Technology Review, Oct 2009

Assignments: Wind Assignment Due Thurs. Nov 5

Study Quizzes for Chap 15 and Chap 19 “Due” Tues. Nov. 10.

Chapter 19:

Air Pollution and Noise

Living and Working in a Healthy Environment

Sources of the 5 major pollutants in the U.S

Note: Historically, the 6th Major Pollutant was lead.

Source and Composition of Particulates

sulfates, ash

sea salt

meteoritic material

Soot, NOx, VOCs

Soot, organic

soot

methane, ammonia

soot

Soot, sulfates, VOCs

Minerals, clays

Let’s consider those compounds that the Federal Government regulates National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

Secondary(1300

µg/m3)0.50 ppm3-hour Average

Primary(365 µg/m3)0.14 ppm24-hour Average

Primary(80 µg/m3)0.03 ppmAnnual Arithmetic Mean

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Primary & Secondary65 µg/m324-hour Average **

Primary & Secondary15 µg/m3Annual Arithmetic Mean **

Particulate (PM 2.5) Particles with diameters of 2.5 micrometers or less

Primary & Secondary150 µg/m324-hour Average

Primary & Secondary50 µg/m3Annual Arithmetic Mean

Particulate (PM 10) Particles with diameters of 10 micrometers or less

Primary & Secondary1.5 µg/m3Quarterly Average

Lead (Pb)

Primary & Secondary(157 µg/m3)0.08 ppm8-hour Average **

Primary & Secondary(235 µg/m3)0.12 ppm1-hour Average

Ozone (O3)

Primary & Secondary(100 µg/m3)0.053 ppmAnnual Arithmetic Mean

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Primary(40 mg/m3)35 ppm1-hour Average

Primary(10 mg/m3)9 ppm8-hour Average

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

STANDARDTYPE

STANDARDVALUE *

POLLUTANT

Secondary(1300

µg/m3)0.50 ppm3-hour Average

Primary(365 µg/m3)0.14 ppm24-hour Average

Primary(80 µg/m3)0.03 ppmAnnual Arithmetic Mean

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Primary & Secondary65 µg/m324-hour Average **

Primary & Secondary15 µg/m3Annual Arithmetic Mean **

Particulate (PM 2.5) Particles with diameters of 2.5 micrometers or less

Primary & Secondary150 µg/m324-hour Average

Primary & Secondary50 µg/m3Annual Arithmetic Mean

Particulate (PM 10) Particles with diameters of 10 micrometers or less

Primary & Secondary1.5 µg/m3Quarterly Average

Lead (Pb)

Primary & Secondary(157 µg/m3)0.08 ppm8-hour Average **

Primary & Secondary(235 µg/m3)0.12 ppm1-hour Average

Ozone (O3)

Primary & Secondary(100 µg/m3)0.053 ppmAnnual Arithmetic Mean

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Primary(40 mg/m3)35 ppm1-hour Average

Primary(10 mg/m3)9 ppm8-hour Average

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

STANDARDTYPE

STANDARDVALUE *

POLLUTANT

Texas Air Quality

Lecture 32Texas Air Quality

http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.national

U.S. Federal Regulation of Air Pollution

Air pollution Control Act of 1955Clean Air Act of 1963Amendment to CAA - Motor Vehicle Air

pollution Control Act of 19651970 Clean Air Amendments and formation of

the EPA. 1975 catalytic converter developed.

U.S. pollution trends since 1977

Signs that regulation works!

Types of SMOG

1.Industrial London Smog – combination of smoke and fog

- At the end of the 1800’s, 40% less sunlight in London than surrounding towns

- Health effects- Vitamin D deficiency, Rickets, Tubercolosis

2. Photochemical Smog

Consists mainly of secondary pollutants: Ozone (O3), NO2, VOCs

Forms when sunlight induces chemical changes in gases and aerosols

Causes poor visibility, burning eyes, sore lungs, worsen conditions of the heart and lungs, possible mortality.

Photochemical and Industrial Smog

“LA Smog”:Brown-air smog in Los Angeles

“London Smog or Industrial Smog”Gray-air in New York City

© Dean D. Fetterolf/ShutterStock, Inc. © Chad Littlejohn/ShutterStock, Inc.

Photochemical Smog Ozone (O3) in the Troposphere

Most problematic air pollutant in many areas of the U.S.

Ozone is not directly emitted into the atmosphere, but instead forms through a complex series of reactions.

It is largely because of this complexity that ozone is so difficult to control.

Ozone chemistry(gas-phase only)

NO2 NO

O3

HO2

RO2OH

N2O5

NO3

HNO3

VOC

HONO

h

H2Oh H2O2

NOx and VOC sources in the Greater Houston Area

19.2 The Effects of Climate and Topography on Air Pollution

Air pollution levels in a region are affected by a number of factors, among them:

Temperature Sunlight Wind Other climate factors

They are also affected by the topography.

FIGURE 05a: Temperature profiles: normal pattern

FIGURE 05b: Temperature profiles: temperature inversion

The Health Effects of Air Pollution

FIGURE 6: Urban air pollution and incidence of emphysema in Winnipeg and St. Louis

Effects on Plants and Nonhuman Animals

FIGURE 7:Trees killed by acid deposition in

Pisgah Nation Forest, North Carolina

© Jerry Whaley/age fotostock

19.5 Noise: The Forgotten Pollutant

Sound is characterized by loudness (measured in decibels) and pitch (how high or low it is).

Indoor Air Pollution

FIGURE 14: Radon protection