Technology Development Opportunities and Challenges for Gas Turbine Integration with BioenergyShaji ManipurathOctober 18, 2016IAGT Workshop 2016, Montréal, QuebecClean Power and Energy Opportunities for Remote Communities Panel

Outline

• Why bioenergy?• Role in remote communities• Using biofuels in gas turbines• Challenges and opportunities

• Liquid: pyrolysis oil• Gas: syngas

• Gas turbine vs. alternative technologies (syngas operation)• Summary of research opportunities

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Bioenergy potential in Canada

• Canada has the most biomass (per capita).• 8% of world’s forest.• Largest per capita cereals producer.• Third largest arable land area.

• Agriculture, forestry and urban sector residue/waste can provide:• 14-21% of primary energy supply.• Or 2-3x Coal or 0.4-0.6x NG supplied domestically (2013).

• Over 40 million dry tonnes of biomass could be harvested annually while respecting sustainable harvest level regulations.

• Biomass can yield a net GHG reduction of 70-95%.

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J. Stephen and S. Wood-Bohm, Biomass Innovation: Canada’s Leading Opportunity for Greenhouse Reduction and Economic Prosperity, Prepared fgor CCEMC and Alberta Innovates, February 2016

Role in Canadian remote communities

• 200,000 people in 280 remote communities.

• In comparison to rest of Canada, electricity rates can be as high as• 4.7 - 6.4 times in remote

communities.• 14.7 – 21.4 times in arctic

communities.• Mostly dependent on diesel

generation.• Presently, renewables are

mostly hydro, with solar and wind as other options.

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• Role of biomass will be based on:• Availability of feedstock• Economics• System design• System operation

Options to use biomass in Remote Communities

• Energy intensity in remote communities (~2 to 7 kWe per person)

• Leads to small scale CHP solutions (~100 kWe to ~1 MWe size).

• Technology options:• Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines (R-ICE).• Micro Gas Turbines (MGT)• Direct combustion in boilers to feed externally-fired

MGT, Stirling engines, Steam cycles, Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC)

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Using biofuels in GTs

IFGT: Internally Fired GT EFGT: Externally Fired GT

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A. Franco, N. Giannini / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 44 (2005) 163–177

• Advantages of EGFT: Clean working medium, low blade wear, minimal pretreatment of fuel.

• Disadvantages of EGFT: Cost of and working conditions of the HE.

What are biofuels? (Pathways)

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• Syngas• Biogas

• Pyrolysis Oil

Pyrolysis oil

SyngasBiogas

How do biofuels differ?

Properties DieselPyrolysis

Oil Jet-ABio-

dieselBio-

ethanolDensity (kg/m3) 827.4 984-1250 807 860-900 794-810

Kinematic viscosity(cSt @ 40 oC) 1.7283 32-45 0.88 3.5-5 1.4-1.7

Lower heating value (MJ/kg) 43 13-18 43.23 39-41 25-26Ignition temperature (oC) 250 580 220 177 423

Cetane no. 45-55 110 55 48-60 8

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Properties (298K, 1 atm) Methane Syngas HydrogenDensity (kg/m3) 0.717 0.765-0.785 0.0899

Lower heating value (MJ/kg) 49 10-18 120Max. burning velocity (cm/s) 37 - 289

Consider pyrolysis oil

• Lowest cost liquid biofuel with a positive CO2 balance.

• Storability and transportability.• However, high viscosity has big

impact on fuel sprays.• Two main strategies to deal with

pyrolysis oil’s viscosity:• Heating to 70 - 90 oC.• Blending.

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Challenges and opportunities of using pyrolysis oil

• Mid-90’s: Orenda Aerospace program.

• 2.5 MWe class – GT2500 built by Mashproekt (Ukraine).

• Strategies employed:• Fuel pre-filtering and pre-heating.• Material compatibility.• Modified fuel nozzles.• Start-up and shut-down with

diesel.• Cleaning techniques to deal with

deposition.

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D. Chiaramonti et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11 (2007) 1056–1086

Are there alternative solutions?

Consider syngas

• Suitable biomass for gasification must have:• Availability on significant scale (t/year).• Physical properties: low water content and high bulk density.• Chemical properties: high caloric value, high volatile substances, low ash,

high carbon to nitrogen ratio, low chlorine and sulphur content.

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Oxidant H2(vol%)

CO(vol%)

CO2(vol%)

CH4(vol%)

N2(vol%)

LHV(MJ/Nm3)

Air 9-10 12-15 14-17 2-4 56-59 3-6Oxygen 30-34 30-37 25-29 4-6 - 10-15Steam /

CO224-50 30-45 10-19 5-12 - 12-20

Challenges and opportunities of using syngas - 1

Syngas contaminants

Limits Issues

Tar Tolerated in only vapour.

Clogging of fuel lines, combustors.

Particulates/Ash 20 μm à 0.1 ppm4-10 μm à 10 ppm

Sintering; agglomeration; deposition; erosion; corrosion.

HCI

Challenges and opportunities of using syngas - 2

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• Larger mass flow through Turbine due to lower LHV.• Lower integration degree à higher power output and efficiency.

Y.S. Kim et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 52 (2011) 2262–2271

Challenges and opportunities of using syngas - 3

Compressor surge margin Turbine metal temperature

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0% integration = Zero airflow to Gasifier from Compressor100% Integration = 100% of airflow to Gasifier from Compressor

Y.S. Kim et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 52 (2011) 2262–2271

Gas turbines versus alternative technologies

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Gas Turbines

Direct Combustion

Dual Fuel CI SI

Performance and

Operability

Part-load/-power operability ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭Emission ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭

Noise ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭Safety ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭

Size (power density) ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭Start-up and Ramp-up ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭

Local technical expertise ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭

Fuel Flexibility

Fuel clean-up required (Particulates) ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭Fuel clean-up required (Tar) ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭

Fuel flexibility ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭Fuel switching ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭

Operating Expenditure

Maintainability ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭(Fuel) Efficiency ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭

Reliability ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭

Capital Expenditure

Availability / Capacity factor ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭Cost of acquisition ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭

Durability (Life) ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭Incumbent advantage (Risk) ￭ ￭ ￭ ￭

For gaseous fuels (syngas):

•Reliable and cost-effective syngas cleanup and conditioning to enable commercial deployment.

•Understanding the compositional effects on combustor operability (flashback, flameout, instabilities), as well on liner life and engine pattern factor influences.

•Turbomachinery flexibility & Engine operability.

For liquid fuels (e.g. pyrolysis oils):

•Atomization and combustion.

•Thermal stability and (coking) deposition in fuel lines and injectors.

For both:

•Material and coatings compatibility.

•Durability and endurance.

Summary of research opportunities with NRC’s bioenergy program

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Thank youShaji ManipurathTeam Leader, Gas Turbine Performance and OperabilityProgram Technical Leader, BioenergyTel: 613-993-9496Shaji.Manipurath@nrc-cnrc.gc.cawww.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca