[ocultar]

1 Caractersticas de las elecciones

o 1.1 Quin puede votar

o 1.2 Nominacin

o 1.3 Quin es elegido

o 1.4 Sistemas electorales

2 Vase tambin

3 Bibliografa

4 Notas

5 Enlaces externos

Caractersticas de las elecciones[editar]

Quin puede votar[editar]

La pregunta respecto a quin debesufragares un asunto central en las elecciones. En el electorado

generalmente no se encuentra incluida la poblacin entera; por ejemplo, muchos pases les prohben

votar a las personas declaradas mentalmente incompetentes; adems, todas las jurisdicciones requieren

una edad mnima para votar.

Histricamente, muchos otrosgruposhan sido excluidos de las votaciones. Por ejemplo, lademocracia

de la antigua Atenasno permita a las mujeres, extranjeros y esclavos el derecho al voto, y la

constitucin original de losEstados Unidospermita el voto solo a hombres blancos y propietarios. Gran

parte de la historia de las elecciones se trata sobre la lucha y promocin del voto para los grupos

excluidos. El movimiento para elsufragio femeninole entreg a mujeres de muchos pases el derecho a

votar, y la aseguracin del derecho al sufragio libre fue el mayor xito delMovimiento por los Derechos

Civiles en Estados Unidos. La extensin del derecho al voto de otros grupos que se mantienen excluidos

en algunos lugares (tales como los convictos porfelona, miembros de ciertas minoras y los

desaventajados econmicamente) continua siendo una meta significativa para los derechos electorales.

En algunos pases, el voto es obligatorio porley; si un votante no ejerce su deber, puede verse sujeto a

castigos, que van desde multas pequeas hasta prisin.

Nominacin[editar]
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_pol%C3%ADticahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_pol%C3%ADticahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_pol%C3%ADticahttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psefolog%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psefolog%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psefolog%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_griegahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_griegahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_griegahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_griegahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_griegahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_griegahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boleta_electoralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boleta_electoralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boleta_electoralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boleta_electoralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostraconhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostraconhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostraconhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#cite_note-2http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#cite_note-2http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#cite_note-2http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleccioneshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleccioneshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleccioneshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Caracter.C3.ADsticas_de_las_eleccioneshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Caracter.C3.ADsticas_de_las_eleccioneshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Qui.C3.A9n_puede_votarhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Qui.C3.A9n_puede_votarhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Nominaci.C3.B3nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Nominaci.C3.B3nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Qui.C3.A9n_es_elegidohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Qui.C3.A9n_es_elegidohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Sistemas_electoraleshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Sistemas_electoraleshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#V.C3.A9ase_tambi.C3.A9nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#V.C3.A9ase_tambi.C3.A9nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Bibliograf.C3.ADahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Bibliograf.C3.ADahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Notashttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Notashttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Enlaces_externoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Enlaces_externoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones&action=edit&section=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones&action=edit&section=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones&action=edit&section=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones&action=edit&section=2http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones&action=edit&section=2http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones&action=edit&section=2http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_socialhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_socialhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_socialhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_griegahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_griegahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_griegahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_griegahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_femeninohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_femeninohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_femeninohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_por_los_Derechos_Civiles_en_Estados_Unidoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_por_los_Derechos_Civiles_en_Estados_Unidoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_por_los_Derechos_Civiles_en_Estados_Unidoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_por_los_Derechos_Civiles_en_Estados_Unidoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felon%C3%ADahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felon%C3%ADahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felon%C3%ADahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyhttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones&action=edit&section=3http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones&action=edit&section=3http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones&action=edit&section=3http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones&action=edit&section=3http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felon%C3%ADahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_por_los_Derechos_Civiles_en_Estados_Unidoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_por_los_Derechos_Civiles_en_Estados_Unidoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragio_femeninohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_griegahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_griegahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_socialhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufragiohttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones&action=edit&section=2http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elecciones&action=edit&section=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Enlaces_externoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Notashttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Bibliograf.C3.ADahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#V.C3.A9ase_tambi.C3.A9nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Sistemas_electoraleshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Qui.C3.A9n_es_elegidohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Nominaci.C3.B3nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Qui.C3.A9n_puede_votarhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#Caracter.C3.ADsticas_de_las_eleccioneshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleccioneshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones#cite_note-2http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostraconhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boleta_electoralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boleta_electoralhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_griegahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_griegahttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psefolog%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_pol%C3%ADtica


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En unademocracia directa, cualquier persona elegible puede ser nominada. En algunos pases, solo

miembros de un particular partido poltico pueden serlo. En los Estados Unidos, por ejemplo,

comnmente candidatos partidistas necesitan una cantidad menor de firmas que apoyen su nominacin

a aquellos candidatos que sean independientes.

Quin es elegido[editar]

Las posiciones del gobierno para las cuales se celebran las elecciones varan dependiendo de la

localidad. En una democracia representativa, como los Estados Unidos, algunas posiciones no son

llenadas mediante elecciones, por ejemplo, losjuecesson usualmente designados para proteger su

imparcialidad, aun as existen excepciones a esta prctica.

Es usual el establecimiento de grados intermedios entre los electores y los elegidos, por ejemplo,

elPresidente de Estados Unidoses elegido por elcolegio electoral, y en elSistema Westminster,

elPrimer ministroes formalmente elegido por la "cabeza del estado" (siendo elegido realmente por el

parlamento o por su propio partido).

Generalmente las elecciones directas y aquellas con segundos grados electorales tienen resultados

similares. Sin embargo, en algunos casos los sistemas electorales permiten la eleccin de candidatos

que no reciben la mayor cantidad de votos populares; siendo un ejemplo reciente la eleccin

estadounidense del ao2000donde fue elegido PresidenteGeorge W. Bush.

Un fenmeno muy discutido en la actualidad es la pertinencia de lareeleccin presidencialinmediata,

que cuenta con partidarios y detractores a todo nivel.

Sistemas electorales[editar]Artculo principal:Sistema electoral.

Lossistemas electoralesse refieren a arreglos constitucionales detallados ysistemas de votacinque

Woll smoth el voto para determinar cules individuos y partidos polticos son elegidos en posiciones de

poder.

El primer paso es contar los votos, para lo cual se usan distintos sistemas de recuento de votos y

papeletas. La mayora de los sistemas pueden ser categorizados en sistemas deRepresentacin

proporcionaly demayoritarios. En M

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