technology in the street
DESCRIPTION
The companion PowerPoint presentation for Chapter Eighteen (Technology in the Street) for the book Police Technology.TRANSCRIPT
Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Police TechnologyPolice TechnologyChapter EighteenChapter EighteenTechnology in the StreetTechnology in the Street
Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives Constitutional and case law that has Constitutional and case law that has
motivated the development of less-lethal motivated the development of less-lethal use-of-force devicesuse-of-force devices
Use of radar and laser technology in Use of radar and laser technology in traffictraffic
Technologies used in vehicle pursuitsTechnologies used in vehicle pursuits Gunfire-reduction technology Gunfire-reduction technology Automated external defibrillatorsAutomated external defibrillators Body ArmorBody Armor
Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
IntroductionIntroduction Nightstick and revolver were the first Nightstick and revolver were the first
technologies police officers used to technologies police officers used to protect themselvesprotect themselves
Today, officers carry semiautomatic Today, officers carry semiautomatic handgunshandguns
Shotgun is second-most common Shotgun is second-most common firearm carried by police officersfirearm carried by police officers
Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Less-Lethal Use-of-Force DevicesLess-Lethal Use-of-Force Devices
The offender’s The offender’s actions dictate the actions dictate the Police officer’sPolice officer’sresponse. response.
Level 1 – Level 1 – CooperationCooperation
Level 2 – Passive Level 2 – Passive ResistanceResistance
Level 3 – Active Level 3 – Active Resistance Resistance
Level 4 – Threat of Level 4 – Threat of bodily harmbodily harm
Level 5 – Use-of-Level 5 – Use-of-forceforce
Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Less-Lethal Use-of-Force DevicesLess-Lethal Use-of-Force Devices
The levels of use of force is not a stair-step approach…in other words an officer may not try one beforethe other….the officer chooses the correct response to the offender’s actions….more link a tool kit.
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44thth Amendment & Use-of-force Amendment & Use-of-force
Is the foundation for the use of force by Is the foundation for the use of force by police officers (Search and Seizure)police officers (Search and Seizure)
Any timeAny time police officers stop someone, police officers stop someone, they are seizing that person. they are seizing that person.
Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Tennessee v. GarnerTennessee v. Garner The use of deadly force against an The use of deadly force against an
offender who offender who does notdoes not appear to appear to pose a threat to police officers or pose a threat to police officers or others in others in unconstitutional.unconstitutional.
This ruling established the This ruling established the ““defense-defense-of-life” standardof-life” standard
Introduced the concept that all force Introduced the concept that all force must be must be reasonablyreasonably applied. applied.
Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Less-lethal use-of-force devices – Less-lethal use-of-force devices – tools that can overcome offenders’ tools that can overcome offenders’ resistance with a resistance with a minimum amount minimum amount of forceof force and and minimal injuryminimal injury to the to the offender and officers. offender and officers.
AnyAny form of force can be form of force can be deadly.deadly.
Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Less-lethal featuresLess-lethal features Must improve on present practiceMust improve on present practice Must be accessible to the officer yet Must be accessible to the officer yet
not overburden the officer. not overburden the officer. Must be relatively inexpensiveMust be relatively inexpensive Must be ruggedizedMust be ruggedized Cannot require intensive or Cannot require intensive or
frequent trainingfrequent training Must work under adverse conditionsMust work under adverse conditions
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The Police BatonThe Police Baton
The most widely used and accepted The most widely used and accepted impact/leverage impact/leverage
tool used by police officers.tool used by police officers.
Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Chemical AgentsChemical AgentsChloroacetophenone (Chloroacetophenone (CNCN) and ) and OrthochlorobenzalmalononitriOrthochlorobenzalmalononitri
le (le (CSCS))
Both work on the central Both work on the central nervous system of the nervous system of the offender. offender.
Induce pain by activating Induce pain by activating receptor cells via neural receptor cells via neural transmitters within the transmitters within the brain. brain.
Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Any change in an offender’s system can Any change in an offender’s system can diminish or negate the effectiveness of the diminish or negate the effectiveness of the chemical agents (e.g., drugs, endorphins)chemical agents (e.g., drugs, endorphins)
CNCN Burning pain in Burning pain in
the eyes, nose, the eyes, nose, and throat. and throat.
CS CS Pain in the nose, Pain in the nose,
throat, and chestthroat, and chest Can cause nausea Can cause nausea
and vomiting. and vomiting.
Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Oleoresin Capsicum (OC)Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) A natural substance A natural substance
found in cayenne pepper. found in cayenne pepper.
Is an inflammatory agent, Is an inflammatory agent, not an irritant. Causes not an irritant. Causes swelling of the eyes and swelling of the eyes and breathing passages and breathing passages and burning sensation. burning sensation.
Can cause shortness of Can cause shortness of breath, involuntary breath, involuntary closing of eyes and closing of eyes and coughing.coughing.
Photograph provided by ZARC International
Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Oleoresin Capsicum (OC)Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) Unlike Unlike
conventional conventional “tear gas” OC “tear gas” OC works on dogsworks on dogs
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Beanbag ShotgunBeanbag Shotgun By changing the By changing the
ammunition, the ammunition, the traditional shotgun traditional shotgun is changed to a is changed to a less-lethal use-of-less-lethal use-of-force device. force device.
Projectile is a Projectile is a beanbag-like round. beanbag-like round.
Photograph provided by Defense Technology Federal laboratories
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Foam baton roundFoam baton round Cousin to the beanbag shotgun.Cousin to the beanbag shotgun. Is a tactical crowd control less-lethal Is a tactical crowd control less-lethal
device (to move large groups of people)device (to move large groups of people) Fired from a 37 mm launcher. Fired from a 37 mm launcher. Round ricochets into crowd. Round ricochets into crowd. Large psychological effect (noise, Large psychological effect (noise,
smoke, flash). smoke, flash).
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Electrical Control DevicesElectrical Control Devices
The most common is the Taser. The most common is the Taser. Handheld, used like a pistol. Handheld, used like a pistol. Compressed nitrogen is used to Compressed nitrogen is used to
propel two projectiles or probes. propel two projectiles or probes. The electrical charge interferes with The electrical charge interferes with
the electrical communication the electrical communication between the brain and the muscles. between the brain and the muscles.
Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Radar Speed DetectionRadar Speed Detection
The traditional method of speed detectionThe traditional method of speed detectionis the is the radarradar. . A radar is a transceiver designed to pick A radar is a transceiver designed to pick
up its own RF signals. up its own RF signals. Police radar uses a constant RF wavePolice radar uses a constant RF wave Good up to about 1,000 feetGood up to about 1,000 feet
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Laser speed detectionLaser speed detection The laser unit reflects light off the The laser unit reflects light off the
violator’s vehicleviolator’s vehicle Using the TDOA formula, Using the TDOA formula,
calculates the speed of the calculates the speed of the vehicle. vehicle.
More expensive, but more specificMore expensive, but more specific Dedication range of up to 2000 Dedication range of up to 2000
feetfeet
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Vehicle PursuitsVehicle Pursuits
The first tool is a The first tool is a pursuit policypursuit policy that guides the that guides the actions of police actions of police officers during officers during stressful events. stressful events.
Basic technology Basic technology hashas
not changed - not changed - policepolice
vehicle vehicle emergency emergency
lights and sirens lights and sirens
Photograph provided by Woodcrest Vehicle Center
Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
How to stop an offenderHow to stop an offender
Two common Two common mechanical means: mechanical means:
Tire deflation Tire deflation spikes – difficult to spikes – difficult to deploydeploy
Precision Precision immobilization immobilization technique technique (PIT maneuver)(PIT maneuver)
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Gunfire-Reduction TechnologyGunfire-Reduction Technology
It is nearly as dangerous It is nearly as dangerous to fire a gun into the air to fire a gun into the air as it is to fire a gun at as it is to fire a gun at someone. When the someone. When the bullet returns to Earth, it bullet returns to Earth, it has nearly the same has nearly the same energy that it did on the energy that it did on the way up. way up.
Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Gunfire-Reduction TechnologyGunfire-Reduction Technology
Some new technologies Some new technologies available to detect and available to detect and locate gunfire use GIS locate gunfire use GIS principles to provide principles to provide local police officers with local police officers with information as to the information as to the location of the gunfire. location of the gunfire.
Screen capture provided by ShotSpotter, Inc.
Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Acoustic devices are placed on Acoustic devices are placed on telephone poles, rooftops, and telephone poles, rooftops, and streetlamps within a one-square mile streetlamps within a one-square mile area. area.
These devices detect gunfire and These devices detect gunfire and feed information about sound and feed information about sound and direction to a computer. direction to a computer.
The computer uses TDOA to The computer uses TDOA to determine the location of the gunfire. determine the location of the gunfire.
Gunfire-Reduction TechnologyGunfire-Reduction Technology
Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Gunshot ResidueGunshot Residue
The use of chemicals to detect the The use of chemicals to detect the presence of gunpowder residue.presence of gunpowder residue.
Technologies are improving so that Technologies are improving so that the techniques can be applying in the techniques can be applying in the field.the field.
Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Body ArmorBody Armor
Soft body armor Soft body armor started started
out as tire treadsout as tire treads(Kevlar). Two basic(Kevlar). Two basictypes of body armor: types of body armor: SoftSoft HardHard
Soft – a series of Soft – a series of tightly woven nylon tightly woven nylon threads that act to threads that act to dispersedisperse the the energy of a bullet. energy of a bullet.
Hard – Metal or Hard – Metal or ceramic plates. It ceramic plates. It deflects deflects gunfire. gunfire.
Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Automated External DefibrillatorAutomated External Defibrillator
Your heartbeat is controlled by Your heartbeat is controlled by electrical impulses. Sometimes, electrical impulses. Sometimes, these electrical impulses beat out of these electrical impulses beat out of synchronization. The heart contracts synchronization. The heart contracts irregularly, does not pump blood irregularly, does not pump blood throughout your body, and can cause throughout your body, and can cause you to die. you to die.
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If your heart is If your heart is defibrillated defibrillated (shocked), survival (shocked), survival rates can be high. rates can be high. An An automated automated external defibrillator external defibrillator (AED)(AED) is a device is a device designed to allow designed to allow first responders to first responders to diagnose and diagnose and administer administer defibrillation. defibrillation.
Photograph provided by Cardiac Science, Inc.
Copyright Protected 2005:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Police TechnologyPolice Technology
Go to the Go to the Student ResourcesStudent Resources page at page at
www.hitechcj.comwww.hitechcj.com