tectonic plates. lithosphere – outer part of the earth’s crust. composed of solid rock....
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Tectonic Plates
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Lithosphere – outer part of the Earth’s crust. Composed of solid rock.Asthenosphere - the zone below the lithosphere which is more ‘plastic’ so it is easier to bend and moveRadioactivity is the sourc of heat in the mantle
Layers of Earth
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2 Kinds of CrustContinental – less dense, thickerOceanic – more dense, thinner
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2 Kinds of MantleUpper – solid, floats on…Lower – plastic (somewhat fluid)–Why?•Earth’s crust and upper mantle “float” on the plastic portion of the mantle. (asthenosphere)
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Convection Currents
Movement of hot liquid or gas –Heated – rises–Cools – dropsEarth’s Crust Cracks…–Convection currents in mantle cause
cracking in crust–Thermal Convection cause seafloor
to spread and continents to drift
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Divergent
Boundary
Convergent Boundary
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Divergent – Ocean to Ocean
New crust formed and pushed up - Mid Oceanic Ridges–Ex. Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Ocean Ridges
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Divergent-Continent to Continent Continent spreads, ocean basin may
formPaleontologist noticed that fossils were on different continentsArthur Holmes – First proposed that thermal convection in the mantle causes continental driftEx. Red Sea
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Convergent –Ocean to Ocean
Older slips below newerSubducted plate melts–Volcanic islands formedEx. Aleutian islands, Japan
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Convergent –Ocean to Continent
Ocean plate goes below continent– SubductionSubducted plate partially meltsTrenches – the deepest parts of the ocean.Volcanic mountains– Ex. Western South America
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Aleutian Islands
Islands of Japan
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Convergent – Continent to
ContinentSame densities, no subductionCompression, folding, upliftingEx. Himalayas, Alps
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Transform faulting:Plates move past each other
Another type of plate movement…
San Andreas FaultSan Andreas Fault
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How do you think scientists identified the plate boundaries?What is the “Ring of
Fire?”
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Crustal Plates
“Connect the dots” – volcanoes and earthquakes8 major plates
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Pangea Theory1912 – Alfred WegenerIdea that continents were once part of one large land mass – theory of continental driftHow did he know?–Continents’ shapes fit together like a
puzzle–Rocks and fossils found on different
continents matched
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Early 1960sScientific evidence proves continental drift, plate tectonics, and Pangea theory
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Ocean Features Picture 2