tehories of justice and fair opportunity

8/19/2019 Tehories of Justice and Fair Opportunity

1/32


2/32

OEB: 500, Orgnizational Ethics and Behaviour inHealth Care.

Topic

Theories of justice and Fair opportunity

Pesented by

Muhammad Shahid

MSc.N

Year II , Semester I, (III)

Course Facilitator: Mr. Muhammad Jaar (I!N"#$%S).

#ate &'"'"&'


3/32

Objectives

• At the end of this resentationlearner !ill be able to :

"# $e%ne and classif& the t&es of justice

'# Argue on justice in isla(

)# $iscuss the selected theories of justice

*# +nderstand ill-s utilitarian theor& of justice, its alication and objections

5# ntrerete /obert ozic1-s 2ibertarian 3heor& of 4ustice


4/32

Continue ...

# Ho! can !e al& libertarian theor& of justice.

6# $escribe the 4ohn /a!l-s theor& of justiceor fair oortunit& .

7# Alication of 4ohn /a!l-s theor& of justiceand Objections

8# 9u((ar&

"0#/eferences


5/32

hat is 4ustice

• 3he rocess or result of using la!s to fairl& judge andunish cri(es and cri(inals.

arr&a( ebster $ictionar&• ;airness in the !a& eole are dealt !ith.

Ca(bridge$ictionar&

". 3he s&ste( of la!s in a countr& that judges and unisheseole:

'. 3he justice s&ste( in this countr& consists of a series of la!

courts at di


6/32

4ustice in sla(

The Meaning of Justice

"# n the sla(ic !orldvie!, justice denotes lacingthings in their rightful lace.

'# t also (eans giving others e=ual treat(ent.

)# n sla(, justice is also a (oral virtue and anattribute of hu(an ersonalit&, as it is in theestern tradition. 4ustice is close to e=ualit& inthe sense that it creates a state of e=uilibriu( in

the distribution of rights and duties, but the& arenot identical.

*#9o(eti(es, justice is achieved throughine=ualit&, li1e in une=ual distribution of !ealth.


7/32

4ustice in sla(

• >od so1e to His essenger in this(anner:

"# ?O & slaves, have forbidden injustice for &self andforbade it also for &ou. 9o avoid being unjust to oneanother.@ 9aheeh usli(#

"# ?e sent Our essengers !ith clear signs and sent do!n!ith the( the Boo1 and the easure in order to establish

justice a(ong the eole@ uran 56:'5#


8/32

3&es of justice

• 3here are four t&es of justice thateole can see1 !hen the& havebeen !ronged:

"#$istributive justice

'#Drocedural justice

)#/estorative justice*#/etributive justice


9/32

$istributive justice

"# $istributive justice, also 1no!n as econo(ic justice, is

about fairness in !hat eole receive, fro( goods to

attention.

'# ts roots are in social order and it is at the roots of

socialis(, !here e=ualit& is a funda(ental rincile.

)# f eole do not thin1 that the& are getting their fair share

of so(ething, the& !ill see1 %rst to gain !hat the& believethe& deserve.


10/32

Drocedural justice

"# 3he rincile of fairness is also found in the idea of fair

la& as oosed to the fair share of distributive justice#.

'# f eole believe that a fair rocess !as used in deciding

!hat it to be distributed, then the& (a& !ell accet an

i(balance in !hat the& receive in co(arison to others.

)# f the& see both rocedural and distributive injustice, the&

!ill li1el& see1 restorative andor retributive justice.


11/32

/estorative justice

"# 3he %rst thing that the betra&ed erson (a& see1 fro( the

betra&er is so(e for( of restitution, utting things bac1 as

the& should be.

'# 3he si(lest for( of restitution is a straightfor!ard

aolog&. /estoration (eans utting things bac1 as the&

!ere, so it (a& include so(e act of contrition to

de(onstrate one is trul& sorr&. 3his (a& include action and

even eFtra a&(ent to the o


12/32

/etributive justice"# /etributive justice !or1s on the rincile of unish(ent, although

!hat constitutes fair and roortional unish(ent is !idel&

debated. hile the intent (a& be to dissuade the eretrator or

others fro( future !rongGdoing, the reGo


13/32

9elected theories of justice

!ill discuss three theories of justice:

"# ill-s utilitarian theor& of justice.

'# ozic1-s 2ibertarian 3heor& of 4ustice

)# /a!ls-s theor& of justice


14/32

ill-s utilitarian theor& of justice.

• 4ohn 9tuart ill "70G"76)#,hi(self a utilitarian, sought torescue utilitarianis( fro( this andother objections.

• ill argues that resect for individualsrights as ?the (ost sacred and bindingart of (oralit&@ is co(atible !ith theidea that justice rests ulti(atel& onutilitarian considerations. But is ill

right to be con%dentI Can the rincileof utilit& suort the notion that so(erights should be uheld even if doingso (a1es the (ajorit& ver& unha&I

4ohn 9tuart ill "70G"76)#,


15/32

Continue.."# +tilitarians tend to be a(ong those !ho see no (ajor divide bet!een

justice and (oralit&.

'# +tilitarians see justice as art of (oralit& and don-t see justice to have a

higher riorit& than an& other (oral concern. n articular, utilitarians

thin1 that !e should ro(ote goodness things of value#, and (an& thin1

that goodness can be found in a single goodJ such as hainess,

Kourishing, !ellGbeing, or desire satisfaction.

)# +tilitarian ideas of justice connect (oralit& to the la!, econo(ic

distribution, and olitics. hat econo(ic or olitical rinciles !ill

utilitarians sa& !e should accetI 3hat is not an eas& =uestion to ans!er

and is still u in the air. e have to discover the best econo(ic and

olitical s&ste(s for ourselves b& seeing the e


16/32

Continue ...• +tilitarians often advocate for social !elfare because ever&one-s

!ellGbeing is of (oral interest and social !elfare see(s li1e a

good !a& to (a1e sure ever&one Kourishes to a (ini(al eFtent.

• On the other hand utilitarians often advocate free trade

because:

a# ;ree trade can hel re!ard eole for hard !or1 and encourage

eole to be roductive,

b# 3he free (ar1et allo!s for a great deal of freedo(,

c# ;reedo( has a tendenc& to lead to (ore roserit&,

d# 3a1ing a!a& freedo( has a tendenc& to cause su


17/32

s conce on o r g s caninclude

• Dositive rights for ublic education, food, shelter,

(edical assistance, etc.#

• egative rights to be allo!ed to sa& !hat !e

!ant, to be allo!ed to have an& religion, etc.# Both

of these sorts of rights can otentiall& hel eole

have greater !ell being.

• Concrete utilitarian suggestions:

"# ill argued that !e should reduce the division bet!een

!or1ers and o!ners 8'G8*#.

'# e can ro(ote greater e=ualit& of inco(e 8)#.


18/32

Al&ing ill-s theor& of justice

ill thin1s that !e should have rights, la!s, andgovern(ent intervention.

a# aFi(ize the goodness

b# aFi(ize hainessc# ini(ize the evil because it causes su


19/32

Objections

". t-s too si(le

'. +tilitarianis( fails to account forthe need to be resectful

). t ignores ersonal relationshis

*. t-s too de(anding


20/32

/obert ozic1-s 2ibertarian 3heor&of 4ustice

• 2ibertarians are eole !ho favornegative rights and the right toroert& in articular#, s(allgovern(ent, and a free (ar1et.

• an& libertarians ascribe to aneFtre(e vie! that denies theeFistence of ositive rights andfavors a laissezGfaire free (ar1etno (atter ho! horrible the

conse=uences are.• 3his see(s to entail no

govern(ent regulation or ubliceducation.

Born November 16,1938Brool!n,Ne# $or , %&'&

(ie) Januar! *3,

*++* age) 63-Cambri)ge, Massachusetts, %&'&.1/

0ra *+thcentur! 2hiloso2h!

egion

4estern 2hiloso2h!

'chool

5nal!tic,ibertarianism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklynhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusettshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusettshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nozickhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th-century_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th-century_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th-century_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nozickhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusettshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusettshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn


21/32

2ibertarian 3heor& of 4ustice

• ozic1-s vie! see(s to i(l& that taFation is afor( of theft because it violates our roert&rights.

• Deole are coerced b& govern(ents to give utheir roert& !hen the& are being taFed.

• o one can ta1e a!a& our legiti(atel& attainedroert& !ithout er(ission.

• An& ublic service funded b& taFation !ould thenalso be illegiti(ate, such as ublic education orfood for the oor.


22/32

Al&ing ozic1-s theor& of justice

•

ozic1-s theor& of justice aLr(s that !e havenegative rights to be left alone# but denies that !ehave ositive rights to social !elfare or education#.

• ozic1 sa&s taFation is a for( of coerced redistributionof !ealth and it-s unjust because !e have a right to

roert& and !e don-t have a right to social !elfare.• eFect that ozic1-s govern(ent to be full& funded

b& donations andor re=uires volunteers.

• t !ould be !rong to taF eole to have a olice

deart(ent because that-s just one (ore unjustviolation of our roert& rights. 3he olice deart(ent,%re deart(ent, ublic schools, risons, andever&thing else (ust either be ?for ro%t,@ eFist fro(volunteers, andor be funded b& donations.


23/32

Ho! do !e al& ozic1-stheor& of justiceI

• ;irst, !e need to 1no! !hat rights !e have. Hethin1s !e have ?2oc1ean rights@Ma right fro(being har(ed, a right to roert&, freedo( ofseech, and so on.

• 9econd, !e need to 1no! ho! those rights al&to various conteFts.

7bections:

". e have duties to each other

'. ;reedo( is (ore than negative rights

). 3he free (ar1et can lead to eFloitation and oression

5. 3he free (ar1et can lead to horrible conse=uences.


24/32

4ohn /a!l-s theor& of justice

• /a!ls described his theor& of justicecalled ?4ustice as ;airness@ in his boo1A 3heor& of 4ustice.

• /a!ls agrees !ith ozic1 that justice

is =uite searate fro( (oralit& and hetoo rejects utilitarian for(s of justice.

• He %rst suggests a ne! !a& to learnabout rinciles of justiceMtheoriginal osition "0)G"05#.

• 3he original osition as1s us toi(agine that a grou of eole !illget to decide the rinciles of justice.

Born: ;ebruar& '", "8'",Balti(ore, ar&land, +nited 9tates

$ied:

ove(ber '*, '00',2eFington, assachusetts, +nited 9tates

Areas of interest: Dolitics, Dolitical hilosoh&,9ocial contract,2iberalis(, 4ustice

4ohn Bordle& /a!ls !as anA(erican (oral and oliticalhilosoher.

https://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=john+rawls+born&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMtYSy0620i9IzS_ISQVSRcX5eVZJ-UV5AD8wCeEkAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQ6BMIfSgAMBQhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=baltimore&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlYCsyxNssq0xLKTrfQLUvMLclKBVFFxfp5VUn5RHgC6knCLLgAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIfigBMBQhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=baltimore&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlYCsyxNssq0xLKTrfQLUvMLclKBVFFxfp5VUn5RHgC6knCLLgAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIfigBMBQhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=john+rawls+died&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMtaSz0620i9IzS_ISdVPSU1OTSxOTYkvSC0qzs-zSslMTQEAP5qAEy0AAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQ6BMIgQEoADAVhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=lexington+ma&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlbiBLEMcyrKzbTks5Ot9AtS8wtyUvVTUpNTE4tTU-ILUouK8_OsUjJTUwDc-_2_OAAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIggEoATAVhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=lexington+ma&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlbiBLEMcyrKzbTks5Ot9AtS8wtyUvVTUpNTE4tTU-ILUouK8_OsUjJTUwDc-_2_OAAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIggEoATAVhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=john+rawls+areas+of+interest&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMtZSyU620s8uiM8p1y_IyMzJL84vyEgtsspNzMyLz8wrSS1KLS4pBgCKx0s_MgAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQ6BMIhQEoADAWhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=politics&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlYCs0wLSwy0VLKTrfSzC-JzyvULMjJz8ovzCzJSi6xyEzPz4jPzSlKLUotLigHBncuHPAAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIhgEoATAWhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=political+philosophy&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlYCs0yLzC21VLKTrfSzC-JzyvULMjJz8ovzCzJSi6xyEzPz4jPzSlKLUotLigGzxRJ8PAAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIhwEoAjAWhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=social+contract&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlYCsywrDCy0VLKTrfSzC-JzyvULMjJz8ovzCzJSi6xyEzPz4jPzSlKLUotLigGOq24OPAAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIiAEoAzAWhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=social+contract&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlYCsywrDCy0VLKTrfSzC-JzyvULMjJz8ovzCzJSi6xyEzPz4jPzSlKLUotLigGOq24OPAAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIiAEoAzAWhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=political+philosophy&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlYCs0yLzC21VLKTrfSzC-JzyvULMjJz8ovzCzJSi6xyEzPz4jPzSlKLUotLigGzxRJ8PAAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIhwEoAjAWhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=politics&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlYCs0wLSwy0VLKTrfSzC-JzyvULMjJz8ovzCzJSi6xyEzPz4jPzSlKLUotLigHBncuHPAAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIhgEoATAWhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=john+rawls+areas+of+interest&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMtZSyU620s8uiM8p1y_IyMzJL84vyEgtsspNzMyLz8wrSS1KLS4pBgCKx0s_MgAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQ6BMIhQEoADAWhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=lexington+ma&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlbiBLEMcyrKzbTks5Ot9AtS8wtyUvVTUpNTE4tTU-ILUouK8_OsUjJTUwDc-_2_OAAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIggEoATAVhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=lexington+ma&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlbiBLEMcyrKzbTks5Ot9AtS8wtyUvVTUpNTE4tTU-ILUouK8_OsUjJTUwDc-_2_OAAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIggEoATAVhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=john+rawls+died&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMtaSz0620i9IzS_ISdVPSU1OTSxOTYkvSC0qzs-zSslMTQEAP5qAEy0AAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQ6BMIgQEoADAVhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=baltimore&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlYCsyxNssq0xLKTrfQLUvMLclKBVFFxfp5VUn5RHgC6knCLLgAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIfigBMBQhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=baltimore&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMlYCsyxNssq0xLKTrfQLUvMLclKBVFFxfp5VUn5RHgC6knCLLgAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQmxMIfigBMBQhttps://www.google.com.pk/search?espv=2&biw=1280&bih=840&site=webhp&q=john+rawls+born&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LQz9U3qDAuMtYSy0620i9IzS_ISQVSRcX5eVZJ-UV5AD8wCeEkAAAA&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjbwrfP4bPJAhUKKJQKHfltCQAQ6BMIfSgAMBQ


25/32

4ohn /a!l-s theor& of justice

• He argues that in a veil of ignorance the& couldn-tbe as biased to!ards their rofession, race,gender, age, or social status because the&!ouldn-t 1no! !hich categories the& belong to

"0*G"05#.• As far as selfGinterest is concerned, /a!ls argues

that the& !ill !ant rinciles of justice that !ill?fairl& distribute@ certain goods that ever&one !ill

valueM!hat /a!ls calls ?ri(ar& social goods@"05#.

• He argues that t!o intuitive rinciles of justice inarticular !ill reach reKective e=uilibriu(:


26/32

Here !ill discuss t!orinciles of justice

"# E=ualit&'# Ene=ualit&

". Each erson is to have an e=ual right to the (ost

eFtensive total s&ste( of e=ual basic liberties co(atible!ith a si(ilar s&ste( of libert& for all.

'. 9ocial and econo(ic ine=ualities are to satisf& t!oconditions:

%rst, the& are to be attached to ositions and oLces oen

to all under conditions of fair e=ualit& of oortunit&J and second, the& are to be the greatest eFected bene%t

of the least advantaged (e(bers of societ& "06#.


27/32

Continue ..

• /a!ls sa&s that the %rst rincile has riorit& over thesecond

• 3he liberties /a!ls has in (ind are negative rights, li1e thefreedo( of thought.

•

3he distribution of social goods can include education, food,and housingJ !hich could be considered to be ositive rights.

• 3he second rincile-s second restrictionMthat social andecono(ic ine=ualities (ust bene%t the !orst o< grouMis1no!n as the ?di


28/32

Al&ing /a!l-s theor& of justice

• /a!ls agrees !ith ozic1 that !e have negative rightsand no ositive rights, but he argues that social andecono(ic ine=ualities are unjust unless the& (eetcertain re=uire(ents.

• /a!ls thin1s that redistribution of !ealth and taFesare justi%ed if it is the best !a& for the ?!orst o


29/32

Objections

"# Basic liberties aren-t good enough

'# Aren-t these eole too ris1 averseI

)# 3he di


30/32

/eferences:• /a!ls, 4. "86"#. A theory of justice 'nd ed.#. Ca(bridge, A: Bel1na Dress

of Harvard +niversit& Dress.

• /etrieved fro( htt:!!!.isla(religion.co(articles)6justiceGinGisla(

on ''G""G'0"5.

• /etrieved fro( htt:changing(inds.orgeFlanationstrustfourjustice.ht(

on '5G""G'0"5.

• /etrieved fro( htts:ethicalrealis(.!ordress.co('0""0*'threeG

theoriesGofGjustice

on ''G""G'0"5.

/a!ls, "86", . FF#


31/32


32/32

tehories of justice and fair opportunity

Documents