telecommunication & networking lesson 5. iso open system interconnect (osi) application...
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Telecommunication & Networking
Lesson 5
ISO Open System Interconnect (OSI)
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
LLC
MAC
Routing
Move to TCP/IP and VPN
HTTP
Mainframe:IBM 370Minicomputer:VAX/VMS
ARPANET InternetOr other networks
Dumb Terminal
Dumb Terminal: No RAM, OS or CPU
File ServerFile Server
ARPANET Internet
Workstation: CPU, RAM, OS, Local Storage,… NIC
HDLC
• A bit-oriented data link protocol• Supports both half-duplex and full-duplex
communication over point-to-point and multipoint links
• ISO standard (1979)• Originated as IBM’s S(ynchronous)DLC in 1975• ITU-T has developed other (link access) protocols
(e.g., LAPB, PAPD, LAPM, etc.)
HDLC
Flag
Address
Control
Frame Check Sequence
Characteristics of HDLC
• Station Types– primary : complete control of the link; sends
commands to secondary. For example, a computer to a terminal
– secondary – combined : sends commands and responses
Primary Secondary Secondary
Configurations
• Unbalanced
• Symmetrical
• Balanced
Modes of Communication
• NRM - Normal Response Mode– standard primary-secondary relationship; a
secondary must have permission from the primary device before transmitting
• ARM - Asynchronous Response Mode– secondary may initiate transmissions without
permission from primary if the link is idle– still primary-secondary relationship
Modes of Communication
• ABM - Asynchronous Balanced Mode– all stations are equal (thus, combined
configuration)
Frames
• U-frames– unnumbered frames : reserved for management
of frames
• I-frames– information : data and control information
• S-frames– supervisory : data link layer flow and error
control information
Bit Stuffing - HDLC
• A flag field is used for synchronization
• 8-bit pattern : 01111110
• To prevent the same bit pattern to appear in the ‘data,’ a bit 0 is inserted after the fifth consecutive 1’s
Flag FlagAddress Control
IEEE 802 Standards• 802.1: High-Level Interface – addresses
matters relating to networking…
• 802.2: Logical Link Control
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
Network LayerLogical Link Control (LLC)
Media Access Control (MAC)
• 802.3: CSMA/CD– 1Base5: 1-Mbps baseband medium with a max
segment length of 500 m– 10Base5– 10Base2: 185 m with cable of Thinnet or
Cheapernet– 10BaseT: with twisted-pair– 10Broad36: 10Mbps broadband medium, 3600-
m– 100Base-TX: 100 Mbps baseband, twisted-pair– 100Base-FX: 100, baseband, fiber optic– 1000Base-Sx: 1000, baseband, fiber optic
• 802.4: Token Bus• 802.5: Token Ring• 802.6: MANs – Distributed Queue Dual Bus
(DQDB); two one-directional buses• 802.7: Broadband Technical Advisory Group• 802.8: Fiber Optic Technical Advisory Group• 802.9: Integrated Data and Voice Networks –
setting standards to integrate with ISDN• 802.10: LAN Security• 802.11: Wireless LANS• 802.12: Demand Priority Access Method -
standards for 100 Mbps over twisted pair wires
DLC
Data Field
32-bit CRC
Length Field
Source Address
Destination Address
Start Frame Delimiter
Preamble: Synchronization
MAC• To gain access to a medium, it uses a
contention approach:– Each node ‘listens’ to the medium to see if it is
being used (a message is passing through) [Carrier Sensing]
– If no message, node begins transmission
• [Multiple Access] occurs when more than one node performs step 2 above: begin sending; thus creating a collision
MAC• CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense with Multiple
Access and Collision Detection – most commonly used MAC protocol in Ethernet LAN’s
• A fair protocol: each node has an equal access; random intervals between access if collision occurs
• CSMA/CA: Avoidance; time space out transmission for each node
Token Passing in MAC• One token goes around
• Each node waits for the token– No message to send, send the token to next
node– Message to send, send the message, wait for
acknowledgement, and then send the token to next node
• Bus versus Ring
Multiplexing
• When two communicating devices/computers do not completely utilize the full capacity of a data link
• FDM - frequency-division multiplexing
• TDM - time-division multiplexing
• statistical/asynchronous/intelligent TDM
Asynchronous TDM
1
2
3
4
5
MU
X 1 4 3 4 1
Synchronous TDM
1
2
3
4
5
MU
X 5 4 3 2 1
Digital Carrier Systems
• AT&T used synchronous TDM to structure a hierarchy of multiplex formats
• DS-1 (24 channels at 1.544 Mbps): provided by a T-1 carrier system
• DS-4 (4032 channels at 274.176 Mbps)• OC-1: 51.84 Mbps (Optical Carrier) – SONET
(synchornous optical network:ANSI) SDH (synchronous digital hierarchy: ITU-T)
Compression
• Lempel-Ziv (LZ) algorithm
• Used in ITU-T standard V.42bisV.42bis
• Also in ZIP
• Maintain a dictionary of character strings, starting from the alphabet
• Text-based compression
This course reviews data commcommunication issues businesses have to face with in this new economy. Information is pushing through in unforgiving speed, internally in a corporation to facilitate effective and efficient commcommunications, and externally to consumers and business partners to fuel the frantic entry to B2C and B2B electronic commcommerce. We will begin our investigation with transmission media that pave the 'road' for information to flow through in a complex networking environment with different levels of abstraction. We will study some commcommon protocol standards, the wireless commcommunication trend and of course the networking technology behind the World Wide Web
Compression
• M-JPEG (Motion Joint Photographic Experts Group): compress by individual frame (intraframe)
• ITU-T H.261
• MPEG: interframe and intraframe
Network Layer• Routing: end-to-end not node-to-node
• Network Control: status information to determine the best path
• Congestion Control: balancing act
• Collection of Accounting Data