technology development and transfer network (tdtnet) technology needs assessment in support of...
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Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Technology Needs Assessment in Support of Climate Change Action
ACPCAfrican Climate Policy Centre (ACPC)
Climate Change
Meets Policy
Economic Commission for Africa
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Outline
• Broad climate context • Technological challenge of climate change• Technology as part of climate policy making• Key principles and objectives of a technology
needs assessment• Key steps to conduct a technology needs
assessment
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Broad Programme Context
The ACPC has three broad areas of activity:
1. Knowledge generation, sharing and networking
2. Advocacy and consensus building
3. Advisory services and capacity mobilisation
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Broad Programme Context
Guided by “Development First” principle– Providing insights on development and climate
change nexus, action oriented research, policy and practice
• Programme Targets– Transformative development of Africa
– Climate resilient socio-economy and ecosystems
– Low carbon pathways
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
(Smith et al. 2009 PNAS)
Updated Reasons for Concern
EU 2°C-Guardrail
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
...costs attributed to CC will rise over time
Source: Preliminary runs of FUND for the UNEP AdaptCost and EC ClimateCost projects
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
560 million sub-Saharan Africans lack access to electricity
..and the region needs energy to keep growing..
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Africa is has a huge hydro-power potential..Africa is has a huge hydro-power potential..
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Holistic approach and concerted and differentiated actions are required
Least Developed Countries
Emerging Economies
& EITs
Developed Countries
More adaptationgrowing
mitigation
Adaptation & mitigation
More mitigationless adaptation
TrainingInstitutional supportInformation support
R&D support
Collaborative R&D
TechnologyPartnership &
Networking
Technology facilitationand
Partnerships
Annual per capita Income
$1200 $7000
550 PPMV
450 PPMV
Corridor of sustainable development &
stabilization of GHGs
Pe
r c
ap
ita
GH
G e
mis
sio
ns
(c
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
s)
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Technological challenge of climate change
• To reach the goal of 2oC limit, energy-related CO2 emissions need to peak globally by 2020 and then decline sharply in 203
• But based on government policies and measures enacted or adopted by mid-2009 - in 2030 world primary energy demand will be 40% higher than in 2007.
• 90% of this increase is expected to take place in non-OECD countries
• In addition, 77% of the worldwide energy demand increase will be based on using fossil fuels. At the same time, 1.3 billion people will still lack access to electricity in 2030
• Within this context successful and reliable accelerated development and transfer of environmentally sound mitigation technologies are crucial and central
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Technological challenge of climate change
• Estimated that the additional financing needs will be in range of $262–670 billion per year, which is around three to four times greater than the current global investment levels in energy technologies (EGTT, 2009a).
• Of this amount, USD 100 - 400 billion annually is needed in developing countries– Africa - $13-26b/yr
• Mitigating GHG emissions is only one aspect of climate policy
• Equally important will be the need to reduce countries’ vulnerability to climate change impacts– Africa - $11-21b/year
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)13
The global context of Technology TransferThe global context of Technology Transfer
• Technology transfer is considered to be a key element in combating climate change under the UNFCCC.
• TT - Necessary for realization of global cooperation • Important element in all multi-lateral environmental
agreements (MEAs)• TT includes several phases of technology development,
deployment, dissemination, adoption and “domestication”• TT is one of the pillars of the Bali Action Plan endorsed by
UNFCCC COP in 2007 and is now one of the negotiations tracks for post Kyoto
21/04/23 Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Technology as part of climate policy making
“The developed countries and other developed countries in Annex II shall take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the transfer of or access to environmentally sound technologies and know how to other Parties, particularly developing country Parties, to enable them to implement the provisions of the Convention.”…
Article 4.5
“The extent to which developing country Parties will effectively implement their commitments under the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments related to financial resources and transfer of technology…”
Article 4.7
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Technology as part of climate policy making
The Parties reached a consensus at COP7:• To adopt the framework for meaningful and
effective actions to enhance the implementation of Art. 4.5 of the Convention.
• To establish an Expert Group on Technology Transfer.
• To provide financial support to TT activities through GEF climate change focal area and the special climate change fund.
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Technology Transfer Framework
• Five key themes and areas are: – Technology needs and needs assessments– Technology information– Enabling environments– Capacity Building– Mechanisms for technology transfer
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Key principles & objectives of TNA
• To identify and prioritize, through country-driven participatory processes, technologies that can contribute to mitigation and adaptation goals of the participant countries, while meeting their national sustainable development goals and priorities (TNA).
• To identify barriers hindering the acquisition, deployment, and diffusion of prioritized technologies.
• To develop Technology Action Plans (TAP) specifying prioritized technologies, activities and enabling frameworks to overcome the barriers and facilitate the transfer, adoption, and diffusion of selected technologies in the participant countries
MitigationMitigation AdaptationAdaptation
Activity 2: Identify technology criteria for assessment
Activity 3: Prioritize sectors and select key technology(ies)
Activity 4: Identify barriers and policy needs*
Activity 6: Prepare a synthesis report
Review GHG inventory for
mitigation potential
Identify key sectors and characteristics
Review national plans in identified
sectors
Review available vulnerability studies
Identify vulnerable sectors
Review national plans in vulnerable
sectors
Review technology options and resources
Prepare list of sectors with
mitigation potential
Develop criteria to apply to vulnerable
sectors
Compile a list of prioritized mitigation technologies and
key sectors
Prioritize vulnerable sectors
Identify characteristics of prioritized sectors
Compile responses to address
vulnerability
Activity 5: Define and select options
Conduct environ-mental technology impact assessment
Assess capacity to use mitigation technologies
Conduct environ-mental technology impact assessment
Assess capacity to use adaptation technologies
Implementation actions
Rank and select prioritized mitigation technologies and
key sectors
Identify practical options for priority
sectors
Identify responses and technologies
Rank and prioritize applicable
technologies
Assess adequacy of financial resources Ensure transparency Identify potential
synergiesIdentify ways to reduce
barriersContinue stakeholder
involvementRevise plans as
needed
Activity 1: Prepare a preliminary overview of the sectorsCross-cutting issues
(Stakeholder engagement and barrier analysis)
Full report (including a description of the stakeholder process adopted, an evaluation of sectoral needs and opportunities…, a statement of data gaps, project concepts/proposals, potential sources of funding)Summary report in NC
Input from NC, NAPAs, national development plans
Output to NC, NAPAs national development plans
Communicate TNA findings
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
TNAs | A simplified view
Convene meeting to explore objectives and
scope
Define process for ongoing involvement of
all stakeholders
Identify relevant stakeholders;
consult key agencies
Establish the team~ lead agency
~ lead technical institution
~ other players
Define priority sectors and sub-sectors
Establish criteria for selecting technology
transfer priorities
Further technology & barrier assessment &
stakeholder consultations
Define alternative actions
Select priority technologies
Compile and supplement technology and market information
Select actions Prepare needs assessment report
Securing resources Development of
implementation strategies
Integration with existing development
programs
Preparation of technology transfer
plans
Implementation of technology transfer
actions
Ongoing review and refinement of actions
Forming institution arrangements
Preparing & implementing technology transfer actions & plans
Needs assessments process
TNAs - how priorities were selected? How they relate to national development objectives?
Development benefits Climate change
Market Environmental protection
Country
Empl
oym
ent g
ener
atio
n
Wea
lth c
reat
ion
Util
izat
ion
of lo
cal r
esou
rces
Rat
iona
l util
izat
ion
of re
sour
ces
Impr
ovem
ent i
n he
alth
and
qua
lity
of li
fe
Food
sec
urity
Cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g
Envi
ronm
enta
l sus
tain
abili
ty
Gen
der e
qual
ity
Soci
o-ec
onom
ic im
port
ance
GH
G re
duct
ion
pote
ntia
l
Pres
erve
sin
ks
Pote
ntia
l for
ada
ptat
ion
Inve
stm
ent c
osts
Mai
nten
ance
cos
ts
Life
tim
e of
the
inv.
Poss
ibili
ties
for r
eplic
atio
n
Soci
al a
ccep
tanc
e
Min
imum
impa
ct o
n th
e en
viro
nmen
t
Pollu
tion
redu
ctio
n
Rec
over
y of
wat
er re
sour
ces
Pote
ntia
l for
reus
e an
d re
cycl
e To
tal
Per c
ent
Albania 12 54.5 Azerbaijan 6 27.3 Bolivia 1 4.5 Burundi 7 31.8 Chile 2 9.1 China 9 40.9 Congo DR 13 59.1 Dominican Republic 6 27.3 Ecuador 1 4.5 Georgia 3 15.8 Ghana 8 42.1 Haiti 3 15.8 Indonesia 7 36.8 Kenya 5 26.3 Lesotho 6 31.6 Malawi 7 36.8 Mauritius 5 26.3 Moldova 4 21.1 Niue 4 21.1 Paraguay 2 10.5 Tajikistan 6 31.6 Viet Nam 6 31.6 Zimbabwe 5 26.3
Total 8 2 14 14 1 0 1 1 1 16 21 1 1 16 1 3 3 9 13 2 0 0 % 34.8 8.7 60.9 60.9 4.3 0.0 4.3 4.3 4.3 69.6 91.3 4.3 4.3 69.6 4.3 13.0 13.0 39.1 56.5 8.7 0.0 0.0
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Key Sectors Covered by TNA ReportsKey Sectors Covered by TNA Reports
21/04/23 21Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Share of Mitigation Options by Share of Mitigation Options by SectorSector
Energy23%
Industry15%
Transport16%
Residential & Commercial
17%
Agriculture14%
Land-use and forestry6%
Waste9%
21/04/23 22Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA
Commonly identified energy efficient technology needs
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Ligh
ts
Sol
ar w
ater
hea
ters
Sto
ves/
oven
s
Sol
ar d
rier
s
Sol
ar c
ooke
rs
Hea
ters
Air
con
ditio
ning
Uns
peci
fied
appl
ianc
es &
tech
niqu
es
Sol
ar h
ome
syst
em
Ref
rige
rato
rs
Sol
ar w
ater
pum
ps
Win
d w
ater
pum
ping
# o
f te
chn
olo
gie
s id
enti
fied
Africa Asia Europe Latin america
Commonly identified RET needs?
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18S
olar
PV
(gri
d, o
ff-
grid
) Bio
mas
s
Min
i- an
d/or
mic
ro-
hydr
o
Win
d (in
stal
latio
ns
and/
or a
sses
smen
ts)
Hyd
ro
Sol
ar th
erm
al
Geo
ther
mal
Uns
peci
fied
RE
T
MS
W (g
ener
atio
n
and
trea
tmen
t of
MS
W)
Uns
peci
fied
hybr
ids
# of
tech
nolo
gies
iden
tifie
d
Africa Asia Europe Latin america
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Share of Adaptation Options by SectorsShare of Adaptation Options by Sectors
Energy10%
Coastal area11%
Water resources10%
Health15%Agriculture
28%
Land-use and forestry
13%
Waste5%
Systematic observation
8%
21/04/23 25Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA
Main barriers to TT identified by country?
Main measures to address barriers to TT
Table 10. Type of measures identified by country
Country Ec
onom
ic /
mar
ket
Info
rmat
ion
/ aw
aren
ess
Polic
y R
egul
ator
y In
stitu
tiona
l H
uman
Te
chni
cal
Infr
astr
uctu
re
Oth
ers
Tota
l
Per c
ent
Albania 5 56 Azerbaijan 5 56 Bolivia 7 78 Burundi 6 67 Chile 1 11 China 8 89 Congo DR 7 78 Dominican Republic
0 0
Ecuador 5 56 Georgia 8 89 Ghana 0 0 Haiti 4 44 Indonesia 6 67 Kenya 6 67 Lesotho 4 44 Malawi 9 100 Mauritius 5 56 Moldova 6 67 Niue 2 22 Paraguay 0 0 Tajikistan 7 78 Viet Nam 8 89 Zimbabwe 7 78
Total 16 16 16 18 13 11 13 6 7 Percent 70 70 70 78 57 48 57 26 30
Figure 13. Common measures identified to address barriers
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Reg
ulat
ory
Polic
y
Info
rmat
ion
/
awar
enes
s
Eco
nom
ic /
mar
ket
Tec
hni
cal
Inst
itut
ion
al
Hum
an
Oth
ers
Infr
astr
uctu
re
Per
cen
t of P
artie
s[%
]
Main capacity-building needs? Table 11. Type of capacity-building
needs identified by country
Country Ec
onom
ic /
mar
ket
Info
rmat
ion
/ aw
aren
ess
Polic
y / p
rogr
amm
e R
egul
ator
y In
stitu
tiona
l /
orga
niza
tiona
l H
uman
Tech
nica
l In
fras
truc
ture
O
ther
s To
tal
Per c
ent
Albania 0 0 Azerbaijan 6 67 Bolivia 4 44 Burundi 3 33 Chile 1 11 China 0 0 Congo DR 3 33 Dominican Republic 2 22 Ecuador 4 44 Georgia 0 0 Ghana 8 89 Haiti 2 22 Indonesia 2 22 Kenya 6 67 Lesotho 3 33 Malawi 7 78 Mauritius 3 33 Moldova 0 0 Niue 1 11 Paraguay 1 11 Tajikistan 8 89 Viet Nam 8 89 Zimbabwe 5 56
Total 7 14 9 7 10 16 8 3 3 Percent 30 61 39 30 43 70 35 13 13
Figure 14. Common capacity-building needs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Hum
an
Info
rmat
ion
/ aw
aren
ess
Inst
itut
iona
l /or
gan
iztio
nal
Polic
y / p
rogr
amm
e
Tech
nica
l
Econ
omic
/ m
arke
t
Reg
ulat
ory
Infr
astr
uctu
re
Oth
ers
Per c
ent o
f Par
ties
[%]
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
TNAs summary
• The TNA is an effective tool for decision makers and international institutions that may be involved in the facilitation of the technology transfer process. The TNA process not only helps identify specific technology needs, but also points out the direction in which future policies and regulations will need to progress
• The main beneficiary of the TNAs are the Parties that carried them out, as these reports provide a good basis for follow-up activities to further enhance the transfer of climate friendly technologies.
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Financing mechanisms
• New Bilateral (ODA, seed financing, PPP)
• Multilateral climate related funding initiatives (UNEP, UNDP, UNEP, UNDP, World Bank Carbon Finance, EU COMMISSIONWorld Bank Carbon Finance, EU COMMISSION )
• GEF (adaptation and mitigation)
• CDM/JI (mitigation and adaptation)
• Private sector (commercial bank, microfinancing)
Technology Development and Transfer Network (TDTNet)
Thank you
United NationsEconomic Commission for Africa
Climate Change
Meets Policy