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8/13/2019 Telecommunication 3

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Chapter 3

Telecommunication

Architectures and Standard


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Agenda

Network architectures & standards

Standard-making organizations

Pros and cons of standards

Open System Interconnection Model (OSI)

TCP/IP Manufacturer architecture

Pros and cons of architecture


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Network Architectures

Design principles for

Functions

Data format

Procedures

Describe what


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Communication Standards

Rules for compatibility

Specify how


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Needs for Architectures and

Standards Complex communication systems

Maintenance and future growth

Connectivity between network devices

Distributed processing systems

Diagnostic and performance management


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Standards-Making Organizations

International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Section (ITU-T)

International Organization for Standardization(ISO)

American National Standard Institute (ANSI)

Electrical Industries Association (EIA)

National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST)

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers(IEEE)


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Standards

V.Connection of digital equipment to telephone

analog line

X.

Connection of digital equipment to telephonedigital line

X.400

Allow communication between incompatibleelectronic mail systems

X.500

Create and maintain a directory of e-mail users andtheir network addresses


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Pros and Cons of Standards

Pros

Compatibility between vendors

Fewer products

Cons

Slow processing

ObsolescenceFreezing technology

Discouraging innovation


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Open System Interconnection Model

International Organization for Standardization

Interconnection of Dissimilar Network

Seven Layers

Application

Presentation

Session Control

Transport Control

Network Control

Data Link Control

Physical Link Control


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Application Layer

Determine data to be send at originating end

Process data at receiving end


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Presentation Layer

Change data format

Compression/expansion

Encryption/decryption


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Session Control Layer

Communication rules

Rate of transmission

Accounting functions


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Transport Control Layer

Identify receiving address

Calculate and check checksum of entire

message


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Network Control Layer

Route message

Dissemble and assemble data (transmission

unit)

Accounting functions


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Data Link Control Unit

Determine line usage

Establish link between two ends

Detect and correct transmission error

Add header and trailer

Divide data unit for transmission


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Physical Link Control Layer

Hardware specification

Electrical characteristics


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TCP/IP Protocol

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet

Protocol

Advanced Research Project Agency

ARPANET


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Manufacturers Architecture

Objectives

Base for future products

Control customers

Types

IBM: Systems Network Architecture (SNA)

Digital Equipment Corporation: DigitalNetwork Architecture (DNA)


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Pros and Cons of Layered

Architectures

Pros

Modularize structure for simplify maintenance

Specify interfaces for easy change & futuregrowth

Cons

Complex RulesCost of sophisticated intelligence

Complex software


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Points to Remember

Network architectures & standards

Standard-making organizations

Pros and cons of standards

Open System Interconnection Model (OSI)

TCP/IP

Manufacturer architecture

Pros and cons of architecture


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Discussion

What are your thoughts on selecting

network equipment for an organization?

telecommunication 3

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