technology development programme towards a european...

Annex 2 - Proposal Par t B

Technology development programme towards a European

Extremely Large Telescope

DESIGN STUDIES

implemented as

SPECIFIC SUPPORT ACTIONS

Issue 1.00 March 2, 2004

Call Identifier: FP6-2003-Infrastructures-4 ELT DESIGN STUDY

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Proposal full title Technology development programme towards a European Extremely Large Telescope (ELT).

Proposal acronym ELT DESIGN STUDY

L ist of contents

Page Number

Table 1 – List of participants of the Design Study…………………………………………………… Table 2 – List of tasks of the Design Study…………………………………………………………… Table 3 – Summary table of the expected budget and of the requested Community contribution ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

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1. EUROPEAN ADDED VALUE OF THE NEW INFRASTRUCTURE………………………………………… 38

2. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXCELLENCE …………………………………………………… 44

3. RELEVANCE TO THE OBJECTIVES OF THE SCHEME…………….……………………………………. 64

4. QUALITY OF MANAGEMENT……………………………………………………………………………. 72

5. OTHER ISSUES………………………………………………………….……………………………….. 114

Abbreviations / acronyms

AAT Anglo-Australian Telescope QSO Quasi-Stellar Object AO Adaptive Optics RTC Real-Time Computer AGN Active Galactic Nucleus SALT South African Large Telescope BH Black Hole SCAO Single-Conjugate Adaptive Optics CFHT Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope SCUBA-3 Sub-mm imager CTE Coefficient of Thermal Expansion SME Small- or Medium-size Enterprise DM Deformable Mirror SN(e) SuperNova(e) ELT Extremely Large Telescope TBD To Be Determined GLAO Ground-Layer Adaptive Optics TCS Telescope Control System GRB Gamma-Ray Burst VLT Very Large Telescope GTC Gran Telescopio Canarias VLTI Very Large Telescope Interferometer HET Hobby-Eberly Telescope WFSPEC Wide Field SPECtrometer HISPEC HIgh SPECtral resolution instrument WBS Work Breakdown Structure HITRI HIgh Time Resolution Instrument WHT William Herschel Telescope HST Hubble Space Telescope WP Work Package JWST James Webb Space Telescope XAO Extreme Adaptive Optics LBT Large Binocular Telescope LGS Laser Guide Star MAD Multi-conjugate Adaptive optics

Demonstrator Symbols

MCAO Multi-conjugate Adaptive Optics D Telescope Diameter MOMSI Multi-Object & Multi-field Spectrometer

and Imager z Redshift

N/A Not Applicable NAOS Nasmyth Adaptive Optics System NGS Natural Guide Star ORM Observatorio Roque de los Muchachos

(la Palma, Canary Islands)


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Table 1 - List of participants of the Design Study

Par ticipant number

(co-ordinator as N°1)

Organisation

(name, city, country)

Shor t name

Shor t descr iption (i.e. fields of excellence) and specific roles in the consor tium

1. European Southern Observatory

International Organization; Garching bei München, Germany

ESO Lead organisation for the ELT Design Study. Main European astronomical infrastructures provider, with 40 years experience in design, integration and operation of modern facilities. ESO has currently 10 Member States (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom), with Finland joining mid-2004. It has built and runs 2 optical/infrared observatories in Chile, where it is also constructing a third one on the Chilean Altiplano (ALMA project, in cooperation with the US).

2. Anglo-Australian Telescope Board, trading as Anglo-Australian Observatory

Epping NSW 1710, Australia.

AAO The AAO is a bi-national agency jointly funded by the UK and Australian governments. It operates and maintains the AAT and UKST and builds instrumentation for these and other telescopes. Its fields of excellence in instrumentation include fibre positioners, spectrograph design and near IR instrumentation. Its specific roles in the consortium are design studies for HISPEC and GRB catcher.

3. Advanced Mechannical and Optical Systems (AMOS)

Liège, Belgium

AMO AMOS was founded in 1983, employs 65 people specialized in design and manufacturing of high accuracy mechanical and optical systems, mainly realized for space industry and astronomical observatories. Within the framework of the ELT Design Study, AMOS will be in charge of the design, construction and testing of a representative friction drive breadboard.

4. ASTRON

Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.

AST ASTRON (formerly NFRA) is a scientific governmental organization with the goal to promote the orderly and successful development of astronomy in the Netherlands. Its programme to implement this strategy has two principal elements:

• the operation of front line observing facilities, incl. especially the Westerbork Radio Observatory. • a strong technology development program, encompassing both innovative instrumentation for existing

telescopes and the new technologies needed for future facilities.

The technology component encompasses both radio and optical (infrared) instrumentation. The optical instrumentation group has expertise in designing and building optical instrumentation and has built the spectrograph of VISIR (mid-IR spectrograph for VLT), the complete cold bench of MIDI (mid-IR interferometer for VLTI), the SPIFFI 2k-camera for Sinfoni (VLT). Presently, the group is involved in the designing and building of the mid-IR spectrograph of MIRI for the James Webb Space Telescope, the near IR spectrograph for X-Shooter (VLT).


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5. The Australian National University, Mt Stromlo Observatory

Weston, Australia.

ANU R&D of optical fabrication and measurement techniques for deformable mirrors (09300) and Simulation codes development & AO test case analysis (09500).

Expertise in design, and construction of advanced optical systems of exacting tolerances, numerical simulation, modeling and optimization, and thermal analysis. Expertise in systems engineering and control theory. Design and manufacture of Gemini South Adaptive Optics Imager (GSAOI) and Gemini Near-infrared Integral Field Spectrograph (NIFS) for imaging spectroscopy with adaptive optics. Direct access to kiln glass-slumping expertise and Supercomputer Facility within Australian National University.

6. CIMNE - Centre Internacional de Mètodes Numèrics en Enginyeria

Barcelona, Spain.

CIM Research centre in the development and application of numerical methods to a wide range of engineering problems, incl. non linear analysis, safety analysis, shape optimisation in structural and fluid dynamic problems, CFD studies, simulation of material deformation and forming processes for the manufacturing industry. CIMNE takes an active part in R&D, in co-operation with universities, research organisations and industry world-wide. In the last 15 years, CIMNE has taken part in more than 470 R+D projects with the financial support of the European Community, the Spanish Ministry of Industry, CIDEM, CIRIT and CICYT, among others, as well as some 200 Spanish and international enterprises.

CIMNE will study the internal and external air flow in the enclosure of the ELT to determine wind loads on external structures and air flow pattern in the vicinity of the building. Internal air flow analysis will provide information on ventilation (air renovation), the load on the optics, the temperature distribution in the building and the heat transfer between the interior and the exterior of the enclosure. Finally, it will also help to determine the influence of the enclosure shape and, above all, size, on the results.

7. Cranfield

Cranfield, United Kingdom.

CRA The Precision Engineering Group at Cranfield has specific expertise in the development of ultra precision machine tools and processes. Specific developments focus on the fabrication and measurement of large and complex shape optics for ground and space based instruments. The Group works in close collaboration with a number of spin-out companies and itself runs precision and ultra precision fabrication laboratories.

8. Durham University

Durham, United Kingdom

DUR The Astronomical Instrumentation Group in Durham has specific expertise in the design, construction, and commissioning of astronomical adaptive optics systems and spectrographs. It is one of the largest groups of its kind in the UK consisting of 30 academics, research scientists, engineers, technicians, and graduate students. It will contribute to task 09400, Novel Adaptive Optics Concepts, and to task 11200 on Instrumentation.


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9. Dutch Space

Leiden, The Netherlands.

DSP Dutch Space is the largest space company in The Netherlands (320 employees), very well embedded in the Dutch knowledge infrastructure, including astronomy institutes. Dutch Space previously supplied the Delay Line systems for the Very Large Telescope in Chili. Dutch Space has key capabilities in control and mechanical systems for space and earth application. In the Design Study, Dutch Space will investigate and breadboard an alternative actuator design, suspected to provide significant advantages in cost and performance. Specific experience coming from comparable space actuator studies will be brought into the Design Study.

10. ECM

Moosinning, Germany.

ECM ECM-Ingenieur-Unternehmen für Energie und Umwelttechnik - is a subsidiary of “Kraftanlagen Anlagentechnik München” , a company with more than 1300 employees specialized on techniques for communication, power supply and plants. ECM is specialist in consulting and planning.

ECM has developed the Cesic® - carbon fibre reinforced silicon carbide – technology for optomechanical applications. ECM has the capability to manufacture mirrors and structures up to 2.4 m, which is only limited by the currently existing furnace for the infiltration process. ECM has the whole manufacturing process in-house except for the grinding and polishing of the optical surfaces.

ECM will manufacture 4 Cesic® segment blanks, two with the ECM-developed slurry coating technology; the other two are bare Cesic® segment blanks.

11. Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL – LAI)

Lausanne, Switzerland.

LAI University group with outstanding experience in electric drives. Research focused on the motor, including drivers, sensors and energy transmission. Special development undertaken in advanced transportation system such as levitation system and linear motors. The group will lead the research on Maglev system new solutions for the telescope kinematics.

12. Fogale

Nimes, France.

FOG SME with strong expertise in metrology, including but not limited to metrology for the integration and operation of modern astronomical telescopes. Major supplier for the 11-m South African Large Telescope project, currently under construction.

13. Galway University

Galway, Ireland.

GAL University groups in Physics and I.T. Departments with particular expertise in astronomical instrument design and construction (e.g. high time resolution instrumentation), adaptive optics and atmospheric modelling, and applications of high performance computing to engineering modelling and simulations.

14. Grantecan

La Laguna, Spain.

GRA Spanish public company, in charge of the design, development, installation and commissioning of the 10 meter telescope GTC, under construction at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory (ORM) in the Canary Islands. Strong experience in segmented telescopes and infrastructures design and construction.


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15. Instituto de Astrofisíca de Canarias

La Laguna, Spain.

IAC Major Spanish public research and technology organisation (RTO) in the field of astrophysics; in charge of the European Northern Observatory (ENO) at the Canary Islands, hosting a significant battery of telescopes that are owned and operated by more than 60 research institutions from 19 countries. Large experience in Site Characterisation and instrumentation design and manufacturing.

16. Instituto Nazionale di Astrofisica

Florence, Italy.

INA National government organization for research in astronomy, astrophysics and related technologies. It embraces the former 12 astronomical Italian Observatories. INAF operates a 3.5m telescope in Canary Island and shares the Large Binocular Telescope in Arizona. Within INAF, the Observatory of Arcetri is leading technological research on Adaptive Optics.

17. INSU-CRAL

Saint Genis Laval, France.

ICR CRAL has a well known track record in instrumentation of major observatories, particularly in the field of 3D spectroscopy. It has developed instruments for CFHT, WHT, is leading a proposal for a second generation instrument (MUSE) at the VLT, and is involved in JWST instrumentation. CRAL also has strong expertise in high resolution imaging techniques, adaptive optics, laser guide stars, MCAO, image deconvolution, etc.

18. INSU-LAM

Marseille, France.

ILA The Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille is part of the Observatoire Astronomique de Marseille-Provence [OAMP]. LAM has a well known track record in telescope optics (design, aspherics, polishing, etc.) and in ground and space instrumentation (VLT, JWST, Galex, COROT, HERSCHEL, etc.).

19. INSU-LAOG

Grenoble, France.

ILG LAOG has a well-known expertise in adaptive optics developments, e.g. at CFHT and ESO 3.6m, VLT (NAOS) as well as expertise in interferometry, e.g. VLTI.

20. ITER - Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables

San Isidro, Spain.

ITE The main objective of ITER is the development of research projects related to Renewable Energies and realization of tests in the Wind Tunnel. The Wind Energy Department staff has a 15-years experience in the development of wind studies as well as in carrying out projects of calculation of wind loads and pressure distribution in the wind tunnel.

21. JUPASA Transformados Metálicos

Yuncos, Spain.

JUP SME specialized in the field of precision mechanics of large items, ranging from space application to renewable energy technology.

22. Leiden Observatory

Leiden, The Netherlands.

LEI University group with substantial experience in astronomical techniques, instrument definition, and instrument design. Specific expertise in instrument control and real-time software. The group works in close collaborations with TNO-TPD and ASTRON. The group also has relevant experience in adaptive optics.


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23. Lund University

Lund, Sweden.

LUN University group with wide experience in design of optical and radio telescopes for astronomy. The group has carried out a design study of a 50 m ELT (the Euro50), and led a collaboration for this purpose. It has expertise within systems design, science case, adaptive optics and integrated modeling for astronomical telescopes.

24. Media C. I.

Las Rozas (Madrid), Spain.

MED SME with expertise in precision mechanics and structures for large telescopes and ground-based instrumentation. Other fields of expertise are aeronautics, aerospace, railroad transportation and automobile. MEDIA provides engineering support for complete product development: design, simulation, production, project management, product assurance and system engineering.

25. Max-Planck Institut für Astronomie

Heidelberg, Germany.

MPIA Max-Planck-Institute with expertise in cryogenic astronomical instrumentation for large ground-based telescopes. Special experience in precision cryo-mechanics and cryo-physics, IR-detector read out electronics and detector test procedures and facilities. In addition, there is detailed expertise in development and application of astronomical AO systems.

26. INSU-Observatoire Paris-Meudon

Meudon (Paris), France.

OPM Observatoire de Paris is the largest astronomical center in France with about 1000 employees, out of which 750 are permanent. It consists of 7 laboratories. It has a well known track record in various ground and space instrumentation projects. Some of the projects relevant to the purpose of this ELT design study are: VLT / Giraffe, VLT / NAOS, JWST / MIRI.

27. Oxford University

Oxford, United Kingdom.

OXF A university department with a strong research group and experience with design and construction of instrumentation for large telescopes, including VLT and Subaru. The department also hosts the UK Gemini support group, providing experience with observatory operations and strategic planning.

28. Politecnico di Milano

Milano, Italy.

PMI University group with recognised experience in areas related to Wind Engineering, in particular aero-elasticity of large structures in relation to ground turbulent wind. This expertise is the basis of the recent construction of a very large Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel. The facility is currently the most advanced one in Europe in terms of Wind Engineering applications. Structures recently tested and numerically modelled include the Messina Suspension Bridge and large flexible roofs (Braga Stadium, Lingotto Building Torino, Nuovo Polo Fieristico Milano). Politecnico di Milano has been invited to tender for the Stonecutters Hong Kong Cable Stayed Bridge and for the new Rio de Janeiro Sport Stadium.


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29. SAGEM (REOSC)

Paris, France.

SAG The REOSC High Performance Optics unit of SAGEM is world leader in large optics manufacturing with key references like the ESO VLT primary (8-m) and secondary mirrors, Coudé Train and delay line mirrors, Gemini primary (8-m) mirrors and instrumentation optics. It also has unique Know How in large optics mass production, with the 42 1.8-m Zerodur segments of the Gran Telescopio Canarias presently under production and several hundreds 80 cm diffraction-limited amplifier slabs supplied to the French Megajoule Laser project.

A technical and financial study of OWL segment production has recently been done for ESO and SAGEM will now focus its contribution to this ELT study on the large Silicon Carbide segments prototypes.

30. SESO

Aix-en-Provence, France.

SES The Société Européenne de Systèmes Optiques (SESO), located in Aix-en-Provence (FRANCE), is involved in optical manufacturing of components according to customer specifications as well a complete design, manufacturing and testing of any kind of optomechanical systems. Moreover, SESO is one of the world leaders in polishing of large mirrors (by traditional means and/or computer controller machine) with flat, spherical, aspherical, on-axis and off-axis shapes, etc. SESO staff is composed by 65 people, about 30% of them engineers and technicians.

31. Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

Haifa, Israel.

TEC The physics department has been doing adaptive optics for nearly thirty years. Among its achievements are the invention of the bimorph mirror, new wave front sensors, multi-conjugate adaptive optics, laser and plasma guide stars, stellar interferometers, and more.

32. TNO-TPD

Delft, The Netherlands.

TNO TNO TPD is part of the Netherlands Organisation of Applied Scientific research TNO, the largest independent research institute in the Netherlands. TNO consists of 16 institutes employing some 5,500 people. The institute TNO TPD is an R&D project organisation which delivers practical applications in the field of technical physics. It consists of 4 main divisions: Instrumentation and Information, Models and Processes, Optical Instrumentation and Sound and Vibration. TNO TPD has a long-standing experience in the design and realisation of precision optical systems for science space projects, earth observation and ground-based astronomy. The specific role of TNO TPD in the ELT study is the application of predictive control methods to multi-conjugate adaptive optics.

33. University College London

London, United Kingdom.

UCL University group with substantial experience in methods of classical polishing, computer numerically controlled polishing of aspheric optics, and attendant metrology. This work is undertaken in close collaboration with the spin-out company Zeeko Ltd. The group also possesses relevant experience in adaptive optics and coronography, modeling of optical systems, and development of spectroscopic instrumentation for large telescopes.


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34. UK Astronomical Technology Centre

Edinburgh, United Kingdom.

UKA Part of the UK Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC), the UK Astronomy Technology Centre (UK ATC) is the national centre for the design and production of world leading astronomical telescopes, instruments and systems. Current major projects include the delivery of systems to the high altitude mountain sites of the Gemini Telescopes Project (8m telescopes in Hawaii and Chile), the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes (La Palma), the UK Infrared Telescope (Hawaii), the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (Hawaii), the Herschel Space Observatory (HSO), Mid InfraRed Imager (MIRI) for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the design and build of VISTA - a 4m wide field telescope in Chile.

35. Universidad Politecnica Catalunia

Barcelona, Spain.

UPC The Electromagnetic and Photonics Engineering Group of the Universidad Politecnica Catalunia is a well known expert in LIDAR Remote Sensing and Boundary Layer Profiling. In charge of key experiments within the Site Characterisation to determine large scale atmospheric properties.

36. Université de Nice

Nice, France.

UNI The atmospheric optics group of the Laboratoire Universitaire Astrophysique de Nice has a unique expertise in atmospheric optics for astronomy, both from theoretical and experimental points of view. Most of the major observatories have been characterized by this group: La Silla, Paranal, Cerro Tololo, Cerro Pachon, Roque de los Muchachos, Mauna Kea, South Pole and now Dome C in Antarctica. It developed a whole set of instruments for site testing. Its experience will be crucial in site characterization for an ELT.

37. University of New South Wales

Sydney, Australia.

UNW University group with experience in instrument development and modelling of adaptive optics performance for both temperate sites and Antarctic locations. UNSW operates a wide-field patrol telescope at Siding Spring Observatory and has developed many novel instrument techniques.

38. Universita di Padova

Padova, italy.

UPD The System and Control theory research group of the University of Padova consists of 12 faculty members and about 20 Ph.D. and post-graduate students. It operates in the Department of Information Engineering of the Faculty of Engineering, which has about 100 faculty members and 150 graduate stundents and research fellows. The areas of expertise of the group comprise analysis, modeling and control of multidimensional systems; modeling, control, estimation and identification of stochastic systems; algorithms for linear and nonlinear filtering, using Kalman filter-based techniques; computational vision with application to control of autonomous vehicles; robotics.

39. Zeeko

East Lockinge, Didcot, United Kingdom.

ZEE An SME that is undertaking advanced process development, and manufacturing of CNC polishing machines, for producing aspheric and other complex surfaces. The company’s products are currently addressing the market for precision optics, but the company is also developing other outlets for its technology, particularly in producing superior prosthetic knee and hip joints, aerospace turbine blades and industrial moulds.


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Table 2 - L ist of Tasks for the Design Study (DS). The numbers in parenthesis (1st column) cor respond to the Work Package / Tasks numbers according to the Work Breakdown Structure.

Task No (WBS No)

Descr iptive Title Leading par ticipant

Short descr iption and specific objectives of the task

DS1. (01000) Management of DS (Project Coordination)

ESO Overall coordination of the project, reporting to the EC. Operation of the Project Office. Project management and top level system engineering incl. management of interfaces. Verification and consolidation of technical and managerial data.

DS2. (02000) Science requirements INAF Consolidation and prioritization of top level requirements applicable to 50- to 100-m visible and near-infrared telescope.

DS3. (04000) Wavefront Control ESO Technical and managerial coordination of tasks DS4 to DS10 (WBS No 04100 to 04800); reporting to Project Management.

DS4. (04100) Description & classification of wavefront errors

ESO Objective: establish formalism for error characterization and budgeting.

Tasks: classification and parameterisation of potential error sources in terms of amplitude, temporal and spatial frequency content; preparatory work for task DS8 (WBS No 04400).

DS5. (04200) Metrology ESO Objectives:

• Feasibility and performance of a metrology system for coarse alignment of the optics of an Extremely Large Telescope;

• Feasibility and performance of low-cost position sensors for the phasing of segments.

Tasks: development, design, supply and testing of cost-effective metrology systems, in particular alignment systems and position sensors for the phasing of segments. Fabrication of 24 position sensors for WEB. Feasibility study for serial production and integration of up to 20,000 position sensors.


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DS6. (04300) Position actuators ESO Objective: feasibility of nm-accuracy, cost-effective segments position actuators.

Tasks:

• development, design, supply and testing of actuators for the positioning of segments; supply of 21 position actuators for the Wind Evaluation Breadboard (DS12); feasibility study for cost-effective serial production and integration of up to 10,000 units.

• Development, design and prototyping of a low-cost alternative technology (“smart rubber” ), with vibration-damping potential, for position actuators.

DS7. (04400) Characterization of image properties

ESO Objectives: quantify crucial system requirements in relation to science objectives.

Tasks: Parameterisation of image properties in relation to scientific requirements, error sources, design and fabrication constraints; determination and specification of most suitable parameters for the characterization of science image contrast.

DS8. (04500) Coronography ESO Objectives: identify and quantify extreme contrast imaging techniques (mainly for Exoplanets imaging and spectroscopy).

Tasks: review, development of high contrast imaging methods. Identification of most promising techniques, performance evaluation (by way of simulations); implications on system / subsystems specifications.

DS9. (04600) APE (Active Phasing Experiment)

ESO Objectives: representative testing of control strategies and techniques.

Tasks: Design, construction, laboratory and on-sky testing of a technical instrument emulating active wavefront control functions of an Extremely Large Telescope, including three distinct on-sky phasing techniques.

DS10. (04800) WEB (Wind Evaluation Bench)

ESO Objectives: quantify ability to cope with high frequency wind disturbances.

Tasks: Design, construction, factory and on-site testing of a bench emulating 7 segments, including electromechanical support systems and support structures. The bench will eventually be exposed to wind flow on a representative observatory site (la Palma, Canary Islands, Spain), in order to ascertain the performance of the segments supports and control systems in relation to wind excitation, with a view to verifying that high spatial and temporal frequency wind disturbances can be controlled to acceptable accuracy.

DS11. (05000) Optical Fabrication ESO Technical and managerial coordination of tasks DS12 to DS15; reporting to Project Management.


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DS12. (05100) Silicon carbide prototypes

ESO Objectives: validate Silicon Carbide as a suitable substrate for segmented apertures, improve figuring techniques in relation to segment edge misfigure (eliminate the need for wasters).

Tasks: fabrication and testing of 1-m class Silicon Carbide segments (8 pcs): segments design and fabrication process optimization; evaluation of polishable overcoatings and alternatives to diamond slurries; control of high spatial frequency misfigure.

DS13. (05200) Optical finishing and edge control

UCL Development of optical finishing processes for fast, cost-efficient removal of high spatial frequency misfigure on classical substrates and Silicon Carbide, with particular emphasis on the control of segment edge misfigure.

DS14. (05300) Optical testing of 1.8-m Al mirrors

ESO Objective: complete the qualification of Aluminum as a substrate for large mirrors.

Tasks: Optical measurement of two 1.8-m aluminium mirrors produced under ESO contract in 1992 and installed in a Lidar experiment at Cape North, with a view to evaluating the long-term stability of the mirrors figure.

DS15. (05400) Coatings ESO Objectives: substantial improvement in system throughput, relaxation of maintenance requirements.

Tasks: evaluation of high efficiency, UV-shifted durable coatings for reflective optics (segments); procurement and evaluation of samples, feasibility study of serial production and maintenance for a total of up to 3,000 segments.

DS16. (06000) Mechanics ESO Technical and managerial coordination of tasks DS17 to DS20; reporting to Project Management.

DS17. (06100) Structural ropes ESO Objective: improve stiffness of telescope structures (qualify alternative to steel ropes).

Tasks:

� Define alternative material to steel ropes. � Define fittings and mechanical interfaces. � Define thermal compensation and tension control devices. � Define maintenance criticality and concept. � Define suppliers and costs.


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DS18. (06200) Composite structural elements

ESO Objectives: reduce structure mass at critical locations; improve structural performance (stiffness, safety).

Tasks:

� Define alternative material to steel cylindrical pipes. � Define fittings and mechanical interfaces. � Define manufacturing and installation methods. � Define maintenance criticality and concept. � Define suppliers and costs.

DS19. (06300) Magnetically levitated systems and linear drives

ESO Objectives: evaluate an alternative to friction drives, with a view to relaxing dimensional tolerances of an ELT kinematics, improving performance, reliability and simplicity of the kinematics control system.

Tasks:

� Define an integrated solution of Magnetic Levitation, guidance and linear drives applied to ELT. requirements.

� Define different kinds of geometry. � Define Specifications for an eventual construction of a prototype. � Define maintenance criticality and concept. � Define suppliers and costs.

DS20. (06400) Characterization of the friction drive and bearing

ESO Objective: characterize the performance of a friction drive solution (telescope kinematics).

Tasks: design, fabrication and testing of a breadboard friction drive; provide cost estimate and potential suppliers for the production of several hundreds units.

DS21. (07000) Control ESO Technical and managerial coordination of tasks DS22 to DS23; reporting to Project Management.

DS22. (07100) APE Control System ESO Objectives: provide control system hardware and software for APE setup (DS9)

Tasks:

• Design, implement and test the control electronics and software for APE. • Support to design of APE (control aspects). • Interface and install the control system on an ESO VLT telescope. • Support operations on the ESO VLT telescope. • Use the APE system to evaluate control strategies and techniques.


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DS23. (07300) WEB Control System ESO Objectives: provide control system hardware and software for segments control of the WEB (DS10)

Tasks:

• Design, implement and test the control electronics and software for the WEB segments control. • Support installation of the control system on the test site. • Support operations. • Use the WEB system to evaluate control strategies and techniques.

DS24. (08000) Enclosure & infrastructure

Grantecan Technical and managerial co-ordination of DS25 to DS27; reporting to Project Management.

DS25. (08100) Enclosure concepts Grantecan Objectives: conceptual design and characterization of enclosure concepts.

Tasks: Specification, statement of work and follow-up of the conceptual design of 3 enclosure concepts. The design will include studies on cost and feasibility; analysis of structures, materials and mechanisms, in relation to size.

DS26. (08200) Construction, maintenance and

operation infrastructures

Grantecan Objectives: characterize infrastructure requirements and potential solutions.

Tasks: Specification, statement of work and performance of a study of infrastructure requirements for construction, operation and maintenance of an ELT in two different possible sites (North Paranal, Chile, and ORM, Canary Islands). Topographical and Geotechnical studies will be carried out in order to analyse the differences of these two sites in terms of construction costs.

DS27. (08300) Wind studies ESO Objectives: characterize and quantify wind buffeting on structures and optics.

Tasks: Specification, statement of work and follow-up of wind studies. Computational fluid dynamics and wind tunnel test will be carried out. The influence of the enclosure type on the telescope performance will be studied from the mechanical point of view (wind buffeting on the primary mirror) and from the thermal point of view (air renovation in the telescope chamber).

DS28. (09000) Adaptive optics INAF Technical and managerial co-ordination of DS29 to DS34; reporting to Project Management.

DS29. (09100) 100m-Layer WFS experiment

INAF Objectives: characterize atmospheric turbulence over distances larger than its outer scale.

Tasks: setup of a set of wavefront sensors able to measure turbulence layers of the atmosphere on a spatial scale of the order of 100m, both for technological demonstration and for retrieval of specific information such as outer scale, shape of the turbulence power spectrum, etc.


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DS30. (09200) 1st generation AO & MCAO design for ELTs

ESO Objectives: Develop a roadmap for the implementation of Adaptive Optics on a European ELT, incl. 4 conceptual designs: Single Conjugate (SCAO), Ground Layer (GLAO), Multi Conjugate (MCAO) and Extreme Adaptive Optics (XAO) in the Near Infrared.

Tasks: Analysis of the Scientific top level requirements, and input interfaces, development of 4 strawman designs, review of the system trade-off, development of the four AO conceptual designs (SCAO, GLAO, MCAO, XAO), organise 4 conceptual design reviews.

DS31. (09300) Large format, high density DMs R&D

ESO Objectives: development of large (2-4m) adaptive mirror solutions.

Tasks: Specification and analysis of three possible large deformable mirrors with 100-50mm (DM-TEC 0), 25 (DM-TEC 1) and 10 mm (DM-TEC 2) actuator inter-spacing. Trade-off studies for the selection of the best type of actuators for DM-TEC 0 and DM TEC 2. Design and development of prototypes for DM-TEC 0 and DM-TEC 2. Conceptual design for a 2-m deformable mirror based on DM-TEC 1. Manufacturing of a 650 mm flat thin shell using double face large dimension polishing machine. Manufacturing of thin glass membrane mirrors involving slumping float glass to produce curved thin shells.

DS32. (09400) Novel AO concepts INAF Objectives: develop AO concepts for high sky coverage down to visible wavelengths.

Tasks: studies, at conceptual level, of novel concepts in Adaptive Optics, with particular focus on 1) wavefront sensing assisted by artificial Laser Guide Stars and 2) resolution of cone anisoplanatism in telescopes with apertures in the 50 to 100m range.

DS33. (09500) AO & MCAO simulations

ESO Objectives: Develop analytic and numerical simulation tools to support the design activities defined in WP 09300. Provide performance estimates of the SCAO, GLAO, MCAO and XAO for given input parameters provided by WP 09300

Tasks: Analysis of the Scientific Top Level Requirments and input parameters. Develop the analytical and numerical simulation tools for the SCAO, GLAO, MCAO and XAO systems for an ELT diameter of 60-100 m. Provides rough performance estimates for the strawman design review. Provide accurate performance estimates for each AO system at their respective conceptual design review.

DS34. (09600) Algorithms for reconstruction & control

INSU Objectives: optimise Adaptive Optics reconstruction algorithms and control; relax computing power requirements; provide Real Time Computer (RTC) conceptual designs for WP 09300

Tasks: Define and analyse the AO system parameters (SCAO, GLAO, MCAO, XAO), define Hardware Platform to run RTC tests and benchmarks, estimate the RTC computing time, dimensioning using classical (full matrix) methods and identification of critical issues, development and analysis of new methods. Hardware platform acquisition, benchmarking of critical algorithms on test platform, model of RTC, draft architecture and cost estimate. Definition of benchmarks on reduced cases with test platform, RTC Conceptual design.


15

DS35. (10000) Observatory & science operations

ESO Analysis of technical and scientific operational scenarii for an ELT.

DS36. (11000) Instrumentation UKATC Technical and managerial coordination of tasks DS37 to DS39 and interfaces with DS29-34 and DS2, inter alia; reporting to Project management

DS37. (11100) Point designs UKATC Objectives: produce advanced point designs of up to three instruments.

Tasks: utilising results from DS38 pursue 3 conceptual designs in sufficient detail to establish their full scientific potential and their implications and requirements for the Telescope design. Candidate designs are:

• WFSPEC (Wide-Field seeing-limited or Boundary-layer-corrected Optical/NIR Spectrometer) Agency: INSU-CRAL

• MOMSI (Multi-Object and Multi-field Spectrometer and Imager for operation with MCAO in the NIR/optical) Agency: UKATC/ Durham

• MIDIR (Mid-IR spectrometer and imager). Agency: Leiden/ ASTRON/ MPIA)

DS38. (11200) Other design prospection UKATC Objectives: produce instruments conceptual designs.

Tasks: pursue Phase A studies of 8 instrument concepts to confirm choice of 3 for DS37 maximising understanding of telescope design impacts and scientific relevance, and provide broader perspective on ELT instrumentation requirements. Concepts include: WFSPEC, MOMSI and MIDIR, plus PlanetFinder (XAO-coronagraphic instrument seeking terrestrial-sized planets: UKATC), HiTRI (High time-resolution Instrument: Univ. Galway), HISPEC (very high spectral-reolution optical/NIR spectrometer: AAO), GRB-catcher (Imager-spectrometer for rapid response to transient phenomena: AAO) and SCUBA-3 (large-format submm imager: ATC). A survey for innovative new concepts will also be carried out (Durham/ Oxford).

DS39. (11300) Atmospheric Dispersion Compensation

UKATC Initial study of Atmospheric Dispersion and its compensation will be carried out to inform the other Phase A studies (UKATC/ Galway).

DS40. (12000) Site Characterization Université de Nice Objectives: define the 5 top astronomical sites suitable to install an ELT under best conditions, and characterize them. Review, discuss and synthesize the site observations.

DS41. (12100) Review of site parameters space

Université de Nice Objectives: define standard site parameters for an ELT.

Tasks: teview the relevant parameters to fulfil the goals of an ELT, including but not limited to Adaptive Optics and Multi-conjugate AO.


16

DS42. (12200) Instrumentation, measurements and

modelling

Université de Nice Objectives: design, build and operate standard site measurement equipment.

Tasks: construct and set up an instrumentation adapted to fulfil DS41 requirements. Homogeneous, standardized measurements of these parameters at all the sites.

DS43. (12300) Large scale atmospheric properties

Université de Nice Investigate wave front properties over large baselines (100-200m) corresponding to the size of the ELT.

DS44. (13000) System layout, analysis & integrated modelling

Lund University Technical and managerial coordination of tasks DS44-47 and of interfaces to other work packages, reporting to Project Management.

DS45. (13100) Integrated modelling – development of tools

Lund University Objective: Establish integrated simulation tools to predict system performance under influence of disturbances from atmospheric turbulence, wind, gravity and temperature..

Tasks: For a cluster computer, formulate algorithms, set up framework, code, and validate building blocks for integrated simulation of an Extremely Large Telescope including subsystems such as structure, control systems, telescope optics, adaptive optics, wavefront sensors, and deformable mirrors. Establish and validate models of atmospheric seeing and wind disturbances. Crosscheck models using control theory wherever possible. Establish ordinary differential equation solvers for large, stiff systems on cluster computers.

DS46. (13200) APE Integrated modelling

Lund University Set up an integrated simulation model of the Active Phasing Experiment (APE) and evaluate and validate with results from the experiment.

DS47. (13300) WEB Integrated modelling

Lund University Set up an integrated simulation model of the Wind Evaluation Bench (WEB) and evaluate and validate with results from the bench.


17

Table 3 - Summary table of expected budget and of the requested Community contr ibution

Participant number

1 2 3 4 5 6

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

DS1. (01000) 999,840 943,440 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS2. (02000))

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS3. (04000) 63,060 31,530 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS4. (04100) 51,090 25,545 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS5. (04200) 311,175 155,588 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS6. (04300) 1,918,120 959,060 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS7. (04400) 91,650 45,825 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS8. (04500) 144,780 72,390 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS9. (04600) 1,421,460 710,730 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS10. (04800) 124,560 62,280 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS11. (05000) 51,780 25,890 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS12. (05100) 895,497 447,749 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS13. (05200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS14. (05300) 74,340 37,170 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS15. (05400) 166,215 83,108 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS16. (06000) 115,680 57,840 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS17. (06100) 12,624 6,312 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS18. (06200) 11,496 5,748 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS19. (06300) 43,584 21,792 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS20. (06400) 143,880 71,940 0 0 1,883,200 941,600 0 0 0 0 0 0


18

1 2 3 4 5 6

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

DS21. (07000) 331,160 165,580 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS22. (07100) 1,176,720 588,360 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS23. (07300) 558,000 279,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS24. (08000) 34,200 17,100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS25. (08100) 70,440 35,220 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS26. (08200) 229,760 114,880 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS27. (08300) 181,600 90,800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 337,880 168,680

DS28. (09000) 119,400 59,700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS29. (09100) 328,780 164,390 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS30. (09200) 1,081,500 540,750 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS31. (09300) 2,032,440 1,016,220 0 0 0 0 0 0 980,400 0 0 0

DS32. (09400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS33. (09500) 611,280 305,640 0 0 0 0 0 0 317,143 0 0 0

DS34. (09600) 194,320 97,160 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS35. (10000) 459,360 229,680 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS36. (11000) 105,240 52,620 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS37. (11100) 76,824 38,412 0 0 0 0 179,940 75,000 0 0 0 0

DS38. (11200) 111,120 55,560 151,694 75,847 0 0 47,400 23,700 0 0 0 0

DS39. (11300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS40. (12000) 187,640 93,820 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS41. (12100) 41,760 20,880 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS42. (12200) 836,328 418,164 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS43. (12300) 156,768 78,384 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


19

1 2 3 4 5 6

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

DS44. (13000) 39,360 19,680 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS45. (13100) 120,720 60,360 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS46. (13200) 34,260 17,130 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS47. (13300) 66,000 33,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total expected budget (

��

15,825,811 151,694 1,883,200 227,340 1,297,543 337,880

Max Community contribution requested (

��

8,356,426 75,847 941,600 98,700 0 168,680


20

Table 3 – (continued)

Participant number

7 8 9 10 11 12

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

DS1. (01000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS2. (02000))

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS3. (04000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS4. (04100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS5. (04200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,130,400 565,200

DS6. (04300) 0 0 0 0 159,920 79,960 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS7. (04400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS8. (04500) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS9. (04600) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,055,160 527,580

DS10. (04800) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS11. (05000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS12. (05100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 370,800 185,400 0 0 0 0

DS13. (05200) 412,000 205,600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS14. (05300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS15. (05400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS16. (06000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS17. (06100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS18. (06200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS19. (06300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 564,000 564,000 0 0

DS20. (06400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


21

7 8 9 10 11 12

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

DS21. (07000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS22. (07100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS23. (07300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS24. (08000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS25. (08100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS26. (08200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS27. (08300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS28. (09000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS29. (09100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS30. (09200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS31. (09300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS32. (09400) 0 0 194,784 194,784 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS33. (09500) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS34. (09600) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS35. (10000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS36. (11000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS37. (11100) 0 0 56,304 56,304 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS38. (11200) 0 0 79,860 79,860 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS39. (11300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS40. (12000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS41. (12100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS42. (12200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS43. (12300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


22

7 8 9 10 11 12

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

DS44. (13000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS45. (13100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS46. (13200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS47. (13300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


��

412,000 330,948 159,920 370,800 564,000 2,185,560


��

205,600 330,948 79,960 185,400 564,000 1,092,780


23


Participant number

13 14 15 16 17 18

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

DS1. (01000) 0 0 0 0 43,200 43,200 64,450 21,250 0 0 102,900 50,400

DS2. (02000))

0 0 0 0 0 0 66,199 31,200 0 0 0 0

DS3. (04000) 0 0 43,584 31,200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS4. (04100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS5. (04200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS6. (04300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS7. (04400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS8. (04500) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS9. (04600) 0 0 3,559 0 296,960 177,000 331,550 192,350 0 0 260,684 178,800

DS10. (04800) 0 0 0 0 277,800 189,000 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS11. (05000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS12. (05100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 248,914 154,800

DS13. (05200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS14. (05300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS15. (05400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS16. (06000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS17. (06100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS18. (06200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS19. (06300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS20. (06400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


24

13 14 15 16 17 18

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

DS21. (07000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS22. (07100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS23. (07300) 0 0 0 0 72,000 72,000 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS24. (08000) 0 0 51,600 13,200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS25. (08100) 43,200 43,200 127,440 21,840 707,200 357,200 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS26. (08200) 0 0 83,400 16,200 282,200 196,300 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS27. (08300) 0 0 75,600 18,000 9,600 9,600 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS28. (09000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 52,300 52,300 0 0 0 0

DS29. (09100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,425,490 730,498 0 0 0 0

DS30. (09200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 96,999 42,000 0 0 0 0

DS31. (09300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,396,192 581,198 0 0 238,182 40,200

DS32. (09400) 67,920 67,920 0 0 0 0 439,893 132,398 0 0 0 0

DS33. (09500) 0 0 0 0 0 0 136,675 36,000 0 0 0 0

DS34. (09600) 0 0 0 0 0 0 74,880 44,880 324,336 151,248 0 0

DS35. (10000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS36. (11000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS37. (11100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 220,200 122,400 64,800 32,400

DS38. (11200) 85,080 85,080 0 0 0 0 0 0 109,200 50,400 64,800 32,400

DS39. (11300) 2,400 2,400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS40. (12000) 0 0 0 0 93,600 93,600 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS41. (12100) 0 0 0 0 19,200 19,200 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS42. (12200) 0 0 0 0 408,000 264,000 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS43. (12300) 0 0 0 0 66,000 66,000 0 0 0 0 0 0


25

13 14 15 16 17 18

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

DS44. (13000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS45. (13100) 24,000 24,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS46. (13200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS47. (13300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


��

222,600 385,183 2,275,760 4,084,628 653,736 980,281


��

222,600 100,440 1,487,100 1,864,074 324,048 489,000


26


Participant number

19 20 21 22 23 24

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

DS1. (01000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 88,650 88,650 0 0

DS2. (02000))

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS3. (04000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS4. (04100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS5. (04200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS6. (04300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS7. (04400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS8. (04500) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS9. (04600) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS10. (04800) 0 0 0 0 746,877 373,439 0 0 0 0 196,224 98,021

DS11. (05000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS12. (05100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS13. (05200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS14. (05300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS15. (05400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS16. (06000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS17. (06100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69,861 34,848

DS18. (06200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 73,368 36,628

DS19. (06300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS20. (06400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


27

19 20 21 22 23 24

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

DS21. (07000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS22. (07100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS23. (07300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS24. (08000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS25. (08100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS26. (08200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS27. (08300) 0 0 296,400 147,600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS28. (09000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS29. (09100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS30. (09200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS31. (09300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS32. (09400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS33. (09500) 20,400 9,600 0 0 0 0 0 0 16,800 16,800 0 0

DS34. (09600) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS35. (10000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS36. (11000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS37. (11100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 78,540 40,920 0 0 0 0

DS38. (11200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 13,200 8,250 0 0 0 0

DS39. (11300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS40. (12000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS41. (12100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS42. (12200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS43. (12300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


28

19 20 21 22 23 24

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

DS44. (13000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50,400 50,400 0 0

DS45. (13100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,329,300 1,329,300 0 0

DS46. (13200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 216,600 216,600 0 0

DS47. (13300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 279,000 279,000 0 0


��

20,400 296,400 746,877 91,740 1,980,750 339,452


��

9,600 147,600 373,439 49,170 1,980,750 169,497


29


Participant number

25 26 27 28 29 30

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

DS1. (01000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS2. (02000))

0 0 0 0 160,369 48,000 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS3. (04000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS4. (04100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS5. (04200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS6. (04300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS7. (04400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS8. (04500) 0 0 23,820 9,600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS9. (04600) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS10. (04800) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS11. (05000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS12. (05100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,057,200 528,600 679,561 328,486

DS13. (05200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS14. (05300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS15. (05400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS16. (06000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS17. (06100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS18. (06200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS19. (06300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS20. (06400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


30

25 26 27 28 29 30

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

DS21. (07000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS22. (07100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS23. (07300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS24. (08000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS25. (08100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS26. (08200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS27. (08300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 186,000 93,000 0 0 0 0

DS28. (09000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS29. (09100) 62,996 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS30. (09200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS31. (09300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 363,800 181,809

DS32. (09400) 425,380 190,392 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS33. (09500) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS34. (09600) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS35. (10000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS36. (11000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS37. (11100) 53,460 26,664 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS38. (11200) 13,200 6,600 224,280 80,160 13,920 13,920 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS39. (11300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS40. (12000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS41. (12100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS42. (12200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS43. (12300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


31

25 26 27 28 29 30

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

DS44. (13000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS45. (13100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS46. (13200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS47. (13300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


��

555,036 248,100 174,289 186,000 1,057,200 1,043,360


��

223,656 89,760 61,920 93,000 528,600 510,294


32


Participant number

31 32 33 34 35 36

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

DS1. (01000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS2. (02000))

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS3. (04000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS4. (04100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS5. (04200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS6. (04300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS7. (04400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS8. (04500) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS9. (04600) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS10. (04800) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS11. (05000) 0 0 0 0 16,800 16,800 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS12. (05100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS13. (05200) 0 0 0 0 551,940 298,140 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS14. (05300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS15. (05400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS16. (06000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS17. (06100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS18. (06200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS19. (06300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS20. (06400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


33

31 32 33 34 35 36

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

DS21. (07000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS22. (07100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS23. (07300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS24. (08000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS25. (08100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS26. (08200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS27. (08300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS28. (09000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS29. (09100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS30. (09200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS31. (09300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS32. (09400) 81,000 69,750 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS33. (09500) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS34. (09600) 0 0 79,131 39,566 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS35. (10000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 38,400 19,200 0 0 0 0

DS36. (11000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 193,334 96,667 0 0 0 0

DS37. (11100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 264,021 132,010 0 0 0 0

DS38. (11200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 198,686 99,343 0 0 0 0

DS39. (11300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 47,077 23,539 0 0 0 0

DS40. (12000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 181,020 84,000

DS41. (12100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37,680 19,200

DS42. (12200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 351,660 184,800

DS43. (12300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55,680 27,600 86,040 40,200


34

31 32 33 34 35 36

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

DS44. (13000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS45. (13100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS46. (13200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DS47. (13300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


��

81,000 79,131 568,740 741,518 55,680 656,400


��

69,750 39,566 314,940 370,759 27,600 328,200


35


Participant number

37 38 39

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

Total expected budget

(

��

Max Community contr ibution requested (

��

DS1. (01000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,299,040 1,146,940

DS2. (02000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 226,568 79,200

DS3. (04000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 106,644 62,730

DS4. (04100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 51,090 25,545

DS5. (04200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,441,575 720,788

DS6. (04300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,078,040 1,039,020

DS7. (04400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 91,650 45,825

DS8. (04500) 0 0 0 0 0 0 168,600 81,990

DS9. (04600) 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,369,374 1,786,460

DS10. (04800) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,345,461 722,739

DS11. (05000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 68,580 42,690

DS12. (05100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,251,972 1,645,034

DS13. (05200) 0 0 0 0 64,560 32,280 1,028,500 536,020

DS14. (05300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 74,340 37,170

DS15. (05400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 166,215 83,108

DS16. (06000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 115,680 57,840

DS17. (06100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 82,485 41,160

DS18. (06200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 84,864 42,376

DS19. (06300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 607,584 585,792

DS20. (06400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,027,080 1,013,540


36

37 38 39

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.


(

�

)


��

DS21. (07000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 331,160 165,580

DS22. (07100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,176,720 588,360

DS23. (07300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 630,000 351,000

DS24. (08000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 85,800 30,300

DS25. (08100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 948,280 457,460

DS26. (08200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 595,360 327,380

DS27. (08300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,087,080 527,680

DS28. (09000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 171,700 112,000

DS29. (09100) 300,000 0 0 0 0 0 2,117,267 894,888

DS30. (09200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,178,499 582,750

DS31. (09300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,011,014 1,819,427

DS32. (09400) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,208,977 655,244

DS33. (09500) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,102,298 368,040

DS34. (09600) 0 0 50,640 50,640 0 0 723,307 383,494

DS35. (10000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 497,760 248,880

DS36. (11000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 298,574 149,287

DS37. (11100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 994,089 524,110

DS38. (11200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,112,440 611,120

DS39. (11300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 49,477 25,939

DS40. (12000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 462,260 271,420

DS41. (12100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 98,640 59,280

DS42. (12200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,595,988 866,964

DS43. (12300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 364,488 212,184


37

37 38 39

Amounts (

� �

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.

exp. Budget

req. contrib.


(

��


��

DS44. (13000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 89,760 70,080

DS45. (13100) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,474,020 1,413,660

DS46. (13200) 0 0 0 0 0 0 250,860 233,730

DS47. (13300) 0 0 0 0 0 0 345,000 312,000


��

300,000 50,640 64,560 41,686,157

Max Community contribution requ. (

��

0 50,640 32,280 22,058,223


38

1. EUROPEAN ADDED VALUE OF THE NEW INFRASTRUCTURE

Need for the new Infrastructure - Astronomical telescopes and associated instrumentation are essential tools to access the widest and most comprehensive laboratory of all, the universe we live in. They are used to explore the whole range of astronomical phenomena, from Solar System objects, like planets, comets and asteroids, the formation of stars and galaxies, extreme states of matter and space (e.g. around black holes) and finally to determine the global matter-energy content of our universe. In the past 40 years fascinating new discoveries such as quasars, masers, black holes, gravitational arcs, extra-solar planets, gamma ray bursts, dark matter and dark energy have all come about through a succession of ever larger and more sophisticated telescopes.

The HST and other astronomical satellites, complemented and expanded by the present generation of 8- to 10-m ground based telescopes now in operation, have generated a new view of our universe, one dominated by dark matter and vacuum energy density. Each new generation of facilities is designed to answer the questions raised by the previous one. As the current generation of telescope continue to probe the universe and challenge our understanding, the time has come to plan to be able to answer these new questions.

Astronomy faces many challenges in the investigations of the coming decade. The luminosity contrast between parent star and planets (factor of billions) has prevented a direct image of a planet, let alone of earth-like planets that may host life Alternative theories of galaxy formation cannot be disentangled as we cannot yet see the far away faint building blocks. Cosmological distances are measured using secondary indicators such as supernovae Ia. Stellar populations can be studied in detail only in the nearby universe, devoid of the massive and important elliptical galaxies. The sources of the re-ionization of the universe are too faint to be detected. The existence of super-massive black holes inside very high redshift Quasi-Stellar Objects is a challenge to our ideas not only on how black holes but also on how galaxies themselves form.

An incremental step in telescope size will not address some of these fundamental questions. Preliminary studies indicate that the technology to achieve a quantum leap in telescope size and in understanding of our universe is within range. A telescope of 50- to 100-m diameter will provide astronomers the ability to address these scientific questions in depth. This Design Study will analyze the technical feasibility of such a telescope.

Europe is currently at the forefront of telescope technology. The VLT/VLTI, with its four 8-m telescopes, is widely regarded as the premiere observatory in the world. Strong European participation exists in other large telescopes either in operation or construction, Gemini (UK), LBT (Italy, Germany) and the GTC (Spain). The experience gained in these and past projects has resulted in many non-European telescope projects coming to Europe for state-of-the-art technology. Moreover, European astronomers with access to the VLT/VLTI, ALMA and the other world class facilities available to them are finally on a par with their colleagues in the US. Both the US and Europe are exploring the next generation of telescope.

It is the natural evolution of the current European academic and industrial pre-eminence in the field that the challenges of designing the next generation of telescopes be pursued by a large consortium of partners in response to the science goals identified for the next decade. With a diameter in the 50- to 100-m range, the new telescope will be the largest in the world, and will provide European astronomers with a unique tool to investigate the nature of objects so far impossible to observe: earth-like extra-solar planets (and possibly signs of life), the furthest galaxies, the faintest stars.

New areas of research - The science case for a European extremely large telescope has been carefully developed at EC-funded workshops in Edinburgh (2000), Leiden (2001) and Marseille (2003). This work has shown that an ELT will produce dramatic advances in a wide range of astronomical fields ranging from planetary science to cosmology. Table 1-1 outlines just some of the projects that will lie within the reach of such an instrument. Here, we do not have the space to


39

describe even this subset of the scientific goals in detail, so we present just two examples of what might be achieved, selecting illustrations from the two extremes of scale in astronomy: the nature of planetary systems, and the large scale constituents of the Universe.

Table 1-1. Summary of some selected ELT science cases. Details of these and more cases can be found at the OPTICON web site (www.astro-opticon.org) and in various publications.

Terrestrial planets orbiting other stars

Direct detection of earth-like planets in extra-solar systems and a first search for bio-markers (e.g water and oxygen) is feasible with a 50-100m ELT.

Planetary environments of other stars

Mapping orbits of gas giants, determining their composition, albedos and temperatures will be a first step on the way to the more challenging exo-earth observations described above. Study of the formation of planetary systems and Protoplanetary disks will also become possible (Figure 1-3).

Solar system: planetary weather

Resolution at planets (excluding Mars!) will match in-situ spacecrafts and provide longer time baselines. Weather-satellite-like resolution achieved out to Neptune. (Resolution at moon: 2-4 meters).

Solar system: complete census of small bodies

With typical resolution of a few km, a 50-100m ELT will be able to map most asteroids, determine their composition. Trans Neptunian Objects and Pluto can be resolved to 50-100 km features.

Resolved stellar populations

Extend studies of individual stars so far possible only in our galaxy and nearest neighbours to a representative section of the Universe, reaching at least the Virgo cluster of galaxies. Will provide clues on how galaxies form (ages and composition of stars reflect past history).

Massive Black Holes demography

Through dynamical analysis of circum-nuclear regions of galaxies, resolved out to Virgo, establish whether properties seen in AGNs hold also for dwarf galaxies, providing clues to BH formation

Star formation history across the Universe

When did stars form? Using the fact that stars eventually die in supernova explosions, it is possible to deduce the number of stars that have formed, and when. The observations will also provide critical information on SNe as physical entities. A 100m ELT can trace star formation back to re-ionization.

Dark Matter The dynamics and kinematics of galaxies and their sub-galactic “satellites” within large dark matter haloes can be traced with an ELT out to redshifts of about 5. Thus we can observe the build-up of such dark-matter structures in the process of formation.

Dark Energy The “same” supernova observations used to determine the star formation history can be used to probe on empirical grounds cosmological models for the nature of dark energy out to the earliest epochs.

First objects and the re-ionization of the Universe (7 < z < 17)

A first generation of objects providing the necessary UV photons to re-ionize the hydrogen in the Universe must have existed. An ELT will distinguish between candidates: QSOs, primordial stars, SNe.

High redshift intergalactic medium

The brightest earliest sources (GRBs, SNe, QSOs) are ideal to probe the high redshift interstellar and intergalactic medium, which is key to understand re-ionization and how the first stars, galaxies and AGNs formed.

Terrestrial planets in extra-solar systems

The habitable zone around a star depends on its luminosity. The place in a stellar system where water exists in liquid form is a pre-requisite for life as we know it. The search for planets within that narrow circle around a star requires both extreme light gathering power to detect the faint planet and extreme telescope size to separate the planet from the bright star light. The challenge is to observe an object that is about 10 billion times fainter than its parent star. Not all stars have planets and few will have planets in the habitable zone, so the largest possible sample has to be surveyed. The number of stars that can be studied is proportional to the spatial resolution to the cube (i.e. to D3, D telescope diameter). The time to achieve the same signal to noise in the background-dominated regime is proportional to D4. A 100m telescope can in principle detect an earth-like planet around a solar-type star out to a distance of 100 light years, which means that there are about 1000 stars of this type to be observed (or about 200 stars for a 50m telescope and 30 stars for a 30m telescope).


40

Key to the achievement of this challenging goal is the light gathering that will allow improving the contrast between planet and star through the detection of in situ spectroscopic features. As a huge bonus, it would then be possible to characterize planetary surfaces and atmospheres. The search for biomarkers in the planet atmosphere has the potential to provide first indications of extraterrestrial life. This science is unique to the European telescope design (Figure 1-1; the 30-m pursued by the US cannot compete in this area). It is clear that larger planets and planets with larger separation from their star would easily be detected by a 50-100m telescope and open up the field of planet demographics down to low-mass planets. Such statistics will provide the clues for the detailed understanding of the formation of stars and their planetary systems, for example which stars have planets, what is required to form planets, what is the chemical composition of the parent stars and are there planets around special stars (e.g. white dwarfs, very old halo stars).

Figure 1-1. Simulated image of a solar-type system at 10 parsec (32 light-years), as seen by a 100-m telescope. The residual flux of the masked parent star is also visible.

Dark matter and dark energy

Observations indicate that dark matter exists on the scale of galaxies and beyond, and that dark energy is pervading the universe. This implies that only observations of distant, and hence faint, objects can tell us more about their nature. Particle physics has been unable to date to identify the dark matter particles and clues about their nature are still coming solely from astrophysics. Constraints set by astronomy on the mass of the neutrino are as stringent as the best upper limits from experiment. Similarly, through a detailed study of the growth of structure in the universe it should be possible to derive further constraints on the dark matter nature and identify the most likely dark matter particle candidates. Indeed, current laboratory searches for dark matter are guided by the astrophysical constraints.

Since an ELT will be able to observe regular HII regions to very high redshifts (z about 5), it will be able to map the dark matter content of individual galaxies throughout the observable universe. This will provide mass measurements of galaxies independently of the brightness of the galaxies themselves. The currently most common methods for selecting galaxies at redshifts larger than 2 favour objects that are vigorously forming massive stars. These are the most luminous objects, but may not contain the majority of matter. Indeed, only recently a new population of galaxies which may contribute up to half the mass in galaxies at these redshifts has been detected. A 50-100m ELT will not only resolve the distant galaxies into their luminous components, but be able to characterise these individual components. It will win over smaller telescopes, even space-based ones, through its high angular resolution and large light collecting power. These individual components will then be used to trace the kinematics within the galaxies (and in their extended dark-matter haloes) and determine the amount of dark matter required to build them. This will provide astronomers with a detailed evolutionary history of the clumping of dark matter throughout the observable universe (Figure 1-2). We will be able to obtain about one million pixel images of very high redshift galaxies, seeing as many details in such infant galaxies as we see today in nearby ones. We will “see” galaxy formation in all its glory from formation to maturity!


41

Figure 1-2. Simulation of the formation of the galaxies in the Local Group in a cold dark matter scenario, by Ben Moore, Zurich

astronomy and cosmology research group (www.nbody.net)


42

The nature of dark energy is even more mysterious. The combination of the current matter density with the prediction of Einstein’s theory that the geometry of the universe is tied to its energy content shows that two thirds of the global energy comes from this dark (or vacuum) component. The direct measurement of the dynamical expansion history of the universe by supernovae has shown that the dark energy exerts a negative pressure and hence accelerates the universal expansion. An ELT can test the expansion history of the universe with several different astrophysical objects thus decreasing the dependency on possibly unknown systematic effects. Pulsating Cepheid stars, globular clusters, planetary nebulae and novae could be observed to distances where the effect of dark energy can be measured. ELT’s exquisite sensitivity to point sources will allow it to detect supernovae possibly all the way to the time when the universe became transparent to light. Thus ELT will provide further-reaching and complimentary measurements to those of proposed dedicated dark-energy projects such as SNAP (now JDEM). By accurately determining the potential variations of the strength of dark energy in early times, astronomers can answer the fundamental question of whether dark energy corresponds to Einstein’s cosmological constant or to some “quintessence field” as suggested by modern versions of quantum field theories. The need for these observations is critical. In the words of the Astronomer Royal, Sir Martin Rees, “Cosmologists can now proclaim with confidence (but with some surprise too) that in round numbers, our universe consists of 5% baryons, 25% dark matter, and 70% dark energy. It is indeed embarrassing that 95% of the universe is unaccounted for: even the dark matter is of quite uncertain nature, and the dark energy is a complete mystery” .

Figure 1-3. An ELT capable of measuring contrasts of 1 part in 107 to 1 part in 1010

could determine whether "Saturn-analogues" orbiting distant stars have rings (crosses) or not (solid line) by detecting the complicated brightness and shadow variations rings

cause in the reflected starlight as a function of time. Credit: Dyudina, Sackett, Bayliss et al, 2004, in preparation, Australian National University.

Interest from the community - Astronomy is not only the science with greatest public appeal, and acknowledged greatest importance in attracting young people to study science and technology, it is also a subject in which Europe has recently become excellent. In France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain and the UK, astrophysics is the discipline in which each country published a larger fraction of total world output than in any other discipline. This research excellence has only


43

recently been earned, and has resulted from systematic investment on a European scale in astronomy. In order to maintain and extend European astronomical excellence, a project to build the next generation facility must be initiated now.

Substantial preliminary work in many European countries has been ongoing for the past few years (figure 1-4), including OPTICON for the scientific case, and is brought together in this Design Study, which involves Europe's main national and international organisations. These partners represent the majority of Europe's astronomers.

This Design Study for the next large ground-based telescope has been recognised formally as the highest strategic priority for the future development of European astronomy by the 10 European countries which make up the Council of ESO: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom, by the new member Finland, and by Spain. This proposal involves some 39 organisations from 14 countries. In each country, national research councils, and national funding agencies, are providing formal partnerships and support.

Figure 1-4. European Extremely Large Telescope concepts.

Left: ESO’s OWL 100-m telescope; right: the 50-m EURO50.


44

2. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXCELLENCE

2.1 Quality of the new infrastructure

Current international state-of-the-art in the field - The current state of the art is represented by the present generation of 8-10m telescopes either operating or in construction (Table 2.1-1).

Table 2.1-1: 8-10m class telescopes

Telescope Diameter (m) Location

IN OPERATION

Keck I & II Keck Interferometer

2 x 10.0 Mauna Kea, Hawaii Segmented mirror telescopes, interferometer in operation. Outrigger telescopes planned.

Hobby-Eberly 9.2 Mt Fowlkes, Texas A fixed elevation, low cost spectroscopic telescope.

Subaru 8.3 Mauna Kea, Hawaii Japanese national telescope

VLT/VLTI 4 x 8.2 Cerro Paranal, Chile Very Large Telescope; Europe's flagship. The Interferometer is operational and is being augmented with additional 1.8-m telescopes.

Gemini 2 x 8.0 Mauna Kea, Hawaii / Cerro Pachon, Chile

8-m telescopes in the Northern and Southern hemispheres.

UNDER CONSTRUCTION

GTC 10.4 La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain

Gran Telescopio Canarias; a segmented mirror design inspired from the Keck

SALT 9.2 Sutherland, South Africa

South Africa's Large Telescope. Design inspired from the Hobby-Eberly (HET)

LBT 2 x 8.4-m Mt. Graham, Az, US Large Binocular Telescope. Single mount for both 8.4 mirrors. Interferometry planned

Two aspects of the current generation of large telescopes are worth mentioning, since they are crucial in enabling concepts of much larger structures. The first is segmentation, first put in practice at Keck, which in principle allows infinite scalability of primary mirrors. The second is active optics, invented at ESO, which allows control loops to maintain the ideal mirror shape in any condition without imposing extreme requirements on the mirror itself or its support. Both these concepts will be used extensively in the design of the ELT.

Figure 2.1-1 shows the history of telescope diameter. The trend before the present generation of telescopes has been a slow increase (doubling the size every about 50 years), due mainly to the technological challenge of producing appropriate mirror substrates and of polishing them to the necessary optical shape. In the past 50 years, the photon collecting power (photons are the carriers of astrophysical information) has increased more due to the advances in detectors (efficiencies as high as 90% as opposed to the few percent for photographic plates) than to increased telescope size. The only way we can now improve the collecting power is through a larger increase in diameter. Fortunately the progress of technology fostered by the present generation of telescopes indicates that this is feasible –mainly as a result of segmentation, which cancels the issue of fabricating ever larger substrates, and active optics, which allows relaxation of fabrication and integration tolerances to acceptable levels. The jump between the present telescopes and a 100m ELT is comparable to the one between the naked eye and Galileo’s first telescope.


45

Figure 2.1-1. Evolution of telescope diameter over time.

�- refractors; � - reflectors (speculum); � - reflectors (coated glass)

World-class qualities of the proposed infrastructure - The proposed infrastructure will be the largest astronomical telescope when built. It will provide European astronomers with an unparalleled facility that will allow them to define the forefront of astronomy. In all research areas of astronomy an ELT of the size envisaged in this design study would establish a new benchmark. It will also have an unprecedented potential for new discoveries.

Thanks to Adaptive Optics the proposed telescope will work at the diffraction limit (with a resolution λ/D of 0.002 [0.004] arcseconds in the near-IR for a 100m [50m] telescope; see figure 2.1-2). Its sensitivity, depending on whether the target flux or the background flux is more dominant, will be from (D/Do)

2 to (D/Do)4 times better than that of smaller telescopes (Do diameter

of reference smaller telescope). In probing our neighbourhood for earth like planets a 100-m telescope would be able to sample a representative volume of space while a 30-m telescope (current US thinking) would be limited to a few stars with a significantly lower probability of success.

The result of the Design Study in this area will determine the kind of facilities and services that will be offered to the community, although a minimum set (service observing, archiving of data, pipeline reductions, calibrations etc) is already defined and will represent the baseline. Classical observing is not ruled out, and the logistical requirements that it will set will be discussed as well. As with other European Observatories, the telescope will be made fully available to all Europeans purely on the basis of scientific excellence.

Large and unique instrumentation will be developed for the telescope. The scientific projects briefly outlined in section 1 will be used to define the capabilities that these instruments will need. Detailed designs of some of these instruments will be part of the Study. Feasibility of the required corrections of atmospheric turbulence will be a key issue. While all present generation large telescopes do feature a number of Adaptive Optics based instruments, the bulk of scientific observations is still done under natural seeing conditions. One major paradigm change with ELTs is that nearly all science cases require near or full diffraction-limited performance. Adaptive Optics


46

systems and components have been already developed for the 8-10m, but their scalability to an ELT size will require substantial R&D efforts and is considered one of the most crucial aspects of the Design, in fact a go/no-go milestone for the future infrastructure.

The proposed facility will advance the state of the art of both Astronomy and the art of telescope making and will provide European astronomers and industry with the means to maintain the leadership that they have just recently conquered with the present generation of 8-m telescopes.

Figure 2.1-2. Simulated images showing the increase of resolution and efficiency with telescope diameter.


47

2.2 Quality of the proposed Design Study

2.2.1 Objectives

Building on existing design studies for Extremely Large Telescopes, the study aims at supporting the preliminary design of a 50- to 100-m class European optical/near-infrared telescope, expected to start within the second half of this decade, and followed by construction with a target start of science operation in the 20151 timeframe. To this end, the Design Study will focus on

1. Developing and testing design-independent enabling technologies and concepts, emphasis being put on those developments deemed performance- or cost- critical, and potentially time-consuming. Achieving this objective will promote readiness for design, supply and construction within academic and industrial resources across Europe2.

2. Preparatory work for preliminary/detailed design and far-reaching project decisions, e.g. modelling tools, site selection, operation modes.

More specifically, the ELT Design Study will address the following issues.

Feasibility studies, enabling technologies and concepts – Technical feasibility per se is not enough: eventual ELT designs will have to rely, whenever possible, on low-cost design, fabrication, operation and maintenance solutions. Relevant objectives included in the ELT study are:

• Design, prototyping and qualification of nanometre-accuracy segments position sensors, with unit price of Euros 1,500 - goal 1,000- in serial production (up to 20,000 units).

• Design, prototyping and qualification of nanometre-accuracy segments position actuators, with a unit price of Euros 4,500- goal 3,000- in serial production (up to 10,000 units).

• Design and qualification of an internal metrology system with a dimensional accuracy of 10-5, tested on VLT (10-m scale) and scalable up to 100-m.

• Feasibility of open-air operation, for minimal thermal disturbance and enclosure cost: quantify high temporal/spatial frequency wind excitation on mirror structures. This will be done by exposing an array of 7 panels (Wind Evaluation Bench, or WEB) to open wind flow at the observatory site of Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma. The array will be mounted on representative supports and substructures (figure 2.2.1-1), and the response of the control system will be measured in real time3.

• Design and qualification of low vibration friction drives (figure 2.2.1-2) allowing high reliability, optimal load distribution and relaxation of dimensional tolerances and maintenance requirements, with a target unit price of Euros 65,000, including drives and encoders, and assuming a production of up to 300 units.

• Conceptual design of low cost, minimal functionality enclosures.

1 i.e. in a competetitive time frame with respect to the James Webb Space Telescope and the American-Canadian Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). 2 Interestingly, R&D undertaken by ESO in the late 1980s with academic partners and industrial contractors in the framework of VLT/VLTI, eventually led major US projects to purchase major subsystems in Europe (e.g. Sagem-Reosc: figuring of the Gemini primary mirrors; Zeiss: Gemini secondary mirrors; AMOS: Gemini adapters; Schott: Keck segment blanks, etc). More recently, the Spanish GTC project purchased its main optics in Europe (Schott, Sagem-Reosc, AMOS). The VLT programme also led to major industrial spin-offs in the form of consumer products, e.g. ceramics (Schott) and optics for microlithography (Zeiss, Reosc). 3 This activity is complementary to wind measurements to be performed in 2004 on the Jodrell-Bank telescope under ESO contract.


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Figure 2.2.1-1. Layout of the WEB bench. Left: overall view; right: panel support (size of hexagonal panel: 1.6-m flat-to-flat).

Figure 2.2.1-2. Friction drive breadboard (left); bogie (right)

ELT designs will benefit from targeted use of advanced materials, processes and technologies. Relevant objectives included in the proposed study are:

• Qualification of lightweight Silicon Carbide as segment substrate4 (2 pairs of 4 segments, 1-m class, different suppliers/technologies), with a mass in the range 40 to 70 kg/m2; R&D and evaluation of polishable overcoatings; assessment of alternatives to diamond grinding slurries.

• Development and testing of polishing technologies for cost-efficient control of high spatial frequency misfigure, in particular edge effects5 (with a goal at less than ½ fringe within ~5 mm of the segment edge).

• Verification of the long-term stability of aluminium substrate for large active mirrors. • Assessment of UV-shifted durable coatings, with a reflectivity of not less than 95% over

the 0.32-20 µm wavelength range. • Evaluation of an advanced technology (“smart rubber” ) as a cost- and performance-

effective alternative to position actuators. • Evaluation of lightweight composite materials for tensioning ropes and serially produced

joints and beams (mass saving at critical locations).

4 This is perceived as a high priority R&D both in Europe and in the US; Silicon Carbide would lower the mass of the main optics by a factor ~7, with drastic impact on structural design and providing superior stiffness and thermal performance. 5 This is usually done by fixing temporary wasters at the segments edges, so as to extend the optical surface during figuring. While acceptable for a few parts, such procedure becomes a significant cost item for mass production.


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• Possible use of magnetic levitation-based kinematics as an alternative to friction drives, for improved stiffness and relaxation of dimensional tolerances to the cm-range (tracks).

• Use of renewable energies. The location of the enclosure will be inherently suitable for the use of solar energy to offset the power requirements of an ELT. A conceptual design of one of the possible buildings will be done considering the installation of photovoltaic panels as part of the enclosure skin.

Control systems, both adaptive and non-adaptive6 must be scaled up to an unprecedented degree of complexity, without prejudice to accuracy, reliability and transparency to the user. Relevant objectives included in the proposed study are:

• On-sky testing of phasing techniques, integration of active optics and segmentation, definition of optimal non-adaptive optics control strategies. This will be achieved by designing, building and operating a technical instrument (Active Phasing Experiment, or APE) on a VLT unit telescope. Figure 2.2.1-3 illustrates the principle of the instrument.

Telescope [or starsimulator &turbulencegenreator]

Relay optics(pupil re-imaging)

Segmentedmirror(s)

Relay optics

Guding &active optics

WFS

Phasing WFS

Camera

Phasing WFS

Phasing WFS

Internalmetrology

Telescopeguiding &wavefrontsensors

TCS

Telescope focus

ImageData

WavefrontData

Beamsplitter

Beamsplitter

Beamsplitter

Beamsplitter

Light path

Data

Control commands

TELESCOPE APE

Figure 2.2.1-3. Schematic principle of APE.

• Measurement of atmospheric properties over large scales, with a view to quantifying critical amplitude requirements for adaptive mirrors and identifying potential control strategies.

• Conceptual design of first generation adaptive optics systems for an ELT (“point designs” ).

• Prototyping of large adaptive mirrors, scalable to 2- to 4-m diameter, including production of thin reflective shells and densification of actuators (goal 10 mm actuator interspacing).

6 The term adaptive refers to the compensation of atmospheric turbulence.


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• R&D on novel adaptive optics concept, with a view to providing sufficient sky coverage with Natural Guide Stars in the infrared, and bypassing cone effects with Laser Guide Stars at shorter wavelengths (e.g. PIGS concept: Pseudo-Infinite Guide Stars).

• Conceptual design of active Atmospheric Dispersion Compensators.

Preparatory work – In addition to technology development and feasibility studies, this proposal includes a number of preparatory activities, with a view to supporting crucial project decisions and to providing essential design and analysis tools. Relevant objectives included in the proposed study are:

• Translation of science cases into top level requirements, with a view to defining priorities and minimum and/or target characteristics (e.g. diameter, resolution, wavelength range, sky coverage) of an ELT.

• Parameterisation of site characteristics in relation to specific ELT requirements and constraints, from the structure of atmospheric turbulence down to soil properties; standardization of measurement tools and of parameters; predictive modelling of site characteristics.

• Complete the full characterization of two representative sites, and perform point measurements on other potential candidates to be identified on the basis of available meteorological databases.

• Enclosure wind flow modelling. • Develop observatory and science operations models7. • Develop Adaptive Optics (including Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics) simulation tools;

predict performance and quantify key requirements. • Develop end-to-end integrated modelling tools, verify their accuracy by comparing their

prediction with actual results obtained from the Wind Evaluation Bench and from the Active Phasing Experiment.

• Instrumentation: perform a general design prospection, select three high priority instrument types, assess their detailed feasibility and derive subsequent telescope specifications.

Scientific and technical originality - The scientific and technical originality of the proposed developments lies essentially in what they should allow. Past telescope were generally one-off prototypes, with relatively simple (if demanding) functions, and used custom-made, expensive subsystems. In addition, atmospheric turbulence, not diffraction, was always the defining factor in terms of optical performance and tolerancing. Traditional designs follow a cost scaling law with the power 2.6 of the diameter, implying that a 100-m class telescope would cost several tens of billions Euros. ESO’s OWL design study, supported by detailed industrial studies, indicates that beyond 30-40m, designs based on serial or mass-produced modules or components would lead to far more cost- and time-effective solutions, with an estimated cost of 1 billion Euros for a 100-m telescope and a construction schedule comparable to that of a smaller (~30-m) telescope.

7 It is expected that the operation model of an ELT will depart substantially from conventional ones, a higher priority being given to service mode operation and a higher fraction of time to key programmes. The operational models are expected to have very significant impact on system design, cost and schedule.


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2.2.2 - Implementation plan

The schedule estimate is shown in figure 2.2.2-1. It assumes a tentative start of the project on September 15th, 2004, and that interim reports will be requested every 18 months. Table 2.2.2-1 gives the expected date of availability of WP or tasks closing reports. The estimate is still subject to optimization; it is expected, in particular, the Enclosure & infrastructure (08000-08300) and System layout, analysis & integrated modelling (13000-13300) Work Packages could be compressed to shorter schedules. Wavefront control (04000-04800), Adaptive Optics (09000-09600), and Site Characterization (12000-12300) can probably not be substantially shortened, as they include complex tasks, and either prototypes, breadboards, extensive tests, or the supply of equipment and the coordination and performance of potentially time-consuming measurement campaigns.

Table 2.2.2-1. Date of delivery of closing reports

WBS WP / Task Expected date of

delivery (closing report)

01000 Project coordination Aug-2008

02000 Science requirements Oct-2007

04000 Wavefront Control Mar-2008

04100 Description & classification of wavefront errors Jan-2006

04200 Metrology Aug-2006

04300 Position actuators Jan-2007

04400 Characterization of image properties Sep-2006

04500 Coronography Sep-2006

04600 APE Mar-2008

04800 WEB Jun-2007

05000 Optical Fabrication Oct-2007

05100 Silicon carbide prototypes Oct-2006

05200 Optical finishing and edge control Oct-2007

05300 Optical testing of 1.8-m Al mirrors Mar-2006

05400 Coatings Jun-2006

06000 Mechanics Oct-2007

06100 Structural ropes Jun-2005

06200 Composite structural elements Jul-2005

06300 Magnetic levitation Oct-2007

06400 Breadboard friction drive Feb-2007

07000 Control Apr-2008

07100 APE Control System Feb-2008

07300 WEB Control System Sep-2007

08000 Enclosure & infrastructure Apr-2008

08100 Enclosure concepts Aug-2007

08200 Construction, maintenance and operation infrastructures Apr-2008

08300 Wind studies Mar-2008

09000 Adaptive optics Feb-2008

09100 100m-Layer WFS experiment Dec-2007

09200 1st generation AO & MCAO design for ELTs Feb-2008

09300 Large format, high density DMs R&D Oct-2007


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09400 Novel AO concepts Nov-2007

09500 AO & MCAO simulations Dec-2007

09600 Algorithms for reconstruction & control Dec-2007

10000 Observatory & science operations Sep-2007

11000 Instrumentation Aug-2007

11100 Point designs Jul-2007

11200 Other design prospection Dec-2005

11300 Atmospheric Dispersion Compensation May-2006

12000 Site Characterization Jun-2008

12100 Review of site parameters space Mar-2007

12200 Instrumentation, measurements and modelling Jun-2008

12300 Large scale atmospheric properties Nov-2007

13000 System layout, analysis & integrated modelling Jun-2008

13100 Integrated modelling – development of tools Jun-2008

13200 APE Integrated modelling Dec-2007

13300 WEB Integrated modelling Dec-2007


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Figure 2.2.2-1. Estimated project schedule


54


55


56


57


58


59


60


61


62


63


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3. RELEVANCE TO THE OBJECTIVES OF THE SCHEME

3.1 Justification of the proposed Design Study

Scientific and technological need of the proposed Design Study The construction of an ELT, as described in section 1, has been established as a strategic goal for European astronomy. The scientific goals of the new facility have been discussed in that section.

The Design Study proposed herein is necessary for the validation of the current concepts and the preparation of a concrete proposal to construct such a telescope. The proposed telescope is a significant step both from an astronomical point of view but also in requiring certain technologies to mature. The science cases for the ELT will be further developed in parallel with the design activities. This activity is within the already funded OPTICON FP6 framework. From the technological point of view, the critical assessment of the state of the art, and the feedback that this will have on the final design of the new telescope, are the paramount issues to determine which trade-offs between size, cost and performance are necessary. In other words, the design process will determine what Industry can do, what the cost options are, what performance can be achieved and how well these meet the requirements set by the scientific case (and whether the possible trade-offs are scientifically meaningful).

Expected users of the results – It is expected that the partners that are collaborating to this Design Study will jointly pursue ways to proceed to the construction phase. In this respect, the main users of the results will be the partners themselves. One important exception is the industrial partners, as the Design Study will enhance their competitiveness for related high-technology endeavours, including but not limited to non-European ELT projects. Preparing the European Industry for the next generation of telescopes, regardless of where it or they will be built, is indeed one of the goals of this Design Study.

Moreover, the development of advanced optical techniques and components as proposed herein, has wide ranging applications in various industrial processes. The Design Study proposed advances not only astronomy but also the global knowledge infrastructure within Europe. In this aspect we expect the results of these studies to find multiple users beyond the specific partners.

Deliverables and dissemination of results - The deliverable documentation list is outlined in table 3.1-1; deliverable items are listed in table 3.1-2. Deliverable documents may be subject to appropriate confidentiality clauses. The Project Office will produce a documentation plan and maintain a document archive. Concerned participants will be responsible for the safe custody or disposal of hardware, including parts, prototypes, breadboards, tools, and dedicated measuring equipment at the end of the project8.

It is expected that all Work Packages and tasks will lead to publications in conference proceedings and/or refereed journals. Such publications will be subject to approval by the concerned participants. Dissemination of results to any third party will be subject to approval by the Project Office and by the concerned participants. Participants will be encouraged to publish their results, and a publications record list will be maintained by the Project Office.

Peer reviews – It is intended to submit, on a yearly basis, the progress of the project to critical review by a panel of external, world-leading experts (Technical Advisory Committee) in the relevant fields. Such experts have already been informally contacted and

8 Subject to approval by the Project Office, agreements between concerned participants may eventually be drawn jointly for the recycling of parts, prototypes, breadboards, tools and dedicated measuring equipment.


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have accepted the invitation to review the project. To this end, a specific budget has been allocated for travel and lodging in WP 03000, Management.

Enhancing existing infrastructures – In addition to potential industrial spin-offs, the ELT Design Study is all but certain to generate technological feedback into existing ground-based observatories. Typical examples could be:

• Possible upgrades and higher optical performance of segmented telescopes (e.g. GTC), as a result of the development and qualification of novel wavefront sensing techniques (task No 04600) and of low-cost, high accuracy position sensors (04200).

• Higher telescopes throughput, lower emissivity, easier maintenance (as a result of the validation of UV-shifted durable coatings, 05400).

• Enhanced adaptive optics systems on 4- to 10-m class telescopes, as a result of the development of better algorithms (09600), new concepts (09400), and high actuator density deformable mirrors (09300).

• High contrast imaging techniques and instruments, as a result of R&D in coronography (04500), and novel instrument concepts (11100, 11200).

• Site preservation and predictive astro-meteorology, as a result of site characterization and long-term modelling (12000).

The same applies to future moderate-size facilities. Of particular interest would be the validation of Silicon Carbide as a cost-effective, higher performance alternative to conventional glass-ceramics. Success in this area would indeed have a dramatic impact on traditional design constraints.

Risks – The main technological risk lies with adaptive optics, which for an ELT requires substantial extrapolation of present systems and components. The necessary effort is reflected in the fact that the AO tasks represent the largest fraction of the total estimated budget, with substantial R&D effort towards large deformable mirrors, including prototyping, but also towards system and control concepts, to be supported by extensive simulations and modelling. As classical AO systems are already in operation, and as MCAO instruments will be tested on-sky by early 2005 and independently of the ELT Design Study, failure to meet objectives in the AO Work Package would normally imply longer-than-expected development time for an eventual ELT but would not jeopardize the complete study. The same applies to wavefront control, where integration of all wavefront control loops and reliable phasing of a very large number of segments is deemed critical.


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Table 3.1-1. Outline of the deliverable documentation list.

WBS No

WP / Task Deliverable documentation of the project

01000 Project coordination Project review reports; Design Study Data Packages. Progress reports, plans; standards and document templates.

02000 Science requirements Technical report (top level requirements).

04000 Wavefront Control Progress reports, Specifications and Statements of Work for major subsystems / prototypes / breadboards.

04100 Description & classification of wavefront errors

Technical report.

04200 Metrology Technical reports; design documentation; test reports; user manuals.

04300 Position actuators Technical reports; design documentation; test reports; user manuals.

04400 Characterization of image properties

Technical reports.

04500 Coronography Technical reports.

04600 APE • Specifications, Statement of Work; Project Plan; Management Plan; Documentation Plan.

• Technical reports.

• Design documentation (Critical Design Review data package incl. manufacturing drawings).

• As-built documentation.

• Manuals.

• Test reports.

• Safety Compliance Assessment.

04800 WEB • Specifications, Statement of Work; Project Plan; Management Plan; Documentation Plan.


• Design documentation (Critical Design Review data package, including manufacturing drawings).


• Manuals.

• Test reports.


05000 Optical Fabrication Progress reports, Specifications and Statements of Work for major subsystems / prototypes / breadboards.

05100 Silicon carbide prototypes • CESIC segments design report.

• CESIC segment blanks test report.

• Figuring and polishing specifications.

• Overcoatings specifications.


• Optical test reports.

05200 Optical finishing and edge control

Technical reports, optical test reports; implementation plan for serial processing of segments.

05300 Optical testing of 1.8-m Al mirrors

Optical test report.

05400 Coatings Technical report (industrial feasibility study).

06000 Mechanics Progress reports, Specifications and Statements of Work for major subsystems / prototypes / breadboards.

06100 Structural ropes Technical report.

06200 Composite structural Technical report.


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elements

06300 Magnetic levitation Technical report.

06400 Breadboard friction drive • Specifications, Statement of Work; Project Plan; Management Plan; Documentation Plan.


• Design documentation (Critical Design Review data package).


• Manuals.

• Test reports.


07000 Control Progress reports; technical reports.

07100 APE Control System Design report, user manual.

07300 WEB Control System Design report, user manual.

08000 Enclosure & infrastructure Progress reports, Specifications and Statements of Work for major subsystems / prototypes / breadboards.

08100 Enclosure concepts Technical reports.

08200 Construction, maintenance and operation infrastructures

Technical reports.

08300 Wind studies Technical reports.

09000 Adaptive optics Progress reports, Specifications and Statements of Work for major subsystems / prototypes / breadboards.

09100 100m-Layer WFS experiment

• Design documentation


• User manuals.

• Technical reports

• Test reports.

09200 1st generation AO & MCAO design for ELTs

Design reports (one per system).

09300 Large format, high density DMs R&D

• Prototypes design documentation (Critical Design Review data packages).

• Prototypes test reports.

• Thin shell design and fabrication report; incl. optical test data.

• Piezo-stack prototype design and fabrication report.

• Piezo-stack 2-m class unit conceptual design report.

• Adaptive segments conceptual design report; technical report (serial production plans and estimates).

09400 Novel AO concepts • Technical reports.

• Experiments design reports; measurements and test reports.

09500 AO & MCAO simulations • Software design report and user manuals.


09600 Algorithms for reconstruction & control

Technical reports.

10000 Observatory & science operations

Progress reports, Technical reports.

11000 Instrumentation Progress reports.

11100 Point designs Phase B conceptual design reports.

11200 Other design prospection Phase A conceptual design reports.

11300 Atmospheric Dispersion Compensation

Phase A conceptual design reports.

12000 Site Characterization Progress reports, plans; concluding reports.

12100 Review of site parameters space

Technical report.


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12200 Instrumentation, measurements and modelling

• Technical reports

• Instruments design and test reports; manuals.

• Measurement reports.

12300 Large scale atmospheric properties

Technical reports.

13000 System layout, analysis & integrated modelling

Progress reports, plans.

13100 Integrated modelling – development of tools

Software design report, user manuals.

13200 APE Integrated modelling Technical report.

13300 WEB Integrated modelling Technical report.

Table 3.1-2. Outline of the deliverable items list.

WBS No

WP / Tasks Deliverable items of the project

04200 Metrology • Position sensor prototypes (quantity TBD).

• 24 position sensors for WEB.

• 1 fiber extensometer for VLT.

04300 Position actuators • 21 position actuators for WEB

• Position actuator prototype (min. 1 pc)

04600 APE Technical instrument, incl. opto-mechanical bench and derotator, segmented mirror, internal metrology (dual-wave interferometer), active optics wavefront sensor, 3 phasing wavefront sensors, camera, control stations, handling tools (if needed).

04800 WEB Bench incl. kinematics, substructure, panels, supports, shelter, control stations and environment monitoring equipment.

05100 Silicon carbide prototypes 8 Silicon Carbide flat segment prototypes.


Samples.

05400 Coatings Samples.

06400 Breadboard friction drive Complete breadboard incl. 4 bogies and drives, test setup, control stations, measuring equipment.


Wavefront sensors.


• 65 cm thin shell

• 30 cm piezo-stack prototype


Site monitoring equipment.


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3.2 Explor ing the feasibility of the infrastructure

Funding sources – The members of the Council of ESO, who are the eleven governments agencies responsible for the majority of science funding for astronomy (and all other basic science) in Western Europe, are considering the deployment of an Extremely Large Telescope with a large European share as early as possible during the next decade as a strategic goal for European astronomy. ESO is an intergovernmental treaty-level organisation, with a proven record in management and delivery of complex technological projects on the required scale which is unique in Europe, and is second to none internationally. The only European country with a major current investment in astronomy not an ESO member is Spain, which is however currently in negotiation to join. Thus the baseline approach presumes an ESO-led implementation of the ELT project. Many funding possibilities are being contemplated, given the very large financial implications.

The funding needs split naturally into two classes: capital infrastructure funding, and continuing operations costs. A `typical’ high-technology long-life project requires ~5% of capital cost per year in operations and upgrade costs: thus lifetime operations costs are comparable to capital costs. Each of capital and operations funding is being investigated in parallel, with naturally complementary considerations matching the very different spending profiles.

A conspicuous strength of European funding considerations is the (relatively) secure support for ESO, as an intergovernmental treaty-level organisation. This permits long-term planning and so is a natural way to plan for stable construction and operations funding through annual national subscriptions. Indeed, within its projected budget ESO has the capability to fund, over 2010-2020, part of the construction costs of an ELT, whose total cost will be in the range 500 m

�� Additional funding is

nevertheless necessary; it would be particularly interesting if the extra funds are available early, so the development can be speeded up and bought in line with that of the American competition.

All investigations remain preliminary, but very considerable efforts have already been made: it will be a major task of the Study Team, and especially its Steering Committee, to develop these options during the period of this study. All options remain subject to review by ESO’s Council: the (non-mutually exclusive) options currently being contemplated for the capital construction phase include:

• An increase of ESO Member States contributions: this increase might be a permanent uplift, sufficient to pay both capital and operations costs over the project lifetime, leaving only a spend-profile phasing problem to be solved. It might also be a one-off major investment by some countries, who wish to ensure a leading role in this exciting development. Both approaches are under preliminary discussion at government policy level in several states.

• The accession of new Member States to ESO.

• Participation from the EC, through the 7th and subsequent Framework Programmes.

• Partnership with the EC, specifically considering Structural Funds. Although the ELT will be an investment in forefront science, in practise an ELT is a complete technology: the construction costs are therefore invested in industry, while the operations costs are invested very largely in training and employment of skilled people. Such issues make an ELT an engine of socio-economic development for Europe, as well as a leading basic science capability. The clear implications for development in those industries and regions where the funds are spent are such that senior-level discussions with the Commission will develop this aspect further.


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• Possible loans (European Investment Bank, EIB) against Member States contributions, allowing an earlier start of the project and a distributed cash flow9.

• Partnership with non-European countries, in particular the United States and possibly Japan, with a view to funding a 50 to (most preferably) 100-m telescope with major European participation. This would build on the funding-partnership model adopted for ALMA, the high-frequency radio telescope array currently under construction: ALMA is a 50:50 Europe:North America partnership, with pending Japanese involvement, for which ESO acts on behalf of the European involvement.

• Other options are under study at a preliminary level.

Partnership with non-European ELT projects is already being implemented at a technical and scientific level, with specific ESO-AURA10 Working Groups jointly addressing key issues (Segments Fabrication, Adaptive Optics, Detectors and Instrument Components, Site Testing and Evaluation).

It is premature to present here detailed proposals, as feasibility and design studies, cost and schedule estimates must be completed first –notably by way of the present Design Study. The natural follow-up of this Design Study would be a phase B, including preliminary design of the ELT observatory and detailed design of time-critical subsystems (telescope structure, optics, and enclosure). Only then will the true scale of funding required, and its true spend-profile, be known, so that detailed negotiations on funding options could be undertaken. ESO Council is reviewing its options to that effect.

A crucial demonstration of the multi-conjugate adaptive optics concept is expected to take place by end of 2004 with the Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics Demonstrator (MAD), supported by the EC within FP5 (RTN AO-ELT, ref. RTN1-1999-00080). As for this Design Study, crucial technologies and experiments11 will already be well under way by 2006-2007, which is the target time frame for the start of phase B. Subject to appropriate progress of this Design Study, the intention is again to gather European resources under ESO’s lead and submit a phase B proposal to the EC within Framework Programme 7.

Regional and trans-regional dimensions – This study came into existence through the agreed merger of the several ELT-class studies underway in Europe at a meeting in Bologna in July 2002. That agreement explicitly noted that this proposal would ``include all current and interested European participants’ ’ . The involvement in this study, and the ELT project generally, has since grown to include full involvement by the Western European governments noted above. Active participation by scientists from Central Europe (and Australia, Canada, Japan and the USA) is already in place, and is being further developed, through the OPTICON project. Industrial involvement is of course open across all Europe, and (as noted above) is already being coordinated internationally.

The ELT project will be a unique facility for Europe: we are very aware that it has major regional and trans-regional scientific and economic implications, and are actively involving the relevant communities and industries to ensure full and active participation at all levels. The Steering Committee established at Bologna (Sect 4) has maintenance of these developments as one of its key tasks.

9 Tentative scenarios have already been drafted on the basis of OWL implementation plan, and ESO is already in relation with the EIB within the framework of the ALMA project. 10 Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, the US main contributor to the GSMT (Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope) project, recently renamed TMT (Thirty Meter Telescope) after merging with the CELT (California Extremely Large Telescope) project . 11 including Silicon Carbide, Wavefront Control, WEB, friction drives, adaptive optics simulations and thin shell development.


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Environmental Impact – Requirements for astronomical infrastructures naturally imply remoteness and preservation of site characteristics, as atmospheric contamination or even perturbation by heat sources could have adverse effects on the telescope performance. Indeed local and global climate changes are taking a growing importance in site characterization, which translates into increased reliance on meteorological ground- and satellite databases.

Nevertheless, ground-based astronomical observatories being usually located in a desert, fragile environment, this proposal includes a subcontract for the assessment of the environmental impact of construction and operations, and for identifying suitable ways to minimize them.

Preservation of cultural sites may occasionally raise concerns, as it does for Hawaii (Mauna Kea Observatory), and are given due consideration in site prospection.

In general, astronomical observatories are environmentally extremely friendly: it is the very availability of clear skies, a dust-free atmosphere, and lack of light-pollution, which defines an astronomical site. It is becoming increasingly recognised that these same requirements are potentially a valuable way to protect the environment, while developing environmentally-sensitive economic advancements. The considerable government support for astronomy in Northern Chile, and in the Canary Islands (Figure 3.2-1), Spain, is direct evidence of this. In the Canary Islands there is even a law protecting the skies for astronomy: the environmental, economic and scientific advantages have been clearly recognised. Further studies of such mutually beneficial synergies are underway as part of site evaluation efforts.

Figure 3.2-1. Satellite night-time image of the Canary Islands. Inserts: the coast of La Palma

before (top) and after (bottom) implementation of energy-conscious public lights.


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4. QUALITY OF THE MANAGEMENT

4.1 Management and competence of the par ticipants

Management – The coordination and detailed management of this proposal are agreed by the consortium involved to be the responsibility of ESO. ESO has been allocated this responsibility since it has proven project management experience for major technological projects which is without doubt the best available in Europe, and is second to none internationally. ESO has delivered the VLT, the world’s most sophisticated and technologically excellent astronomical observatory, and is currently leading Europe’s participation in the international ALMA project. The Project Office will be located at the European premises of the lead Organization (ESO), and will consist of the Project Coordinator, the Project Manager, a Controller and a Secretary. This office, under the final responsibility of the Coordinator, will ensure delivery of the Study deliverables.

This proposal has been developed on the basis of a detailed Work Breakdown Structure, which includes the complete definition of tasks and deliverables. Draft specifications and statements of work for critical components, breadboards and prototypes have been prepared according to a standard template and distributed to concerned participants in order to assess feasibility and set cost and schedule requirements. These documents are available at the proposal’s internet site12.

The management of the ELT Design Study relies on a matrix-type structure, with individual participants generally providing support to more than one Work Package.

Participants are responsible for the appropriate allocation of resources to individual Work Packages, in accordance with the requirements set by Work Package Managers and jointly approved by the Project Office and the participants. Each participant has nominated a single point of contact for the coordination of its activities and for reporting to the Project Office.

Work Package Managers are responsible for the timely execution of their tasks within the approved budget. Figure 4.1-1 shows the organization of the project, which closely follows the Work Breakdown Structure. The affiliation of the corresponding manager (deputy) is indicated. As this indicates, the work is distributed, but the management is focussed into a coherent whole.

Steering Committee – A Steering Committee has been established, representing all the national and international agencies providing support for this project. The Steering Committee Key Task is to ensure the variety of reporting responsibilities is implemented efficiently and effectively. This Study itself reports to the EC via its Coordinator. Delivery of the scientific case and wide community support is funded by OPTICON, which links with the European astronomical community who are the potential users. The Steering Committee members will play a key role in discussions with their national governments on funding options. This Steering Committee will also act as a governing body for the Design Study, being responsible for Consortium membership changes and project rebalancing in the (unlikely) event of participant failure to meet obligations. The Steering Committee may decide, on advice from the Coordinator, to exclude the concerned participant(s) from the Consortium and, if no substitute can be found, terminate the tasks that depend critically on said participant(s).

12 www.eso.org/~pdierick; user name is elt_study, password is elt_study. For confidentiality reasons, detailed financial and technical offers submitted by the concerned participants to ESO for the preparation of this proposal are not available at this site. Said offers will be communicated to the Commission in confidence only on specific request.


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ProjectOffice Project Coordinator

ESO

Project ManagerESO (LUND)

Project ScientistINAF (OXFORD)

Technical AdvisoryCommittee

SecretaryESO

Project ControllerESO

Wavefront controlESO

(GRANTECAN)

MechanicsESO

ControlESO

Observatory &Science Operations

ESO (UKATC)

InstrumentationUKATC (LEIDEN,

CRAL)

Site selectionNICE (IAC, ESO)

System Layout,Analysis & end-to-

end modellingLUND (ESO)

Enclosure &InfrastructuresGRANTECAN

(ESO)

Adaptive OpticsINAF (ESO)

Optical fabricationESO (UCL)

Task managers(WBS 04100-04800)









STEERING COMMITTEE

Figure 4.1-1 Project organization tree.

Internal Project Reporting - Normal internal reporting to the Project Office shall take place on a bi-monthly basis, follow standard templates, cover technical, financial and schedule aspects, and allow appropriate monitoring of the execution of plans. Tasks managers shall report to WP managers, who in turn shall compile and submit bi-monthly WP reports to the Project Office. Unless otherwise required by intellectual property issues, the Project Office will thence release progress reports on a dedicated internet site accessible to the WP / Tasks Managers and to the participants.

Exceptional reporting procedures (Red Flag reports) will be implemented to ensure that issues potentially affecting performance, cost or schedule be reported to the Project Office in a timely manner, so that appropriate corrective actions are identified, approved and undertaken.

High level System Engineering tasks, including but not limited to review and release of specifications, interface management, configuration control (where applicable) and dissemination13 of relevant technical, managerial and financial information to the participants, will be under the responsibility of the Project Office and are included in the project management Work Package.

Change procedure – Change requests and requests for waivers affecting performance, schedule, and/or cost, will be submitted14 by the WP Managers to the Project Office, which shall dispatch to the potentially concerned managers, collect their timely evaluation, then

13 Subject to Intellectual Property Agreements, where appropriate. 14 Together with a detailed description of the nature, reason and impact of the requested change or waiver, and a detailed descriptive of possible corrective actions.


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formally accept or reject change requests or requests for waivers15 and communicate its decision to the concerned WP manager(s).

Meetings – Formal progress meetings will normally be held on a 6-month basis. Attendance by the WP managers will normally be compulsory; attendance by representatives of the participants (e.g. local coordinators) and/or task managers will be decided on a case-by-case basis. On the occasion of these meetings, WP managers will present the progress of their tasks; the project office will compile the WP manager’s input, the action item list, and prepare and release an updated master plan16, if appropriate.

A project Kick-Off (KO) meeting gathering all WP and tasks managers will be held at the start of contract. In addition, dedicated KO meetings will be held with the concerned WP/Task managers and concerned participants for major studies, prototypes, and breadboards.

Critical Design Reviews (CDR) will be coordinated by concerned WP managers for all tasks involving feasibility studies and/or design of subsystems. The defining milestone(s) will be specified on a case-by-case basis, it being understood that the essential purpose of CDR is to ascertain that requirements are met and that subsequent detailed design and / or construction and integration activities can be initiated.

Technical Acceptance Reviews (TAR) will be coordinated by concerned WP managers for critical parts, breadboards, prototypes and subsystems at their fabrication premises and prior to delivery by a participant to another for further processing, integration or testing.

Tasks of the participants – the tasks imparted to individual participants are a direct implementation of their relevant and proven expertise. Specific roles and tasks are outlined in table 4.1-1.

Competence of the participants – All participants have vast experience in relevant fields, being all the European expertise in the design, supply and operation of telescope subsystems, instruments, critical components, and complete infrastructures.(e.g. VLT Observatory, Gran Telescopio de Canarias, ALMA). Table 4.1-2 provides an outline of each participant’s relevant qualifications, experience and knowledge (see also Table 1). A list of related publications or products would be too long to fit within this proposal; interested readers may find such list at the internet pages of the participants (table 4.1-3). Specific publications about European concepts of Extremely Large Telescopes can be retrieved from the ESO and Lund sites (table 4.1-3).

15 More specifically, changes and waivers shall be approved by the Project Coordinator. 16 The Project Office shall have sole authority to modify the Master Plan.


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Table 4.1-1 Specific tasks of the participants

No Participant WBS No

WP / Task Person-months

Role / tasks

1. ESO 01000 Project coordination 60.0 As lead organization, top level coordination; organisation of project review; reporting to EC. Project management and system engineering (experience in management of large projects).

04000 Wavefront Control 4.0 Management and system engineering of tasks 04100 to 04800; reporting to Project Office.


6.0 This task is fully under ESO’s responsibility. See table 2 for the definition of the tasks.

04200 Metrology 34.6 Role: overall engineering follow-up. Tasks:

• Internal alignment system: drafting of specifications; technical follow-up; prototype transport to integration into VLT unit telescope, in-situ testing, documentation of test results.

• Position sensors: drafting of specifications; technical follow-up; transport and integration into WEB bench; in-situ testing, documentation of test results.

04300 Position actuators 25.8 Specifications; technical follow-up;

• transport and integration into WEB bench; in-situ testing, documentation of test results.

• Technical follow-up of the development of an alternative design (“smart rubber” actuator).



04500 Coronography 44.4 Theoretical studies & simulations; optical analysis and tolerancing.

04600 APE 76.2 Instrument engineering incl. design and supply of optomechanical bench, segmented mirror and active optics wavefront sensors; management of interfaces; integration, laboratory testing; packing, transport, unpacking, integration and testing at the VLT.

04800 WEB 8.4 Overall responsibility for the subsystem; conceptual design and specifications; follow-up of bench design and assembly, management of interfaces; follow-up of integration, factory and on-site testing; support to operations; data reduction and analysis.

05000 Optical Fabrication 2.8 Management and system engineering of tasks 05100 to 05400; reporting to Project Office.


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05100 Silicon carbide prototypes

12.4 Supply of 4 Silicon Carbide SiC-100 segment blanks (in-kind contribution) and CESIC blanks design; contracting and of 3 polishable overcoatings; supply of wasters; figuring specifications; transports; technical follow-up and coordination, review of test results.

05300 Optical testing of 1.8-m Al mirror


05400 Coatings 3.6 Specifications, tendering, contract award, contract follow-up.

06000 Mechanics 7.2 Management and system engineering of tasks 06100 to 06400; reporting to Project Office.

06100 Structural ropes 1.0 Specifications, technical follow-up.

06200 Composite structural elements

1.0 Specifications, technical follow-up.

06300 Magnetic levitation 2.4 Specifications, technical follow-up.

06400 Breadboard friction drive

10.2 Specifications, technical follow-up, attendance to tests.

07000 Control 11.4 Management and system engineering of tasks 07100 to 07300; reporting to Project Office.

07100 APE Control System 52.8 This task is fully under ESO’s responsibility. See table 2 for the definition of the tasks.

07300 WEB Control System 24.0 SW specifications, implementation, testing; Electronics design, integration and testing.

08000 Enclosure & infrastructure

3.0 Deputy management and system engineering of tasks 08100 to 08300.

08100 Enclosure concepts 6.6 Deputy engineering & technical follow-up.


5.4 Deputy engineering & technical follow-up.

08300 Wind studies 9.0 Engineering & technical follow-up; preparation of specifications; support to data analysis; review of test results.

09000 Adaptive optics 9.0 Deputy management and system engineering of tasks 09100 to 09600; reporting to Project Office.


15.6 Definition of system interface; system integration and support to operation.


114 Design and analysis (optomechanics, metrology, Real Time Computer) of up to 4 adaptive subsystems.


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30.6 Specifications, technical follow-up, support and attendance to prototype tests; preparation and follow-up of subcontracts.

09500 AO & MCAO simulations

104.4 Overall responsibility for AO & MCAO simulations; software design, coding; definition and execution of simulation runs; maintenance of cluster.


11.0 Deputy engineering & technical follow-up; software support, algorithm implementation and benchmarking.


47.4 Definition and analysis of technical and scientific operational scenarios for an ELT; derive system requirements.

11000 Instrumentation 9.6 Scientific Oversight; Systems Engineering and Interface Management.

11100 Point designs 7.0 MOMSI phase B optical design & analysis; definition of thermal IR detector concepts; emissivity requirements and analysis.

11200 Other design prospection

10.8 MOMSI phase A optical design; Planet Finder optical design & analysis; definition of thermal IR detector concepts; emissivity requirements and analysis.

12000 Site Characterization 13.2 Deputy management and system engineering of tasks 12100 to 12300. Compilation and interpretation of results.


2.4 Technical support and follow-up.


67.8 Specification, supply, integration, testing and commissioning of site measuring equipment; coordination, supervision of measurements in Chile and Argentina; processing of data; data compilation.


4.8 Measurements definition and performance.


2.4 Deputy management and system engineering of tasks 07100 to 07300.


10.8 Structural modelling, definition and follow-up of interface with instrumentation.

13200 APE Integrated modelling

3.0 Structural modelling, modelling of optical characteristics, interpretation of results.

13300 WEB Integrated modelling

6.0 Structural modelling, wavefront control modelling, interpretation of results.

2. AAO 11200 Other design prospection

17.4 Highspec and GRB Catcher: scientific oversight, optical and mechanical engineering.


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3. AMOS 06400 Breadboard friction drive

109.2 Breadboard design, construction and testing.

4. ASTRON 11100 Point designs 16.8 MIDIR Phase B: management, system engineering; scientific oversight; optical, mechanical engineering; interface management.


3.6 MIDIR Phase A: management, Systems Engineering and Interface management.

5. Australia National University


57.6 Conceptual design, technology studies: optical fabrication and measurements, mechanical engineering.


39.0 Simulation codes development, AO test cases analysis.

6. CIMNE 08300 Wind studies 45.0 Computational Fluid Dynamics - mesh generation; data processing and verification; compilation of results.

7. CRANFIELD 05200 Optical finishing and edge control

33.0 Development and qualification of Rapid Energy Beam Figuring of Part Segment Edges.

8. Durham Univ. 09400 Novel AO concepts 93.0 Modelling; R&D on Laser Guide Stars concepts.

11100 Point designs 10.4 MOMSI Phase B: scientific oversight, mechanical and optical engineering.


Management and optical design for 1) Innovative Instrument Designs, 2) MOMSI phase A. Development of AO concepts for Planet Finder.

9. Dutch Space 04300 Position actuators 11.0 Design, analysis, bread-boarding of an alternative actuator technology (“smart rubber” actuator), with vibration damping potential.

10. ECM 05100 Silicon carbide prototypes

38.6 Review of specifications; manufacture of 4 CESIC segment blanks, including rough grinding (preparation for slurry coating); overcoating of 2 blanks (polishable slurry)

11. EPFL-STI-IPR-LAI

06300 Magnetic levitation 90.0 Conceptual design and analysis of a magnetic levitation system, including drives, for an ELT kinematics.

12. FOGALE 04200 Metrology 78.0 • Development of a fibre-based extensometer for the monitoring of dimensional stability (position of the main optical components); define and perform proof-of-concept experiment; design, assemble, test and deliver a prototype system tailored to the VLT specifications.

• Evaluation of capacitive- and inductance-based solutions for segments position actuators; selection of one technology, design, fabrication and testing of prototypes, supply ex works of 24 sensors incl. electronics for the WEB bench.


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04600 APE 58.8 • Design, fabrication, integration and laboratory testing of a dual-wave interferometer for the control of APE segmented mirror.

• Design, fabrication, integration and laboratory testing of a Mach-Zehnder phasing wavefront sensor for APE.

13. Galway University

08100 Enclosure concepts 9.0 Conceptual design and analysis of 3 enclosure concepts.

09400 Novel AO concepts 9.6 Support to optical design and analysis; evaluation of alignment methods and tolerances.


16.0 Management, scientific oversight of HITRI conceptual design.


3.0 Follow-up of optical system aspects.


9.0 Support to coding, parallelization.

14. GRANTECAN 04000 Wavefront Control 2.2 Deputy management and system engineering of tasks 04100 to 04800.

04600 APE 0.6 Review of specifications, designs, and test results.


4.8 Management and system engineering of tasks 08100 to 08300; reporting to Project Office.

08100 Enclosure concepts 13.2 Specification, system engineering & technical follow-up.


8.4 Compilation and assessment of requirements, rough parametric cost evaluation.

08300 Wind studies 8.4 Technical follow-up of CFD analysis.


7.2 Definition and follow-up of enclosure input to integrated modelling.

15. IAC 01000 Project Coordination 7.8 Coordination of IAC and GRANTECAN activities.

04600 APE 49.1 Optomechanical design, analysis, fabrication and laboratory testing of a curvature-based phasing Wavefront Sensor for APE.

04800 WEB 50.1 Support to preliminary and final design (structure, mechanics incl. Kinematics); on-site Assembly, Integration and Verification; coordination of civil works; operations, data analysis.

07300 WEB Control System 14.4 Pre-integration testing of sensors and panels actuators; servos design; control system tests.


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08100 Enclosure concepts 18.0 Technical support (mechanics) to conceptual design of 3 enclosure types.


25.8 Technical support (civil engineering) to geotechnical and geophysical studies.

08300 Wind studies 10.8 Technical support, follow-up of CFD analysis.

12000 Site Characterization 16.8 Deputy management and system engineering of tasks 12100 to 12300. Compilation and interpretation of results.


2.4 Technical support and follow-up.


71.4 Specification, supply, integration, testing and commissioning of site measuring equipment, operation at ORM; processing of data; data compilation.


6.0 Measurements definition, measurements at ORM.

16. INAF 02000 Science requirements

8.4 Consolidation and prioritization of top level requirements applicable to 50- to 100-m visible and near-infrared telescope; reporting to Project Office.

01000 Project Coordination 5.2 Coordination of INAF activities.

04600 APE 67.2 Optomechanical design, analysis, fabrication and laboratory testing of a pyramid-based phasing Wavefront Sensor for APE.

09000 Adaptive optics 4.2 Management and system engineering of tasks 09100 to 09600; reporting to Project Office.


148.2 Responsibility for the experiment; experiment definition; design, fabrication and testing of metrology; integration and operation.


13.2 Systemm engineering and optical design of a first-generation Layer-Oriented Adaptive Optics system.


123.6 Conceptual design of adaptive segments units; performance analysis; feasibility study for cost-effective serial production.

09400 Novel AO concepts 97.8 R&D in the field of AO concepts; simulations; prototyping; data reduction.


25.2 Simulation codes development, AO test cases analysis.


31.2 Theoretical Analysis, Algorithm development


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17. INSU-CRAL 09600 Algorithms for reconstruction & control

67.8 Task management and coordination; Theoretical Analysis, Algorithm development and implementation.

11100 Point designs 38.4 WFSPEC Phase B: system engineering, instrument design, scientific oversight.


15.6 Management, scientific oversight of WFSPEC phase A conceptual design.

18. INSU-LAM 01000 Project Coordination 7.6 Coordination of INSU laboratories activities.

04600 APE 47.4 Support to the development, integration and testing of a Mach-Zehnder type phasing wavefront sensor, integration into INSU-LAM test bench; subsystem system analysis and modelling.


24.0 Support to SESO optical fabrication activities; definition and integration of optical test setup; testing of 4 segments.


31.2 Support to optical fabrication by SESO of thin shell mirror prototypes.

11100 Point designs 12.0 WFSPEC Phase B: system engineering, instrument design, scientific oversight.


12.0 Management, scientific oversight of WFSPEC phase A conceptual design.

19. INSU-LAOG 09500 AO & MCAO simulations

3.0 Support to AO & MCAO simulations (existing code upgrade).

20. ITER 08300 Wind studies 48.0 Enclosure models design and fabrication; definition, supply and integration of measuring instrument

21. JUPASA 04800 WEB 130.0 Review of specifications; preliminary and final design, structural analysis, fabrication of structure, kinematics, panels incl. their passive supports, shelter; factory assembly and testing, packing and ex works delivery.

22. LEIDEN Obs. 11100 Point designs 14.9 MIDIR Phase B: scientific oversight, software and optical engineering.


3.0 MIDIR Phase A: scientific oversight, software and optical engineering.

23. LUND Univ. 01000 Project Coordination 14.4 Deputy project management, coordination of Lund Activities.

09400 Novel AO concepts 30.0 R&D in algorithm & system design, MCAO concepts.


4.2 Interfaces to Integrated Modelling.


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13.8 Management and system engineering of tasks 13100 to 13300; reporting to Project Office.


195.6 Specifications, software engineering, coding and testing; interfaces of CFD input; cluster administration and maintenance.


28.8 Application of integrated modelling tools to APE; performance prediction, cross-checks with measured results.


37.8 Application of integrated modelling tools to WEB; performance prediction, cross-checks with measured results.

24. MEDIA C. I. 04800 WEB 25.8 System engineering; support to mechanical design; on-site integration and testing.

50.1 Support to preliminary and final design (structure, mechanics incl. Kinematics); on-site Assembly, Integration and Verification; coordination of civil works; operations, data analysis.

06100 Structural ropes 10.1 Overall responsibility for the design study.


10.3 Overall responsibility for the design study.

25. MPIA 09100 100m-Layer WFS experiment

10.8 Support to mechanical and control software design, support to integration and testing.

148.2 Responsibility for the experiment; experiment definition; design, fabrication and testing of metrology; integration and operation.

09400 Novel AO concepts 61.2 Support to optical, mechanical and software design; support to assembly, integration and verification; data reduction.

11100 Point designs 9.7 MIDIR Phase B; electronics and mechanical engineering; scientific oversight.


2.4 MIDIR Phase A; electronics and mechanical engineering; scientific oversight.

26. INSU- Observatoire Paris-Meudon

04500 Coronography 1.8 Design and system aspects.


39.6 FALCON-type instrument conceptual design.

27. Oxford Univ. 02000 Science requirements

19.8 Deputy WP management; consolidation and prioritization of top level requirements applicable to 50- to 100-m visible and near-infrared telescope.


3.6 Mechanical Engineering Tasks, scientific oversight.


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28. Politecnico di Milano

08300 Wind studies 7.2 Performance of wind tunnel measurements.

29. SAGEM 05100 Silicon carbide prototypes

78.0 Review of polishing and test specifications; grinding of 1-m class SiC segments (4 pcs: 2 SiC-100 and 2 CESIC); specification and technical follow-up of polishable overcoatings of 2 segments; development of an alternative, in-house polishable overcoating technology, incl. sample tests; evaluation of low-cost grinding slurries; R&D on the control of high spatial frequency misfigure, in particular edge misfigure; final polishing and optical testing of the 1-m class segments (evaluation of CTE homogeneity and thermal bimetallic effects), packing and delivery ex works.

30. SESO 05100 Silicon carbide prototypes

48.4 Review of polishing and test specifications; grinding of 1-m class SiC segments (4 pcs: 2 SiC-100 and 2 CESIC); specification and technical follow-up of polishable overcoating of 1 segment; R&D on the control of high spatial frequency misfigure, in particular edge misfigure; final polishing and optical testing of the 1-m class segments (evaluation of CTE homogeneity and thermal bimetallic effects); packing and delivery ex works.


24.4 Production of a flat, 65cm diameter thin (~1 mm) optical shell prototype, incl. supply of substrate.

31. Technion 09400 Novel AO concepts 28.2 System engineering, R&D on wavefront sensing for Extremely Large Telescopes.

32. TNO TPD 09600 Algorithms for reconstruction & control

12.0 R&D on predictive filtering.

33. UCL 05200 Optical finishing and edge control

45.0 Technical coordination of Cranfield, UCL and Zeeko activities; development and testing of fast, deterministic polishing toolpath and algorithm; machine operation, data reduction.

34. UKATC 10000 Observatory & science operations

4.8 Deputy WP management; Definition and analysis of technical and scientific operational scenarios for an ELT; derive software requirements.

11000 Instrumentation 18.2 Management, scientific oversight and system engineering of tasks 11100 to 11300; reporting to Project Office; coordination of UKATC activities.

11100 Point designs 32.6 Overall responsibility for MOMSI phase B design & analysis.


22.8 Overall responsibility for MOMSI phase A design & analysis. SCUBA-3 and Planet Finder conceptual design and system engineering.


4.9 Optical engineering, scientific oversight.



4.8 Scientific and technical coordination, experiment design, performance of on-site measurements.


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36. Université de Nice

12000 Site Characterization 19.8 Management and system engineering of tasks 12100 to 12300. Compilation and interpretation of results.


2.4 Definition and compilation of relevant parameters; identification / definition of standards.


35.4 Specification, design, supply, integration, testing and commissioning of site measuring equipment; coordination, supervision of measurements in Moroccan Atlas; processing of data; data compilation.


7.2 Measurements definition, coordination and performance. Compilation of results.



18.6 System engineering and design; coordination of measurements.

38. University of Padova


43.2 R&D on AO algorithms and reconstruction.

39. ZEEKO 05200 Optical finishing and edge control

10.2 Machine operation, optical testing; data reduction.


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Table 4.1-2 Participants and their relevant qualifications, experience and knowledge

Participant Relevant qualifications, experience and knowledge

1. ESO Astronomical infrastructures provider; design, construction and operation of world-class facilities. Management of large scale, international projects (VLT/VLTI, ALMA). Strong expertise in the design, construction and operation of active telescopes (NTT, 1989; VLT, 1998). In cooperation with European industry, actively pursuing the design of a 100-m class adaptive telescope (OWL; phase A due for completion in 2005).

2. AAO The AAO is a bi-national agency jointly funded by the UK and Australian governments. It operates and maintains the AAT and UKST and builds instrumentation for these and other telescopes. Its fields of excellence in instrumentation include fibre positioners, spectrograph design and near IR instrumentation. Its specific roles in the consortium are design studies for HISPEC and GRB catcher.

3. AMOS AMOS is experienced in the design, manufacturing and testing of turn key mechanisms in the field of astronomy and other high accuracy applications.

AMOS has delivered the ESO VLT adapter rotators, GEMINI Cassegrain rotator, GTC AG Cores and M3 tower, etc... AMOS is currently manufacturing the ESO Auxiliary telescopes. These are complete systems including a friction driven transporter to relocate the telescope. Through these projects AMOS has acquired valuable experience with direct drive and hydraulic systems.

AMOS makes advantage of its integrated structure that is perfectly adapted or the engineering, design, integration, adjustment and testing of high accuracy prototypes. AMOS has in house machining capabilities for large parts through its sister company ALM.

4. ASTRON Astronomical infrastructure provider: Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (in progress: LOFAR), host institute for JIVE (Joint Institute for Very Long Baseline Interferometry in Europe).

The optical instrumentation group was involved in the design and built of TAURUS, the integration and testing of UES, design and built of the VISIR spectrograph and the cold bench of MIDI (IR instrumentation for VLT and VLTI). Presently involved in the MIRI spectrograph for the James Webb Space Telescope. Strong points are integrated design capabilities, experience with cryogene optical design andlight-weighting techniques.

5. Australia National University

Instrument design and construction provider for international telescopes. Expertise in design, and construction of advanced optical systems of exacting tolerances, precision mechanics, cryogenic enclosures, numerical simulation, modeling and optimization, and thermal analysis. Expertise in systems engineering and control theory. Design and manufacture of Gemini South Adaptive Optics Imager (GSAOI) and Gemini Near-infrared Integral Field Spectrograph (NIFS) for imaging spectroscopy with adaptive optics. Direct access to kiln glass-slumping expertise and Supercomputer Facility within Australian National University.

6. CIMNE CIMNE: Since 1987 CIMNE has promoted training and research activities and technology transfer in an international context. CIMNE’s main expertise is the development and application of numerical methods to solve a variety of problems in engineering.


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Experience in static and dynamic structural analysis, shape optimisation, graphic visualisation and vehicles aerodynamics studies is to be highlighted. It is also important to mention the participation of CIMNE in a project devoted to the analysis of the natural ventilation system of the Canarias Large Telescope.

7. CRANFIELD Cranfield is a post graduate applied research based University. Its Precision Engineering Groups have specific expertise in the development of ultra precision machine tools and processes. Specific developments focus on the fabrication and measurement of large and complex shape optics for ground and space based instruments. The Precision Engineering Group work in close collaboration with a number of spin-out companies and itself runs precision and ultra precision fabrication laboratories.

8. Durham Univ. The Astronomical Instrumentation Group in Durham specialises in design, building, and commissioning optical and infrared astronomical instrumentation around the World. Recent projects include instruments for the GEMINI and Subaru Telescopes, and the Isaac Newton Groups of Telescopes. It has particular experience in adaptive optics using laser guide stars and spectroscopy which will be applied in this proposal.

9. Dutch Space Dutch Space is Europe's leading manufacturer of solar arrays for spacecraft and an important supplier of launcher structural systems with a track record of over 30 years. As a specialist in advanced robotics technology, Dutch Space is prime contractor of ERA (European Robotic Arm), an 11 meter long, stand alone space robot. Further specialisations of the company are: design, development and testing of crucial systems and subsystems for spacecraft within the field of simulation, payloads and remote sensing, microgravity, and thermal products. Capabilities of Dutch Space consist of Systems engineering, Mechanical engineering, Control Engineering, Software engineering, Test & integration.

Dutch Space previously supplied the Delay Line systems for the Very Large Telescope in Chili. Further, it is involved in preparations for the ALMA and LOFAR telescopes. In other fields it has studied and supplied vibration damping / actuator systems for SAR Antenna’s (“smart technology” and active vibration control) and active equipment for isolation and structural damping for fighter aircraft (“Garteur Action Group”)

10. ECM Since the beginning of the year 2000 ECM is an independent supplier of Cesic® products - Cesic® is a trademark of ECM. ECM has its own fabrication process and facilities, including heat-treatment furnaces, for the processing of the Carbon-Carbon material and development of Cesic® products. ECM produces Cesic® parts since 1995. It supplies lightweight, stiff and thermo-mechanically stable structures and optical substrates for space applications and ground-based astronomy (e.g. the Gregor 1.5-m solar telescope mirror blanks).

11. EPFL-STI-IPR-LAI University group with outstanding experience in electric drives. Research focused on the motor, including drivers, sensors and energy transmission. Special development undertaken in advanced transportation system such as levitation system and linear motors. Modelling and FEM simulation analysis are undertaken by our laboratory. Furthermore, we focused our research on special optimization softwares witch help to find out optimum based on large number of model equations. The group will lead the research on Maglev system new solutions for both telescope axes.

12. FOGALE Fogale Nanotech is designing and supplying high accuracy metrology optical and electronics systems e.g. to medical and optical industry, precision mechanics, nuclear research (CERN), astronomical facilities (South African Large Telescope).


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13. Galway University University groups in Physics and Information Technology Departments with assistance from Civil Engineering. Particular expertise in optics and instrumentation design – especially high time resolution instrumentation and adaptive optics – large scale finite element modelling and the development of applications of high performance computing.

14. GRANTECAN Grantecan is currently undertaking the design and construction of the Spanish 10-m class GTC telescope (la Palma, Canary Islands), to become the largest optical telescope upon its first light in 2005.

15. IAC The IAC Sky Quality Group has been working in the site testing of the European Northern Observatories in the Canary Islands since 1989, implementing different techniques and with additional collaborations with the main international groups in this field. The IAC Technology Division has a large experience in designing and manufacturing instrumentation (visible-infrared, image- photometry-spectrometry-polarimetry, night-solar) for a wide range of telescopes, like OSIRIS and EMIR for the 10-m GTC, LIRIS and INTEGRAL-WYFFOS for the William Herschel, Optical and Infrared Solar Polarimeters and Correlation Tracker for VTT, CAIN for the TCS, IACUB for NOT.

16. INAF INAF has pioneered a number of innovations in Adaptive Optics, like the Secondary Adaptive Mirrors Technology, the Pyramid WaveFront Sensor and the Layer_Oriented WaveFront Sensor. It has developed telescopes like TNG and LBT, and instruments for these 4m and 8m class telescopes as well as for VLT. INAF has expertise in the fields of high resolution imaging, space and ground optics, adaptive optics and interferometry.

17. INSU-CRAL CRAL has a well known track record in instrumentation of major observatories, particularly in the field of 3D spectroscopy. It has developed instruments for CFHT, WHT, is leading a proposal for a second generation instrument (MUSE) at the VLT, and is involved in JWST instrumentation. CRAL also has strong expertise in high resolution imaging techniques, adaptive optics, laser guide stars, MCAO, image deconvolution, etc.

18. INSU-LAM The Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille is part of the Observatoire Astronomique de Marseille-Provence [OAMP]. LAM has a well known track record in telescope optics (design, aspherics, polishing, etc.) and in ground and space instrumentation (VLT, JWST, Galex, COROT, HERSCHEL, etc.).

19. INSU-LAOG LAOG has a well-known expertise in adaptive optics developments, e.g. at CFHT and ESO 3.6m, VLT (NAOS) as well as expertise in interferometry, e.g. VLTI.

20. ITER The main objective of ITER is the development of research projects related to Renewable Energies and realization of tests in the Wind Tunnel. The Wind Energy Department staff has a 15-years experience in the development of wind studies as well as in carrying out projects of calculation of wind loads and pressure distribution in the wind tunnel.

21. JUPASA JUPASA is a company who design, machining, assembly with high precision large structures and parts. JUPASA is certificated by AENOR in ISO 9000:2000 and ISO 9100. It participates in design and construction of the radio-telescope of OAN, as well as toolings and parts for aeronautics and space industries.

22. LEIDEN Obs. Leiden Observatory performs research in many areas of observational and theoretical astronomy. The observatory’s


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instrumentation group has substantial experience in astronomical techniques, instrument definition, and instrument design. Specific expertise exists in instrument control and real-time software. The group also has relevant experience in adaptive optics.

23. LUND Univ. The Lund Telescope Group of Lund Observatory has wide experience in design and construction of optical and radio telescopes. Its staff has taken active part in (and in some cases led) the following projects: Coudé Auxiliary Telescope, Nordic Optical Telescope, Large Earth-based Solar Telescope, EISCAT Svalbard 30 m radar antenna, Very Large Telescope (VLT), ALMA antenna prototype, and Euro50 design studies for a 50 m ELT. The group has recently strengthened its activities within Integrated Modeling, Adaptive Optics and Science Case Analysis.

24. MEDIA C. I. MEDIA has expertise in precision mechanics and structures for large telescopes and ground-based instrumentation. The company provides engineering support for complete product development: design, simulation, production, project management, product assurance and system engineering. MEDIA has supplied the mechanics of the first instrument of the Spanish 10-m class GTC telescope (La Palma, Canary Islands).

25. MPIA Max-Planck-Institute with expertise in cryogenic astronomical instrumentation for large ground-based telescopes. Special experience in precision cryo-mechanics and cryo-physics, IR-detector read out electronics and detector test procedures and facilities. In addition, there is detailed expertise in development and application of astronomical AO systems.

26. Observatoire Paris-Meudon

Observatoire de Paris is the largest astronomical center in France with about 1000 employees, out of which 750 are permanent. It consists of 7 laboratories. It has a well known track record in various ground and space instrumentation projects. Some of the projects relevant to the purpose of this ELT design study are: VLT / Giraffe, VLT / NAOS, JWST / MIRI.

27. Oxford Univ. A university department with a strong research group and experience with design and construction of instrumentation for large telescopes, including VLT and Subaru. The department also hosts the UK Gemini support group, providing experience with observatory operations and strategic planning.

28. Politecnico di Milano The department of Mechanics of the Politecnico di Milano is since years active in the field of theoretical, computational end experimental fluid dynamics applied to large buildings and structures in atmospheric boundary layers (the suspended Messina bridge the sport stadium of Braga and the structure of the Milan Fair's New Complex, only to mention the most recent studies). The department owns one of the largest boundary layer wind tunnel in Europe in which large scale models can be tested in an optimal configuration. This peculiarity allows, in case of large structures like ELT.s, to study the structure of the turbulent pressure field and its Power Spectral Density, both on the building structure and on the telescope primary mirror hosted inside the building, in the needed frequency range.

29. SAGEM Reosc (part of the Sagem group), with several decades of experience, is a world-leading supplier of large optics for ground- and space-based astronomical telescopes and instrumentation. Most notably, it has produced the VLT and Gemini 8-m primary mirrors, the Beryllium secondary mirrors and Coude train optics of the VLT, and is currently manufacturing the 42 1.8-m segments and the secondary mirror of the GTC. Within the framework of the French laser fusion Megajoule project, it is developing its serial production capacity for large (up to 85 cm), diffraction limited, plano, spheric and aspheric optics. It is also involved in technology development for the James Webb Space Telescope, and is actively pursuing R&D in the area of non-conventional mirror substrates (e.g. Beryllium, Silicon Carbide and hybrid material technology). Under CFH-CNRC-LAM contract,


89

in 2002 SAGEM completed a feasibility study for the polishing of the new CFHT/XLT segments. Under ESO contract, in 2003 SAGEM completed a feasibility study for the polishing of OWL segments.

30. SESO Over several decades Seso has been a major supplier of large, high accuracy optics e.g. for space- and ground-based instrumentation, grazing incidence x-ray Silicon Carbide optics, etc. Within the framework of the laser fusion Megajoule project, it is developing its serial production capacity for large, diffraction limited optics. SESO is also world leader in double-side polishing and manufacturing of extremely thin and large optical parts. Under ESO contract, in 2003 SESO completed a feasibility study for the polishing of OWL segments.

31. Technion The physics department has been doing adaptive optics for nearly thirty years. Among its achievements are the invention of the bimorph mirror, wave front sensors (such as lateral shear and variable spatial sampling), multi-conjugate methods, control methodologies, multiple and compact laser and plasma guide stars, stellar interferometers, and many more.

32. TNO TPD TNO TPD has a long-standing experience in the design and realisation of precision optical systems for science space projects, earth observation and ground-based astronomy. For the latter in particular TNO TPD have built the VLTI delay lines in co-operation with Dutch Space. Recently, TNO TPD has acquired the contract for delivering a set of star separators for the PRIMA instrument. In 2001 TNO TPD has set-up a Knowledge Center Aperture Synthesis, together with the University of Delft and the University of Leiden. In this Center new technologies are being investigated for nulling interferometry, metrology, wide field imaging and adaptive optics. In the field of adaptive optics the emphasis lies on the development of deformable mirrors with high actuator density and the design of advanced control algorithms.

33. UCL The Optical Science Laboratory at UCL has some fifteen years of experience in optical fabrication R&D. Currently, it is undertaking research in computer-controlled polishing and attendant methods of form-metrology, in collaboration with organisations including Zeeko Ltd, the UK National Physical Laboratory, and Heriot Watt and Huddersfield Universities. It is also pursuing research in producing adaptive mirrors for both the X-ray and visible regimes. OSL is the lead partner in collaboration with Cranfield University, under the UK ‘Basic Technology’ initiative. This project is establishing a new national research facility in medium-scale optical fabrication employing several advanced fabrication processes.

34. UKATC Part of the UK Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC), the UK Astronomy Technology Centre (UK ATC) is the national centre for the design and production of world leading astronomical telescopes, instruments and systems. Current major projects include the delivery of systems to the high altitude mountain sites of the Gemini Telescopes Project (8m telescopes in Hawaii and Chile), the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes (La Palma), the UK Infrared Telescope (Hawaii), the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (Hawaii), the Herschel Space Observatory (HSO), the Mid InfraRed Imager (MIRI) for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the design and build of VISTA - a 4m wide-field telescope in Chile.


Since 1990, one of the main research fields of the Electromagnetic and Photonics Engineering Group of the Universidad Politecnica Catalunia is the LIDAR Remote Sensing & Free-Space Optical Communications, carrying out studies of turbulence-induced propagation effects, spacecraft-ground optical links, laser radar for remote atmospheric probing and boundary layer profiling, in the framework of contracts with ESA and the Spanish Administration.

36. Université de Nice The atmospheric optics group of the Laboratoire Universitaire Astrophysique de Nice has a unique expertise in atmospheric


90

optics for astronomy, both from theoretical and experimental points of view. Most of the major observatories have been characterized by this group: La Silla, Paranal, Cerro Tololo, Cerro Pachon, Roque de los Muchachos, Mauna Kea, South Pole and now Dome C in Antarctica. They developed a whole set of instruments for site testing. Their experience will help in site characterization for an ELT.


The University of New South Wales hosts one of Australia’s largest astrophysics research departments, with over twenty years experience in the design of innovative astronomical instrumentation. The Department of Astrophysics has conducted experiments in Antarctica for ten years, and has a special interest in wave-front sensing and GLAO.

38. University Padova University group with outstanding experience in the field of systems and control theory. The group consists of 12 faculty members and about 20 Ph.D. and post-graduate students. Specific areas of expertise of the group relevant to the project comprise analysis, modelling and control of multidimensional systems; modelling, control, estimation and identification of stochastic systems; algorithms for linear and nonlinear filtering, using Kalman filter-based techniques; computational vision with application to control of autonomous vehicles; robotics.

39. ZEEKO Zeeko is an SME founded in 2000, that develops and manufacturers computer-controlled polishing machines for spherical and aspheric surfaces. It is also advanced in developing software tools for controlling form on complex surfaces, and in other aspects of process R&D. Machines using its ‘Classic’ process (spinning, precessing bonnet) are highly regarded in the international optics world, and represent the best turn-key process for polishing and controlling form from ground-surface to finished-part. Zeeko is also developing a fluid-jet process in collaboration with TPD-Delft, and actively pursuing markets ranging from fine-optics, to precision mechanical surfaces including turbine blades, moulds and prosthetic joints. As a technology-based company, Zeeko has established a relationship with Loh Optikmaschinen AG (Germany) who are manufacturing and supporting Zeeko’s smaller (200mm) machines.


91

Table 4.1-3 Internet addresses and publication or products lists.

Participant Internet address Publications available at

1. ESO www.eso.org General: www.eso.org/gen-fac/pubs/ OWL:: www.eso.org/projects/owl

2. AAO www.aao.gov.au www.aao.gov.au/AAO/local/www/lib/aaoarea/preprints.html

3. AMOS www.amos.be

4. ASTRON www.astron.nl

5. Australia National University www.mso.anu.edu.au Design-Construction Capabilities: www.mso.anu.edu.au/services/ Highlights: www.mso.anu.edu.au/services/#highlights

6. CIMNE ��

7. CRANFIELD www.cranfield.ac.uk www.cranfield.ac.uk/sims/mem/

8. Durham Univ. http://www.dur.ac.uk http://aig-www.dur.ac.uk and http://www.dur.ac.uk/g.d.love/publications.html

9. Dutch Space www.dutchspace.nl

10. ECM www.ec-muenchen.de

11. EPFL-STI-IPR-LAI laiwww.epfl.ch laiwww.epfl.ch/publications/articles/index.html

12. FOGALE www.fogale.fr

13. Galway University www.nuigalway.ie

High Time Resolution Astronomy: ww2.it.nuigalway.ie/resear/papers/index.html Adaptive Optics: http://optics.nuigalway.ie Physics: www.physics.nuigalway.ie

14. GRANTECAN www.gtc.iac.es General: www.gtc.iac.es/document_s.asp

15. IAC www.iac.es Site Testing publications http://www.iac.es/project/sitesting/papers.html Site Testing results http://www.iac.es/project/sitesting/site.html Instrumentation http://www.iac.es/gabinete/instru/activida.html

16. INAF http://www.arcetri.astro.it lbtwww.arcetri.astro.it/arcetri/adopt-www/papers/papers.htm

17. INSU-CRAL www-obs.univ-lyon1.fr www-obs.univ-lyon1.fr/recherche/publications/publis.html

18. INSU-LAM www.lam.oamp.fr/index_lam.html www.oamp.fr/biblio/publiosu.html

19. INSU-LAOG www-laog.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr/

20. ITER www.iter.es


92

21. JUPASA Not available

22. LEIDEN Obs. www.strw.leidenuniv.nl

23. LUND Univ. www.astro.lu.se www.astro.lu.se/euro50/publications.html

24. MEDIA C. I. www.mediaconsult.es

25. MPIA www.mpia.de www.mpia.de/PSF www.mpia.deGALAXIES/NEU

26. INSU-OPM www.obspm.fr

27. Oxford Univ. www-astro.physics.ox.ac.uk

28. Politecnico di Milano www.polimi.it

29. SAGEM www.sagem.com/fr/produits/optronique/optique.htm

30. SESO www.seso.com

31. Technion http://physics.technion.ac.il/~eribak/main http://physics.technion.ac.il/~eribak/pub

32. TNO TPD www.tpd.tno.nl www.tpd.tno.nl/smartsite647.html www.tpd.tno.nl/smartsite513.html www.tpd.tno.nl/smartsite215.html

33. UCL www.osl.ucl.ac.uk www.osl.ucl.ac.uk/publications.html

34. UKATC www.roe.ac.uk/atc/

35. Universidad Politecnica Catalunia www.upc.es LIDAR and Atmospheric Optical Communications: http://www-tsc.upc.es/eef/research_lines/photonics/optical.htm

36. Universite de Nice www-luan.unice.fr http://www-luan.unice.fr/vernin/rapact03.html

37. University of New South Wales www.unsw.edu.au/ www.phys.unsw.edu.au/ANNUAL_REPORTS/2002/index.html

38. University Padova www.dei.unipd.it www.dei.unipd.it/ricerca/rapporto.html

39. ZEEKO www.zeeko.co.uk http://www.zeeko.co.uk/papers/index.asp


93

4.2 Justification of financing requested

Table 4.2-1 here below gives the overall cost breakdown of the project. A detailed breakdown per Work Package and participant is provided in table 4.2-2. The costs have been compiled on the basis of

• participants distributed tasks across the Work Packages, and the implied costs for travels, meetings and reviews;

• best estimates as to the manpower required to complete the tasks; • where available, detailed specifications and statements of work prepared for the specific

purpose of the preparation of this proposal or derived from ESO’s OWL documentation.

Use of telescope time has not been charged to the project.

Table 4.2-1. Overall cost breakdown (Euros).

Direct costs Indirect costs Total

Total Manpower 18,397,104 3,679,421 22,076,525

Total Travels & Meetings 2,895,711 579,142 3,474,853

Total Operations incl. supplies 6,724,200 1,344,840 8,069,040

Total Professional support 1,103,950 220,790 1,324,740

Total Subcontracts 6,741,000 0 6,741,000

Total 35,861,965 5,824,193 41,686,157

Durable equipment – The list of durable equipment purchased for the project is provided in table 4.2-3. Durable equipment is defined as parts, components, tools, machines, subsystems or systems that may, without significant re-design or modification, serve or eventually be recycled to other purposes than those of the project.

Subcontracts – The list of anticipated subcontracts is provided in table 4.2-4. These subcontracts are necessary for the completion of the proposed Design Study. Major subcontracts (e.g. position actuators, coatings, high density adaptive mirror prototype) correspond to subsystems or technologies

• which correspond to necessary but not core activities, or • for which potential suppliers could not be convinced to join the Consortium, or • for which preliminary offers were deemed unfavourable, or • for which enlarged competition is necessary to identify the most promising supply lines.

Self-financing – The list of participants contributing to the project on a self-financing basis is provided in table 4.2-5.


94

Table 4.2-2. Cost breakdown (in Euros) Direct

costs Indirect

costs Total Requested

EC contrib.

WP No

WP Title Participant Cost position 35,861,965 5,824,193 41,686,157 22,058,223

01000 Project coordination ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings

Operations incl. supplies

Professional support

Subcontracts

Total Participant - this WP 833,200 166,640 999,840 943,440

IAC Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


INAF Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


INSU-LAM Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


LUND Univ. Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 1,082,533 216,507 1,299,040 1,146,940

02000 Science requirements

INAF Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Oxford Univ. Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 188,807 37,761 226,568 79,200

04000 Wavefront Control ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


95


GRANTECAN

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 88,870 17,774 106,644 62,730


ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 42,575 8,515 51,090 25,545

04200 Metrology ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


FOGALE Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts

Total Participant - this WP 942,000 188,400 1,130,400 565,200

Total WP 1,201,313 240,263 1,441,575 720,788

04300 Position actuators ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts

Total Participant - this WP 1,865,100 53,020 1,918,120 959,060

Dutch Space Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 1,998,367 79,673 2,078,040 1,039,020


ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 76,375 15,275 91,650 45,825

04500 Coronography ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


96


Observatoire Paris-Meudon

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 140,500 28,100 168,600 81,990

04600 APE ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


FOGALE Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


GRANTECAN

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts

Total Participant - this WP 2,966 593 3,559 0

IAC Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


INAF Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


INSU-LAM Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 2,811,145 558,229 3,369,374 1,786,460

04800 WEB ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


IAC Manpower

Travel & meetings




97

Subcontracts


JUPASA Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


MEDIA C. I. Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 1,128,717 216,743 1,345,461 722,739

05000 Optical Fabrication ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


UCL Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 57,150 11,430 68,580 42,690


ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


ECM Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


INSU-LAM Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


SAGEM Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


SESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



98


Subcontracts


Total WP 2,717,477 534,495 3,251,972 1,645,034


CRANFIELD Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


UCL Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


ZEEKO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 863,750 164,750 1,028,500 536,020

05300 Optical testing of 1.8-m Al mirrors

ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 61,950 12,390 74,340 37,170

05400 Coatings ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 158,513 7,703 166,215 83,108

06000 Mechanics ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 96,400 19,280 115,680 57,840

06100 Structural ropes ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts



Travel & meetings




99

Subcontracts


Total WP 68,737 13,747 82,485 41,160


ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts



Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 70,720 14,144 84,864 42,376

06300 Magnetic levitation ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


EPFL-STI-IPR-LAI

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 506,320 101,264 607,584 585,792

06400 Breadboard friction drive

ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


AMOS Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 1,700,900 326,180 2,027,080 1,013,540

07000 Control ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 309,300 21,860 331,160 165,580

07100 APE Control System ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


100


Total WP 980,600 196,120 1,176,720 588,360

07300 WEB Control System ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


IAC Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 525,000 105,000 630,000 351,000


ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


GRANTECAN

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 71,500 14,300 85,800 30,300

08100 Enclosure concepts ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Galway University

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


GRANTECAN

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


IAC Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 906,900 41,380 948,280 457,460


101


ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


GRANTECAN

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


IAC Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 547,800 47,560 595,360 327,380

08300 Wind studies ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


CIMNE Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


GRANTECAN

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


IAC Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


ITER Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Politecnico di Milano

Manpower

Travel & meetings




102

Subcontracts


Total WP 928,400 158,680 1,087,080 527,680

09000 Adaptive optics ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


INAF Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 143,083 28,617 171,700 112,000


ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


INAF Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


MPIA Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts

Total Participant - this WP 52,497 10,499 62,996 0

University of New South Wales

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 1,902,722 214,544 2,117,267 894,888


ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


INAF Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts



103

Total WP 982,083 196,417 1,178,499 582,750


ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts

Total Participant - this WP 1,968,700 63,740 2,032,440 1,016,220

Australia National University

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


INAF Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


INSU-LAM Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


SESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 4,597,511 413,502 5,011,014 1,819,427

09400 Novel AO concepts Durham Univ. Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Galway University

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


INAF Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


MPIA Manpower

Travel & meetings




104

Subcontracts


Technion Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 1,007,481 201,496 1,208,977 655,244


ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts



Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


INAF Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


INSU-LAOG Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


LUND Univ. Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 918,581 183,716 1,102,298 368,040


ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


INAF Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


INSU-CRAL Manpower


105

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


TNO TPD Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


University Padova

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 615,422 107,884 723,307 383,494


ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


UKATC Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 414,800 82,960 497,760 248,880

11000 Instrumentation ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


UKATC Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 248,812 49,762 298,574 149,287

11100 Point designs ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


ASTRON Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


106


Durham Univ. Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


INSU-CRAL Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


INSU-LAM Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


LEIDEN Obs. Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


MPIA Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


UKATC Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 828,407 165,681 994,089 524,110


ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


AAO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


ASTRON Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


107


Durham Univ. Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Galway University

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


INSU-CRAL Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


INSU-LAM Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


LEIDEN Obs. Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


MPIA Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Observatoire Paris-Meudon

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Oxford Univ. Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


UKATC Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts



108

Total WP 927,034 185,407 1,112,440 611,120


Galway University

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts

Total Participant - this WP 2,000 400 2,400 2,400

UKATC Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 41,231 8,246 49,477 25,939

12000 Site Characterization ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


IAC Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Universite de Nice

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 388,550 73,710 462,260 271,420


ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


IAC Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Universite de Nice

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 82,200 16,440 98,640 59,280

12200 Instrumentation, ESO Manpower


109

measurements and modelling

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


IAC Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Universite de Nice

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 1,329,990 265,998 1,595,988 866,964


ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


IAC Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Universidad Politecnica Catalunia

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Universite de Nice

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 303,740 60,748 364,488 212,184


ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


LUND Univ. Manpower


110

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 74,800 14,960 89,760 70,080


ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Galway University

Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


LUND Univ. Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts

Total Participant - this WP 1,107,750 221,550 1,329,300 1,329,300

Total WP 1,228,350 245,670 1,474,020 1,413,660


ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


LUND Univ. Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 209,050 41,810 250,860 233,730


ESO Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


LUND Univ. Manpower

Travel & meetings



Subcontracts


Total WP 287,500 57,500 345,000 312,000


111

Table 4.2-3. Durable equipment

WBS No

Item Estimated cost1 ( ��

Justification

04600 Optical bench & mounts 78,000 Required for APE; less expensive than tailored design.

CCD and optics for cameras 360,000 Required for APE wavefront sensors and imaging camera

Coding/decoding interferometer, incl. dual wavelength, coherence coded optical source.

321,600 Required for the control of APE segmented mirror; may also be used for the calibration of WEB position sensors.

Controller & detector for he curvature sensor

63,000 Required for the curvature wavefront sensor of APE.

13100 32 PC cluster + upgrades 172,000 Required for the coding and running of integrated modelling tools.

TOTAL 994,600

1 Total hardware direct + indirect costs.


112

Table 4.2-4. Subcontracts

Total amount

Total charged to EC

WBS WP / Task Title Item 6,741,000 3,545,500

04300 Position actuators H/W for position actuators 1,600,000 800,000

04600 APE DIPSI optics 20,000 0

04800 WEB Civil Infrastructure 45,000 45,000

05100 Silicon carbide prototypes Grinding 30,000 15,000

05100 Silicon carbide prototypes Grinding after infiltration 15,000 7,500

05200 Optical finishing and edge control Initial test runs in the US 40,000 40,000

05400 Coatings Industrial study, contracted out 120,000 60,000

06400 Breadboard friction drive Consultancy 50,000 25,000

06400 Breadboard friction drive Transport & Handling 20,000 10,000

07000 Control Future computer & electronics architectures 100,000 50,000

07000 Control Future computer & electronics architectures 100,000 50,000

08100 Enclosure concepts Subcontract - Conceptual design of 3 enclosure concepts - phase B

500,000 250,000

08100 Enclosure concepts Renewable energies 200,000 100,000

08200 Construction, maintenance and operation infrastructures Fine Topography (ORM) 15,000 7,500


Geotechnical studies (ORM) 140,000 70,000


Fine Topography (North Paranal) 15,000 7,500

08200 Construction, maintenance and operation infrastructures Geotechnical studies (North Paranal) 140,000 70,000

08300 Wind studies Subcontract - Computing 50,000 50,000

08300 Wind studies Subcontract - 1 Model fabrication (anthene ESC 1:100) + 50 presure sensors and electronics

85,000 42,500

09100 100m-Layer WFS experiment WFS prototype - excluding detector 100,000 40,000

09100 100m-Layer WFS experiment WFS units (6 pc) - including detectors 570,000 427,500

09100 100m-Layer WFS experiment Experiment def. /data analysis 160,000 80,000

09300 Large format, high density DMs R&D DM-TEC2 Study & prototyping 1,400,000 700,000

09300 Large format, high density DMs R&D DM-TEC1 Studies 250,000 125,000

09300 Large format, high density DMs R&D Actuator mechanics prototyping 50,000 25,000

09300 Large format, high density DMs R&D Actuator electronics design and assem 120,000 60,000

09300 Large format, high density DMs R&D Thin mirror 130,000 65,000

09300 Large format, high density DMs R&D Test equipment 70,000 35,000

09300 Large format, high density DMs R&D System realization 100,000 50,000

09300 Large format, high density DMs R&D High density prototype 120,000 60,000

09300 Large format, high density DMs R&D Sic/Graphite furnace 150,000 75,000

09300 Large format, high density DMs R&D Actuators system level design 60,000 30,000

09300 Large format, high density DMs R&D Thin shell production 50,000 25,000

09300 Large format, high density DMs R&D Prod. Thin shell - Modification of existing SESO DF machine 25,000 0

09300 Large format, high density DMs R&D Prod. Thin shell - Use of SESO interferometer 5,000 0


Prototyping 76,000 38,000

12000 Site Characterization Environmental impact study 20,000 10,000


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Table 4.2-5. Self-financing participants

Participant name Total amount (�� Sources


1,297,543. Australian Government, Dept. of Education, Science, and Tourism, Innovation Access Program - International Science & Technology.

University of New South Wales

300,000. 150,000.- from UNSW; 150,000.- from Australian Department of Education, Science and Training.

TOTAL 1,597,543


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5. OTHER ISSUES

The design, construction and operation of astronomical infrastructures in general, and this design study in particular, do not give rise to specific gender or ethical issues.

technology development programme towards a european...

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