technology and home economics iv civil technology ii

SEDP Series

Technology and Home Economics IV

CIVIL TECHNOLOGY II

FOURTH YEAR HIGH SCHOOL

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT CENTER DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, CULTURE AND SPORTS

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

Technology and Home Economics IV Industrial Technology Civil Technology II Experimental Edition, 1994

Copyright Notice. Section 9 of Presidential Decree No. 49 provides: "No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit."

This edition was developed by the Bureau of Secondary Education and published by the Instructional Materials Development Center, Department of Education, Culture and Sports under the Secondary Education Development Program (SEDP) funded by the Asian Development Bank Loan No. 898-PHI (Secondary Education Sector Loan).

This book is based on a manuscript approved by the Instructional Materials Council.

Bureau of Secondary Education, Department of Education, Culture and Sports. Avelina T. Llagas, Project Director; Adela A Capistrano, Project Coordinator; Patrocinio C. de Castro, Civil Technology Coordinator; Jess Ignacio, Writer.

TX-32-07 -5. 76M Printed in the Philippines by Raquel Commercial Press ISBN 971-540-134-1

Instructional Materials Development Center (!MDC) Office Address: A Ma. Regidor Street, Area XI

University of the Philippines Campus Diliman, Quezon City

Mailing Address: U.P. Post Office Box 211, Diliman 1104 Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines

The paper used in the printing of this book is a gift from the Government of Canada through the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), Commodity Assistance Program.

Typeset in 11 on 13 points by 28 picas, New Century Schoolbook, Macintosh SE

Table of Contents

Introduction ................................................................... vii

·Modille t •·••·••••

Working Plans ......... .. . . . . ...................................................... 2

Overview............................................................................. 3

Objectives . .. . ... . . .. . .... . .. . .... . ... . .. . .. . . .. . . .......... ......... ........... ... .. . 3

Pretest................................................................................. 4

Lesson 1 Parts of a Concrete Structure .................... 6

Lesson 2 Preparing Building Plans ........................... 9

Lesson 3 Types of Construction Work....................... 15

Posttest . .. . . .. . ... . . .. . . .. . ... . .... . .. . .. . . .. . .... . .. . . .. ..... . .. . .. .. .. . ... . ... . ..... 17

Key to Correction................................................................ 19

iii

Rough Carpentry ................. ........ ................. .............. ... .... 22

Overview ............. ............................................. ........ ........... 23

Objectives . .. . ................ ....................... ....... ............ ... .... ....... 23

Pretest................................................................................. 24

Lesson 4 Constructing Forms . .. .. .. . .... .... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 26

Lesson 5 Constructing Scaffolding and Staging .... .... . .. . .... ... .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. . 30

Lesson 6 Estimating the Cost of Materials for Form Construction................................ 33

Posttest ... ...... ................... ... ....... ................ .... ......... ... . .. . ..... 39


Finishing Carpentry ................. .. ................. .................. .... 44

Overview .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... .... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .... .... ... .. .. .. .. 45

Objectives............................................................................ 4·5

Pretest................................................................................. 46

iv

Lesson 7 Materials for Ceiling Boards, Wall Panels, Partitions, and Flooring ................................................ 47

Lesson 8 Installing Ceiling Boards ........................... 50

, Lesson 9 Installing Partition and Wall Panels .......................................... 52

Lesson 1 0 Installing Timber Floorings .... .. .. .... .... .. .. ... 56

Lesson 11 Applying Paint............................................ 57

Posttest . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . ... . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . 60


Masonry Finishing . .. . . .. . ....................... ..... ...... . . .. .............. 64

Overview . ... . .. . . .. . .... .... .... . .. . . .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. ... .. . . . . .. . . .. .. .. 65

Objectives............................................................................ 65

Pretest................................................................................. 66

Lesson 12 Masonry Finishing Tools . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 68

Lesson 13 Finishing Materials Used in Masonry.................................................. 73

Lesson 14 Plastering Walls with Mortar.................... 75

v

Lesson 15 Setting Wall Tiles ....................................... 78

Lesson 16 Laying Concrete Hollow Blocks ................. 82

Lesson 17 Applying Decorative Masonry Finishes ....................................... 88

Posttest . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96


References ............................................................................. 102

V1

Introduction

Civil Technology II discusses the basic concepts involved in constructing concrete structures like houses and buildings. It has been developed to help you acquire some of the skills needed in performing carpentry work, particularly those that relate to the building of a structure.

The underlying basic principles are also presented in this book to help you understand the different aspects of construction work, which generally consist of four stages, namely, the drawing up of a working plan, rough carpentry, finishing carpentry, and masonry finishing.

Each step is presented and discussed in such a way as to help a beginner like you undertake the task with ease and pleasure.

After studying this entire series, it is hoped that you shall have gained a deeper appreciation for, and developed the skills required in the course.

General Objectives

At the end of the course, you are expected to gain the following competencies:

1. Identify the parts of a building and a house

2. Describe the parts according to construction

3. Read and interpret a building or a house plan

4. Discuss the nature and types of forms

5. Explain the methods of constructing forms for walls, columns, and beams

vii

6. Discuss how a scaffolding or staging is made

7. Estimate the cost of materials needed in form construction

8. Identify the materials commonly used for ceiling boards and flooring installations

9. Explain the methods of installing ceiling boards, panels for walls and partitions, and timber flooring

10. Demonstrate the correct procedure of applying finishing materials

11. Demonstrate skills in the use and care of finishing masonry tools

12. Cite measures to observe economy in the use of finishing masonry materials

Program Requirements

It is expected that you have taken Civil Technology I, a prerequisite for this learning program. The skills taught in the previous course are generally preparatory to undertaking the activities prescribed in this series.

It will help to review some of the lessons discussed in the earlier course, especially those that directly relate to construction work like the correct use of carpentry tools. Then you will be ready to study this course.

It is also important that you understand thoroughly the lessons discussed before carrying out the activities prescribed. Following each step as presented is equally vital. Remember that each of the four stages of construction work discussed in this course is preparatory to the next. To alter the order will be costly.

As you study the lessons, note your progress. Knowledge of the principles and methods of construction work is vital only to the extent that you can apply it in practical and concrete ways. After all, the true measure of effective learning lies in the application. Make sure you shall have acquired more skills at the end of this course.

viii

Learning Modules

Module 1 discusses the first and most crucial stage in construction work. The preparation of a working plan is so vital no builder can afford to set it aside. A well-thought out and carefully prepared working plan will not only save you a lot of time and effort, it will, most of all, help ensure quality construction work.

Module 2 is all about rough carpentry, which involves the construction of forms and rough structures both of which are vital in undertaking concrete work.

Module 3 explains the materials used in and the methods of covering framed structures such as the ceilings, walls, and flooring.

Module 4 provides a detailed discussion of masonry finishing, the final stage in doing construction work. Here you will learn how to lay stone and marble blocks, bricks, tiles, and other similar materials used in shaping walls, slabs, and the like.

How to Use the Modules

Here are some reminders for you as you use the modules. Be sure to take note of them.

1. A Pretest precedes the lessons in the module. Prepare a notebook where you can write your answers to the Pretest and the Self-check portion of each lesson. Accomplish the Pretest first before you go through the lessons. The Pretest determines how much you know of the module and identifies the areas you need to learn more. Check your answers against the Key to Correction on the last pages of each module. Your score will determine your learning needs.

2. Each module has a sequence of lesson. It contains new information for you to learn and practice tasks you must perform. Go over each lesson carefully. If you encounter difficulties, feel free to consult your teacher for help. Do not skip any topic unless you are told to do so. Each lesson will prepare you for the succeeding ones.

ix

3. Each lesson is followed by the Self-check portion to help you assess your learnings or evaluate your work. The Key to Correction on the last pages of each module contains the correct answers to the Self-check or the results of the evaluation of your work. Look at the Key to Correction only after you have completed the Self-check.

4. When you have successfully finished all the lessons in the module, answer the Posttest in your notebook. Compare your answers with those in the Key to Correction. You must score at least 80 percent or better before proceeding to the succeeding modules. If your score is less than 80 percent, go through the module again. Do not mark the modules in any way.

X

WORKING_ PlANS

ROUGH I CARPENTRY

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • § • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ·• ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

---~ ' 1 •

WORKING PLANS

• • • • 8 8 8 • • • • • G • • • • • • • e • • • • e • • • • • • . • • • • • • • '" " " • • • • • • • • a • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • " r • • " • " • • ' ' • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . • • • • • a a a • a a a a • a • • lilt " • " a • a .• • • • • • • • • • • • • • , • • • • • • • •

•

.t is expected of skilled and professional workers involved in building or house construction that they can read and interpret working plans and specifications. Such plans guide them in their respective tasks.

This module will teach you how to read and interpret working plans and drawings, which are vital to civil technology. You will also learn about the different parts of a building and the various occupations related to civil technology.

. ..... .. . .. . . .

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . ·- . .. .

OBJECTIVES

After studying this module, you are expected to:

1 . Identify the parts of a building and a house 2. Describe the parts according to construction 3. Read and interpret a building or a house plan 4. Discuss the following:

a. masonry b. rebars c. electrical works d. plumbing e. general framing f. foundation g. finishing

3

l#nl PRETEST

From the four options under each item, choose one which will complete or answer best each statement below. Write the letter of each correct answer on another sheet of paper.

1. A major part of a building or a house is the a. beam c. scaffold b. form d. staging

2. The spreading courses at the base of the column and foundation wall are known as the a. bridging c. footing b. girder d. flooring

3. A vertical structural part acting as the supporting component of a house or a building is called a. beam c. joist b. column d. slab

4. The horizontal plane structure extending to one or more levels of a house or a building is called a. column c. footing b. flooring d. wall

5. A principal supporting structural part of a house or a building used between posts, columns, or walls is called a. beam c. soil b. foundation d. subfloor

6. A building plan is a requirement in securing a a. bill of materials c. municipal license b. building permit d. real property clearance

7. A working drawing for building construction should include the site plan, elevations, details, and a. ceiling plan c. specifications b. legend d. subfloor plan

8. The site plan shows the real property a. clearance c. eaves lines b. description d. sectioning

9. The name of the st:reet or road which serves as the building site is found in the a. elevation plan c. floor plan b. detail plan d. site plan

4

10.

11.

12.

13.

The floor plan is taken at a level plane through doors and windows approximately a. 1 m up from the floor b. 2 m up from the floor The floor plan shows the

c. 3 m up from the floor d. 4 m up from the floor

a. actual size of the site c. internal room sizes b. height of the building d. lot number The diagonal lines found in a floor plan represent the a. corner braces c. gable roof b. eaves lines d. hips and valleys Suppose a bungalow has two bedrooms measuring 3.0 m x 5.0 m each, living and dining rooms including kitchen with a combined area of 3.0 m x 10.0 m, and 2.0 m x 4.0 m comfort room. The total area of the bungalow is a. 53.0 m2 c. 73.0 m2

b. 68.0 m2 d. 78.0 m2

14. The usual distance of the eaves from the gutter to the external wall is at least a. 0.50 m c. 0.60 m b. 0.55 m d. 0.90 m

15. An elevation plan must show at least a. one elevation c. five elevations b. four elevations d. six elevations

16. Which dimension is found only in the elevation plan? a. width of the building c. height of the building b. length of the building d. area of the building

17. Most working drawings are rendered in the scale of a. 1:100 c. 1:150 b. 1:125 d. 1:200

18. Detailed drawings are usually executed in the scale of a. 1:1 or 1:2 c. 1:5 or 1:10 b. 1:3 or 1:4 d. 1:15 or 1:20

19. A specification should clearly describe the a. carpenter's instructions b. names of the builders or designers c. desired quality and standard of work d. working drawings

20. Among the workers involved in building constructipn, the most capable of overseeing or supervising all the works is the a. carpenter c. mason b. plumber d. steel fixer

5

Lesson 1 Parts of a Concrete Structure

A concrete structure such as a house or a building consists of various parts each of which serves a definite purpose. Study carefully the description of each of these parts and then look closely at the illustration that follows.

1. Foundation. This is the supporting portion of a structure located below the floor construction or grade including the footing.

2. Footing. This refers to the spreading course or courses at the base of a foundation wall or column.

3. Flooring. This is a horizontal structure extending to one or more storeys of a building.

4. Wall. This is a vertical plane structure found inside or outside a building. It is made of timber, concrete, or masonry blocks.

5. Column. This is a vertical structure for support. It may be circular or rectangular in shape.

6. Girder. This is a large or principal beam used to support concentrated loads at a particular point along its length.

7. Beam. This is a principal structural member used between posts, columns, or walls.

8. Joist. This is one of parallel framing members used to support floor and ceiling loads. It is supported by beams, girders, or bearing wall.

9. Bridging. These are pieces of wood fitted in pairs from the lower side of one floor joist to the upper side of adjacent joist and crossed to distribute the load. Sometimes pieces of solid stocks of equal widths to the joist are used.

10. Stud. This refers to one of a series of structural wood lying vertically along walls and partitions.

11. Jamb. This refers to the top or one of two sides of a door or window frame which touches the door or sash.

12. Corner braces. These are diagonal braces fitted into studs to reinforce the corners of a frame structure.

13. Header. This is a horizontal structural member that supports the load over an opening such as a window or a door. It is also called lintel.

14. Sill. This is a horizontal piece lying at the bottom of the opening into which a window or a door is set.

15. Casing. This is the trimming around a door or window. 16. Casement. This is a window in which the sash wings open on

its vertical edge.

6

17. Stair. This is a series of steps with or without landings or platforms, usually between two or more floors in a building.

18. Stairwell. This is the framed opening which receives the stairs.

19. Sidings. This refers to the finish covering of the outside wall of a building.

20. Ceiling. This is the finish covering of the joist of a roofing system.

21. Rafter. This is one of a series of structural members of a roof designed to support roof loads.

22. Truss. This is a structural unit assembled in the form of a triangle. It provides a rigid support over wide spans with minimum amount of material.

Underlayment Header Finish Roof

Subfloor

Parts of a concrete structure

7

23. Purlin. This is one of horizontal roofs used to support rafters between the plate and the ridge board.

24. Roofing. This is a material applied to the roofs as covering to make the internal parts of a building waterproof.

25. Roof ridge. This is the horizontal line at the junction of the top edges of two roof surfaces where an external angle greater than 180 degrees is formed.

26. Eaves. These are the lower edges of a roof which projects over an exterior wall. These are also called overhangs.

27. Soffit. This refers to the underside of the eaves. It is also called drop ceiling or furred-down ceiling.

28. Fascia. This is a wood member used on the outerface of a box cornice where it is nailed to the end of the rafters.

29. Gutter. This is a wood, metal, or concrete trough attached to the edge of a roof (fascia) to collect and conduct water from rain.

30. Downspout. This is a vertical pipe that conducts rain water from the gutter to the drainage.

Self-check

Identify the parts of a building being described below. Use another piece of paper for your answers.

1. These are called overhangs. 2. This part of a building collects and conducts water

from rain. 3. It is a structural member usually assembled in the

form of a triangle. 4. This is the part of a building roof system which

supports the rafters between the plate and the ridge board.

5. This is one of a series of structural wood lying vertically along the walls and partitions.

6. This is a principal structural member used between posts, columns, and walls.

7. This is one of parallel framings of floors and ceilings.

8. This is a vertical supporting member which has a rectangular or circular shape.

9. This is a vertical plane structure, located inside and outside a building, and is made of timber, concrete, or blocks.

____ 10. This is the supporting portion of a structure lying below the first level of construction or grade including the footing.

8

____ 11. This is a spreading course at the base of a foundation wall or column.

____ 12. This is a horizontal plane extending to one or more levels.

---- 13. This is the principal beam of a building used to support concentrated loads at a particular point along its length.

---- 14. This consists of a series of steps extending to the next level of a building.

---- 15. This is the internal or external trimming around the door.or windows.

---- 16. This part of a timber framing or concrete wall is also called lintel.

____ 17. These are diagonal braces nailed into studs to 1 reinforce the comers of a framed structure.

____ 18. This material makes the internal part of a building waterproof.

____ 19. This is one of a series of structural members nailed to the ridge and top plate designed to support roof loads.

____ 20. This is the finish covering of the joist of a roofing system.

Lesson 2 Preparing Building Plans

Building plans and specifications form part of the working drawings needed in any construction project. They are vital for the following reasons: ·

1. The submission of a building plan is a requirement when obtaining a building permit from the local council.

2. Building plans and specifications serve as guide to builders and tradespersons in site preparation, construction, and finishing.

A working drawing should include the following:

1. site plan 5. sections 2. floor plan 6. specifications 3. elevations 7. symbols an:d abbreviations 4. details 8. drainage plans

9

For special constructions, the following may also be included in a working drawing:

1. lighting and wiring plans 2. subfloor plan 3. ceiling plan 4. roofplan 5. legend

Site Plan

A site plan essentially shows the location of a building or house site. It includes the following: 1. lot number 2. distance of the house from the site boundaries 3. name of the road or street on which the site is located 4. actual size of the site 5. compass direction 6. position and size of the casement 7. contour lines to show the rise and fall of the site 8. scale of the drawing

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= 1:500 ~

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CQI36 200

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Floor Plan

The floor plan is a drawing showing the layout of a building taken at a level plane through windows and doors approximately one metre up from the floor. It shows the following:

1. arrangement and names of the rooms 2. location and thickness of all external and internal walls 3. internal room sizes 4. set of figures outside to represent length and width dimensions 5. position of doors and windows 6. built-in furniture 7. sectioning lines and labels in alphabetical order 8. eaves lines (represented by broken lines) 9. roof structure as shown by broken diagonal lines to represent

hips and valleys

Roorplan

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Elevation

An elevation is a scale drawing of the front, rear, or side of a building. It includes dimensions that cannot be shown on a floor plan such as the height dimensions.

North elevation Wes1 elevation

South elevation North elevation

Elevation Plan

Details

As most working drawings are drawn to the scale of 1:100, which is rather small, it is not always possible to show important shapes, positions for assembly, and dimensions of specific parts of a building. Thus, a separate drawing is made of any special areas using the larger scales of 1:5 or 1:10. This is called detailed drawing.

12

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The method of circling a plan view of some area of consvvction and enlarging that area to show its details is what is shown in a detailed drawing.

Specifications

A specification is a written document prepared by an architect. It serves as a set of instructions or guidelines that accompanies a working drawing. It describes how certain aspects of building construction are to be done and which materials are to be used. It also describes their desired quality and the expected standard of work.

Self-check

Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Explain the use of a working plan. 2. Enumerate the components of a working drawing or plan. 3. List down the other components of a working plan for a special

type construction.

13

4. What does the site plan show? 5. Examine the floor plan below and then answer the questions

that follow.

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a. What are the names of the nine rooms in the floor plan? b. What is the thickness of the external wall? c. What is the size (area) of bedroom no. 2? d. How long is the building? e. How wide is the building? f. What is the floor area of the building?

14

6. What does the elevation plan show? 7. What particular dimension is found in an elevation plan? 8. What is the importance of a detailed drawing? 9. What is the vital aspect of specification?

Lesson 3 Types of Construction Work

Constructing a building or a house requires the involvement and concerted efforts of a number of skilled laborers and professionals. These include electrical engineers, plumbers, carpenters, masons, painters, and steel fixers. Their work is essential in the completion of a construction project, because all of them perform special functions such as the following:

Masonry

This area largely deals with concrete works such as brick laying, plastering, tilting, and marble setting.

Rebar Works

These deal with the design and assembling of reinforcing material such as steel for concrete construction.

Electrical Works

These include alllightings, ventilation, and other phases of work which require electrical control.

Sanitary Plumbing

Waterlines, drainage, sewage, and sewerage installations are the concerns of this area.

15

General Framing

Forms and scaffoldings are necessary in erecting the framework of a building or a house. Together, they make up the general framing of a house or a building. The general framing of any structure is essential to laying the foundation of the roof, floor, and walls.

Eaves Trimmer

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Timber Sole Plate .......t~~~~

Foundation Works

·.::--------.-- Timber or Metal or Cleat

Hanging Beam

Top Wall Plate

Yt---- Nagging

1~+--- Stud

Floor Joist

-Bearer

1-f+------- Ant Cap

-+~~-------Stump

: II

.JI :1 :' LJ-! !- ----11+------ Concrete Pad : ~ '- ____ J

Laying the foundation of a house or a building involves soil preparation, excavation, and the designing of footings. All these are undertaken by carpenters.

16

House Finishing

Making the final touches is usually the most satisfying part of building or house construction. This consists of the application of paint and other finishes and the installation of wall covering.

Self-check

Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. Write your answers on another piece of paper.

1. Masonry deals with----· 2. Rebar works deal with the design and assembly of __ _

reinforcing materials. 3. Lightings, ventilations, and controls which are electrical in

nature, are classified under works. 4. Installations of waterlines, drainage, and sewerage for a

building or a house are vital concerns of ____ . 5-6. General house framings generally consist of and

7. are essential in erecting the framework of a building or a house to be constructed.

8-9. Foundation works include soil preparation, , and

10. House finishing is the process of---- interior and exterior surfaces.

lhl POSTTEST

From the four options under each item, choose one which will complete or answer best each statement below. Write the letter of each correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. A working dravdng for building construction should include the site plan, floor plan, elevations, details, and a. ceiling plan c. specifications b. legend d. subfloor plan

2. A principal supporting structural part of a building or a house which is used between posts, columns, or walls is called a. beam c. soil b. foundation d. subfloor

17

3. The site plan shows the real property a. clearance c. eaves lines b. description d. sectioning

4. A major part of a building or a house is the a. beam c. scaffold b. form d. staging

5. The spreading courses at the base of a column and foundation wall is called a. bridging c. footing b. girder d. flooring

6. Which dimension is found only in the elevation plan? a. width of the building c. height of the building b. length of the building d. area of the building

7. The floor plan is taken at a level plane through doors and. windows approximately a. 1 m up from the floor c. 3 m up from the floor b. 2 m up from the floor d. 4 m up from the floor

8. Which of the following is a vertical structural part that serves as a support to a building or a house? a. beam c. joist b. column d. slab

9. Detailed drawings are usually executed in the scale of a. 1:1 or 1:2 c. 1:5 or 1:10 b. 1:3 or 1:4 d. 1:15 or 1:20

10. The name of the street or road which serves as the building site is found in the a. elevation plan c. floor plan b. detail plan d. site plan

11. The horizontal plane structure extending to one or more levels of a house or a building is called a. column c. footing b. flooring d. wall

12. An elevation plan must show at least a. one elevation c. five elevations b. four elevations d. six elevations

13. Most working drawings are rendered in the scale of a. 1:100 c. 1:150 b. 1:125 d. 1:200

14. A building plan is a requirement in securing a a. bill of materials b. building permit c. municipallicense d. real property clearance

18

15. A specification should clearly describe the a. carpenter's instructions b. names of the builders or designers c. desired quality and standard of work d. working drawings

16. Suppose a bungalow has two bedrooms measuring 3.0 m x 5.0 m each, living and dining rooms and a kitchen with a combined area of 3.0 m x 10.0 m, and 2.0 m x 4.0 m comfort room. The total floor area of the bungalow is a. 53.0 m2 c. 73.0 m2

b. 68.0 m2 d. 78.0 m2

17. Among the workers involved in building construction, the most capable of overseeing or supervising all the works is the a. carpenter c. mason b. plumber d. steel fixer

18. The diagonal lines found in a floor plan represent the a. corner braces c. gable roof b. eaves lines d. hips and valleys

19. The usual distance of the eaves from the gutter to the external wall is at least a. 0.50 m c. 0.60 m b. 0.55 m d. 0.90 m

20. The floor plan shows the a. actual size of the site b. height of the building c. internal room sizes d. lot number

~ C Key to Correction )

Check your answer against the following:

Pretest

1. a 11. c 2. c 12. d 3. b 13. b 4. b 14. a 5. a 15. b 6. b 16. c 7. c 17. a 8. b 18. c 9. d 19. c

10. a 20. a

19

Posttest

1. c 11. b 2. a 12. b 3. b 13. a 4. 'a 14. b 5. ,c 15. c 6. c 16. b 7. a 17. a 8. b 18. d 9. c 19. a

io. d 20. c

Self-check Lesson 1

1. Eaves 11. footing 2. Gutter 12. flooring 3. Truss 13. girder 4. purl in 14. stair 5. stud 15. casing 6. beam 16. header 7. joist 17. corner braces 8. column 18. roof 9. wall 19. rafter

10. foundation 20. ceiling

Lesson 2

1. Working plans are needed when obtaining a building permit. They are vital in site preparation, building construction, and finishing.

2. a. site plan e. specifications b. floor plan f. sections c. elevations g. symbols and abbreviations d. details h. drainage plan

3. a. lighting and wiring plans b. subfloor plan c. ceiling plan . d. roofplan e. legend

4. A site plan shows the real property description, which includes the following: a. location of site b. lot number c. distance of the building from site boundaries

20

d. name of street where the site is located e. size of the site f. compass direction g. position or size of the casements h. contour lines showing the rise and fall of the site i. scale of the drawing

5. a. 1 bedroom 1 2 bedroom2 3 bedroom 3 4 dressing room 5 shower room

b. 250mm c. 2 900 mm x 3 625 mm d. 13050mm e. 9850mm f. 115.95 m2

6 living room 7 dining room 8 kitchen 9 laundry room

6. The elevation plan shows the views of the sides of the building, namely, north, south, east, and west elevations.

7. The height of the building 8. A detailed drawing shows the enlarged part of important

shapes and positions of assembly including the dimensions. 9. The specification describes how certain aspects of building

construction are to be done, the materials to be used and their desired quality, and the expected standard ofwork.

Lesson 3

1. concrete works 2. steel 3. electrical 4. sanitary plumbers 5. forms and scaffolds 6. form works 7. Scaffolding works 8. excavation 9. design of footings

10. painting

21

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ROUGH CARPENTRY

~~~~========-- - ' . -- -- -·--

22

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OVERVIEW

Bough carpentry deals with the construction of forms and rough structures. Mainly involved in this area of building or house construction is the carpenter, who builds, assembles, and sets in position timber forms and structures in preparation for concrete work. He also constructs temporary as well as permanent structural timber framework.

This module provides relevant information about form constructions for concrete footing, columns, walls, and beams.

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OBJECTIVES

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1 . Discuss the nature and types of forms 2. Explain the methods of constructing forms for walls,

columns, and beams 3. Discuss how a scaffolding or staging is made 4. Estimate the cost of materials needed in form con

struction

23

ltlil PRETEST

Select the best answer for each item. Write only the letter of the correct answer on another piece of paper.

1. A temporary boarding or sheathing used to produce the desired size and shape of concrete is known as a. covering c. staging b. form d. scaffold

2. This type of sheathing is widely used because of its low cost. It is called a. chip c. pressed wood b. plywood d. tongue and groove

3. Metal forms are used in constructing a. beams c. circular columns b. column walls d. girders

4. Square columns, beams, slab and wall forms are classified as a. arch forms c. culvert forms b. circular forms d. straight forms

5. The type of form used in mass production of pre-stressed structures is a. circular c. straight b. metal d. timber

6. The weight of concrete per cubic metre is a. 1 000 - 1 500 psi c. 3 000- 3 500 psi b. 2 000 - 2 500 psi d. 4 000 - 4 500 psi

7. A form failure brings about a. bulging c. destruction b. deformation d. sagging

8. Small structures require sheathing and framing made out of a. 3 mm plywood and 25 mm x 50 mm stock b. 6 mm plywood and 50 mm x 50 mm solid stock c. 12 mm plywood and 50 mm x 75 mm lumber d. 19 mm plywood and 50 mm x 100 mm stock

9. A two- or three-storey building requires forms with a sheathing measuring a. 3 mm thick c. 12 mm thick b. 6 mm thick d. 19 mm thick

10. A type of form framing which uses short pieces of stock is called a. diagonal c. perpendicular b. longitudinal d. tangential rib

24

11. A form framing belonging to the longitudinal rib type is a. economical c. practical b. expensive d. not widely used

12. In laying and constructing footing forms, the first structure that must be built is the a. brace c. outside form b. inside form d. stake

13. A pair of column forms is wider by at least a. 50 mm c. 100 mm b. 75 mm d. 200 mm

14. The components of square or rectangular column forms must be a. butted to each other b. mitered to another pair c. rabetted d. clamped to each other

15. Beam forms consist of one bottom and a. two pairs of top structures b. two pairs of side structures c. two sides d. two tops

16. Walls must be strong enough to

17.

a. carry their own load b. avoid sagging c. resist wind load d. resist concrete lateral pressure Scaffolding refers to a temporary structure made up of poles and a. lumber c. slab b. plank d. stock

18. A scaffolding must have a high degree of a. accuracy c. durability b. necessity d. safety

19. A more substantial framework that progressively builds up as the building rises is called a a. ladder c. scaffolding b. platform d. staging

20. The primary consideration in the purchase and selection of forms is a. cost c. profit b. labor d. quality

25

Lesson4 Constructing Forms

An essential part of construction work is the erection of forms. A form is a temporary structure ofboards or metals used to produce the desired shape and size of concrete. It serves as the working molds for concrete construction. It is used in building foundations and columns, walls, stairs, beams and girders, slabs, and pavements.

Forms must be strong enough to carry a specific weight of concrete and thus avoid bulging and sagging during concrete pouring. Form failure may cause cracks and eventually lead to deformation of the structure.

Concrete structures one- to two-storeys high and which consist of small footings, columns, beams, and walls, require 6 mm thick plywood and 50 mm x 50 mm solid wood framing. Mediumsize structures, which are generally two- to three-storeys high, need forms made out of 6 or 12 mm thick plywood and 50 mm x 50 mm solid framing.

Massive structures require forms at varying thickness ranging from 6 to 19 mm. They are supported by 50 mm x 50 mm to 50 mm x 75 mm solid framing.

Following are the two types of forms according to the material of which they are made:

1. Wood forms. These are the most widely used forms. Of the various types of wood used in building forms, plywood is the most commonly used, because it is often cheaper than the rest.

2. Metal forms. These are made out of GI or black iron sheets supported by flat-end angle bars and fastened by means of clamps, bolts, or roots.

Forms are available in one of two shapes, namely:

1. Straight. This is used for rectangular column walls, beams, and floor slabs.

2. Circular. This is used for circular columns, arches, and culverts.

Framing used in form construction is of two types. These are as follows:

1. Longitudinal. This is regarded as more economical and is often preferred by carpenters because it does not require too much cutting oflumber and the use of short pieces of wood.

26

Plywood Forms

2. Perpendicular. This uses short pieces of ribs that become wastes once the forms are removed.

2x2Frame

Forms are secured by means of cleats, braces, twisted wires, bolts, clamps, and nails. Forms for small structures are erected and fixed in place with the use of common wire nails, which must not be totally driven down to leave a protruding head that will facilitate pulling off of the nails when the forms are removed.

For massive structures, the use of cleats, braces, and other similar tools is not necessary. Even without these fastening tools, bulging and sagging of the forms can still be avoided.

Tied wire is twisted to tighten the forms. Its projecting part is cut when forms have to be taken down, leaving the remaining part of the wire embedded within the concrete.

Bolts must be greased before concreting the structure so that they can be driven out easily when the forms have to be removed.

Forms of typical concrete foundation. These are used for above-grade footing wall

27

The following are the different types of forms:

1. Footing forms. The size of a footing depends on the loadcarrying capacity of the soil and the weight of the building as well as its contour.

Spreader nailed to form sides

Two methods of supporting the sideboard of a footing form. The illustration at the left shows self-supporting sideboards. The vertical pegs or stakes hold the sideboards in place. The figure at the right shows nonse/f-supporting sideboards.

2. Column forms. Square and rectangular column forms consist oftwo pieces ofwood with the same width as that of one side of the column. The other two sides ofthe column are of a width usually wider by 100 mm than the first pair. These are butted to form a rectangular vertical structure.

A circular column has only two pieces of semi-circular forms made out of GI sheets and supported by a timber frame. See illustrations below.

Opposite form fixed in right position followed by the cover

Square Circular Rec~angular

28

3. Beam forms. These consist of one bottom form having a width of 100 mm to 150 mm wider than that of the beam. These also consist of a pair of side forms with a width equal to the depth of the beam. See illustratio~ ~elow.

(a) Bottom form. The size is the same as the width of beam plus 4 in or 10 em.

I I J

(b) Sid9 cover. Installed after setting rhe reinforcement. Its width is equal to the depth of rhebeam.

Horizontal Braces -"'"'-Joist

4. Wall forms. Forms of this type located above the ground or floor level usually come in pairs to resist the lateral pressure of concrete.

Low wall forms at least 900 mm high can be assembled from 19 mm thick plywood supported by a 50 mm x 100 mm stud, paced at 600 mm apart.

Self-check

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. Use another piece of paper for your answers.

1. A temporary structure used to produce the desired shape and size of concrete is called __ _

2. The most widely used type of form material in any kind of construction work is __ _

3. Metal forms are made out of ___ sheets. 4. Arches and culverts require forms. 5. Of the different kinds of wood, is the most com-

monly used in form construction.

29

B. Identify what is being described in each of the statements below. Write your answers on another piece of paper.

1. This is the normal weight of concrete per cubic metre.

2. This structure requires 6 mm to 12 mm plywood and 50 mm x 50 mm or 50 mm x 75 mm solid framing.

3. A one- or two-storey building falls under this type of structure.

4. This type of framing requires short pieces of lumber.

5. This type of framing is more economical to use and is preferred by carpenters.

C. Write True if the statement is correct, and False if it is not. Write your answers on a piece ofpaper.

1. The flrst step in laying footing forms is to build the external portion.

2. A circular column form may be made of a metal sheet supported by a timber frame.

3. Beam forms consist of one bottom and two side forms. 4. Low wall forms are assembled using 6 mm sheathing

supported by 50 mm x 100 mm stud. 5. Forms are secured by means of braces and clamps.

Lesson 5 Constructing Scaffolding and Staging

A scaffolding is a temporary structure of wooden poles and planks providing platforms for workers to stand on while doing construction work. It is therefore used to reach those work areas which otherwise are too high for the carpenter. It is made up of rigid elevated platforms which ensure safety for the workers and serve as support for tools and materials.

There are two types of scaffolding, namely, single-pole and double-pole. A single-pole scaffolding is secured by being made to stand against the wall. This is mainly used by painters and other construction workers who use only light equipment.

30

A double-pole scaffolding can stand alone. This is used when heavy equipment and materials are needed for construction.

Full length solid 2 x 4 -........

Building

2 x 10 or larger 1

Building

---~.r-----------~· Use ribbon or 2 x 4 block · under ledger for heavy loads

~· 2 X 6 notched block securely nailed to building frame

1 x6or2x6

Typical designs of a single and a double-pole scaHolding.

Staging is a more complex framework that progressively builds up as a building increases in height. The term staging is applied because it is built up in stages one storey at a time.

A staging consists of different parts. These are as follows:

1. Vertical supports. These are upright solid pieces of timber which are equally spaced and provide support for the platforms or horizontal braces.

2. Footing base. This is a solid timber nailed at lower ends of the vertical supports so it will not stick in the ground.

3. Horizontal braces. These are solid pieces of timber reinforcing the vertical supports.

4. Blocks and wedge support. These are used as a footing base and anchorage.

31

5. Nails. These are used to fasten the staging and scaffolding. Their sizes range from 3 to 4 inches.

Self-check

List down the required information for each item. Write your answers on another piece of paper.

A. Cite two importance of scaffolding.

1.

2.

B. List down the two typical types of scaffolding.

s. 4.

C. Enumerate the parts of staging.

5.

6.

7. 8.

9.

32

Lesson 6 Estimating the Cost of Materials for Form Construction

Cost is the primary consideration in selecting the kind of materials to be used in form construction. It refers to the initial investment in purchasing construction materials.

Estimating the quantity of form materials speeds up the construction process and prevents losses.

Here is a sample estimate:

A residential house has 6 posts resthlg on a concrete footing. Prepare a comparative bill of materials using tongue and groove and plywood forms.

A. Preparing a bill of materials for 1" x 4" tongue and groove

1. Solve for the lateral width (L,) of one footing on the projecting base under a column, wall, or any similar structure for support. Suppose the footing has a width of 0.30 m and a length of 0.40 m.

L, = a+ b + c + d

= 0.30 m + 0.40m + 0.30m + 0.40 m

= 1.40 m

c

b d = .40m

a= .30m

33

Refer to the table below for the quantity of tongue and groove per metre run. ·

Quantity of Tongue and Groove Board per Metre Run

Size of Board Size of Board Direct Counting No. of Board (inches) (mm) Method Additional per Metre Run

% for Tongue and Shrinkage

1x3 20 X 75 1.250 16.66 1x4 20 X 100 1.222 12.20 lx5 20 X 125 1.167 9.34 1x6 20 X 150 1.153 7.70

2. Find the number of pieces of tongue and groove needed to construct a post with a lateral width of 1.40 m. For every metre run, 12.20 pieces of 1" x 4" tongue and groove are needed. Multiply the lateral width by the number ofboard per metre run of 1" x 4".

No. of pieces = 1.40 m x 12.20 pes. of 1" x 4" = 17.08 = 18 pes. ofl" x 4" tongue and groove

3. Construct 6 posts by preparing 3 sets of forms only. Each set will require 18 pieces of 1" x 4" tongue and groove. Therefore,

3 x 18 = 54 pes. of tongue and groove

Note that the required length of tongue and groove is still unknown.

4. For the actual height of each post, express the standard measurement (1.20 m) in feet.

post 1.20 m

Footing

34

Thus,

1m = 3.3 ft 1.2 m = 3.96 ft

= 4ft

Your bill of materials for tongue and groove should have the following specification:

54 pes. of 1" x 4" x 4' tongue and groove

Since the shortest available length of 1" x 4" tongue and groove is 8 ft ('), you will need less than 54 pieces of board. To find the actual quantity to be purchased, halve the initial quantity obtained. Thus,

54 + 2 = 27 pes. of 1" x 4" x 8' tongue and groov!

5. Find the required number of form ribs or 2" x 2" solid framing. For purposes of preparing a comparative bill of materials, make your computations for two types of form ribs, namely, A and B. The latter has greater thickness than the former. The distance between ribs of both types is 2.40m.

Form A has a width of 0.30 m and a height of 1.20 m.

0.30m

2" x 2" Frame

l

[!Jo.40m ..,.TAG

o.som

T 0.30m

Foolng

6. To find the required height of solid wood for the perpendicular and longitudinal ribs (see illustration above), apply the following equation:

0.30 m x 8 ribs = 2.4 m or 8 ft 1.20 m x 4 ribs = 4.8 m or 16 ft

For three sets of form A ribs you will need 3 pieces of 2" x 2" x 8' solid wood.

35

Form B has a width of 0.60 m and a height of 1.20 .

i

I m.

1.20m

L 7. To find the height of solid wood needed to construct perpen·

dicular and longitudinal ribs, apply the following equation:

0.60 m x 8 ribs = 4.80 m or 16 ft 1.20 m x 4 ribs = 4.80 m or 16 ft

To construct 3 sets of form B ribs, you will need 3 pieces of2" x 2" x 16' solid wood. For 3 footings, you will need the. following:

27 pes. 1" x 4" x 8' tongue and groove 13 pes. 2" x 2" x 8' solid wood 12 pes. 2"' x 2" x 16' solid wood

Convert the above quantities into board feet. Board foot (BF) is the unit of measure used in the computation of lumber. One board foot is equivalent to 144 cubic inches or one square foot of lumber one inch thick. The thickness and width of commercial lumber are in inches while the length is in feet of even number. Board foot is computed using the following formula:

BF = no. of~s. xTxWxL 12

where T = thickness ( ") w = width(") L = length(')

Thus, 27 ~S X 1" X 4" X 8' = 72 BF

12 13 ~S X 2" X 2" X 8' = 35 BF

12 12 pes X 2" X 2" X 16' = 64 BF

12 Total 171 BF

36

B. Preparing a bill of materials for plywood with a lateral width of 1.40 m and a height of 1.20 m

-

1. Compute the area of one plywood form thus:

1.40 m x 1.20 m = 1.68 m2

2. Determine the total area of 3 plywood forms thus:

3 x 1.68 m2 = 5.04 m2

Refer to the table below for the effective covering of a given area of a plywood form. Note that a 1.20 m x 2.40 m plywood has a 2.88 m2 covering.

Quantity of Ceiling Board per Square Metre

Size Effective Covering Number of Pieces (m) (sq. m) (per m2)

0.30 X 0.30 0.09 11.111 0.40 X 0.40 0.16 6.250 0.40 X 0.60 0.24 4.167 0.60 X 0.60 0.36 2.778 0.60 X 1.20 0.72 1.389 0.90 X 1.80 1.62 0.617 1.20 X 2.40 2.88 0.347

3. Calculate the number of plywood forms as follows:

5.04 m 2

2.88 m2 = 1. 75 pes.

= 2 pes. plywood forms

4. For form A ribs you will need the following:

6 pes. 2" x 2" x 4' long ribs 4 pes. 2" x 2" x 1' short ribs

5. To construct 3 forms you will need:

18 pes. 2" x 2" x 4' long ribs (or 9 pes. 2" x 2" x 8') 12 pes. 2" x 2" x 1' short ribs (or 1 pe. 2" x 2" x 12')

37

6. Determine how many pieces of form B ribs are needed. If you need to prepare 3 sets of ribs, you need 6 pieces of 2" x 2" x 4', or 4 pieces of2" x 2" x 16', solid wood.

7. To determine the number of pieces of solid wood you will need in order to prepare 3 forms, simply multiply the above quantities by 3. Thus,

or

3x6pcs.of2"x2"x8' = 18pcs. 3 x 4 pes. of 2" x 2" x 8' = 12 pes.

Total 30 pes.

9 pes. of2" x 2" x 8' + 2 pes. of 2" x 2" x 8'

Total 11 pes. of 2" x 2" x 8'

8. For brace holders and stakes, you will need 4 pieces of 2" x 2" x 8' plywood.

Below is a summary of the amount of wood you will need:

2 pes. 6 mm x 120 mm x 2.30 mm plywood 24 pes. 2" x 2" x 8' solid lumber

1 pc. 2" x 2" x 12' solid lumber

In board feet, the second and third quantities above are equivalent to 64 and 4 BF, respectively. These are computed as follows:

24 pes. X 2" X 2" X 8' 12 = 64BF

1 pc. X 2" X 2" X 12' = 12

4BF

38

/6/ POSTTEST

Select the best answer to each item. Write only the letter of the correct answer on another piece of paper.

1. In mass production of pre-stressed structure, the type ofform used is a. circular c. straight b. metal d. timber

2. Metal forms are used in constructing a. beams c. rectangular columns b. circular columns d. girders

3. A temporary boarding or sheathing used to produce the desired size and shape of concrete is known as a. covering c. staging b. form d. scaffold

4. A type of sheathing widely used because of its low cost is a. chip c. pressed wood b. plywood d. tongue and groove

5. The weight of concrete per cubic metre is a. 1 000 - 1 500 psi c. 3 000 - 3 500 psi b. 2 000 - 2 500 psi d. 4 000 - 4 500 psi

6. Square columns, beams, slab and wall forms are classified as a. arch forms c. culvert forms b. circular forms d. straight forms

7. Form framing of the longitudinal rib type is a. economical c. practical to use b. expensive d. not widely used

8. A two- or three-storey building requires forms whose sheathing has a thickness of a. 3mm c. 12 mm b. 6mm d. 19 mm

9. Form failure brings about a. bulging c. destruction b. deformation d. sagging

10. Small structures require sheathing and framing made out of a. 3 mm plywood and 25 mm x 50 mm stock b. 6 mm plywood and 50 mm x 50 mm solid stock c. 12 mm plywood and 50 mm x 75 mm lumber d. 19 mm plywood and 50 mm x 100 mm stock

39

11. In laying and constructing footing form, the first structure to build is the a. brace c. outside form b. inside form d. stake

12. A type of form framing which uses short pieces of stock is called a. diagonal c. perpendicular b. longitudinal d. tangential rib

13. Beam forms consist of one bottom and a. two top pairs c. two sides b. two side pairs d. two tops

14. A more substantial framework that progressively builds up as the building increases in height is called a. ladder c. scaffolding b. platform d. staging

15. A pair of column forms is wider by at least a. 50 mm c. 100 mm b. 75 mm d. 200 mm

16. Scaffolding is a temporary structure made up of poles and a. lumber c. slab b. plank d. stock

17. The components of square or rectangular column forms are usually a. butted to each other b. mitered to another pair c. rabetted d. clamped to each other

18. Wall forms must be strong enough to a. carry their own load b. avoid sagging c. resist wind load d. resist concrete lateral pressure

19. The primary consideration in the purchase and selection of forms is a. cost c. profit b. labor d. quality

20. A scaffolding must have a high degree of a. accuracy c. durability b. necessity d. safety

40

~ C Key to Correction)

Check your answers against the following:

Pretest

1. b 11. a 2. b 12. c 3. c 13. c 4. d 14. b 5. b 15. c 6. b 16. d 7. b 17. b 8. b 18. d 9. c 19. d

10. c 20. a

Posttest

1. b 11. c 2. c 12. c 3. b 13. c 4. d 14. d 5. b 15. c 6. d 16. b 7. a 17. a 8. c 18. a 9. b 19. a

10. b 20. d

Self-check

Lesson 4

A.l. form 2. wood or timber 3. GI 4. circular 5. plywood

B.l. 2 000 to 2 500 kg/cm3

2. medium 3. small 4. perpendicular rib 5. longitudinal

41

C.l. True 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. True

Lesson 5

1. It ensures safety for workers. 2. It provides support for building materials and tools. 3. single-pole scaffold 4. double-pole scaffold 5. vertical support 6. footing base 7. horizontal braces 8. block and wedge support 9. rails

Lesson 6

A. Bill of materials for plywood forms

1. Total actual area of one form 2 (0.30) + 2 (0.40 m) = 1.40 m

2. Height of 1 form -1.0 m 3. Area of 1 form- 1.40 m x 1.0 m = 1.40 m2

4. Total area of 4 forms -1.40 m x 4.0 m = 5.60 m2

5. Effective covering of plywood -1.20 m x 2.40 m = 2.88 m2

6. Required pieces of plywood

5.60 m2

= 1.94 or 2 pes. of plywood 2.88 m 2

B. Bill of materials for ribs

1. Form A ribs

a. By direct counting 6 pes. 2" x 2" x 4' 4 pes. 2" x2" x 1'

b. Ribs needed for 4 forms 24 pes. 2" x 2" x 4' 16 pes. 2" x 2" x 1'

c. No. of pieces of ribs needed 12 pes. 2" x 2" x 8' 1 pc. 2" X 2" X 16'

42

2. Form B ribs

a. By direct counting 6 pes. 2" x 2" x 1.0 m 4 pes. 2" x 2" x 0.40 m

b. Ribs needed for four forms 24 pes. 2" x 2" x 1.0 m 16 pes. 2" x 2" x 0.40 m

c. No. of pieces of ribs to order 12 pes. 2" X 2" X 8' 1 pe. 2" x2" x 10'

1 pe. 2" X 2" X 12'

C. Brace holders and stakes needed

By direct counting- 4 pes. 2" x 2" x 8'

Four footing forms will require the following:

2 pes. 6 mm x 1.20 m x 2.40 m plywood

36pcs. 2" x 2" x 8' = 288 lineal feet (Ln ft)

1 pc. 2" x 2" x 10' = 10 Ln ft 1 pe. 2" x 2" x 12' = 12 Ln ft 4 pes. 2" x 2" x 8' = 32 Ln ft

Total 54 Ln ft

43

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FINISHING CARPENTRY

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OVERVIEW

Wtis module discusses the materials and methods of covering a framed structure inside a building. There are three interior framed areas that need to be covered, namely, ceiling, walls, and flooring. Of the numerous materials used in covering a framed structure, only the one which is widely used in our country is discussed in this module.

This module also discusses the fundamental methods of finishing, specifically those of painting.

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OBJECTIVES

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • a • • • • • • • • • • • • ,. •


l . Identify the materials commonly used for ceiling boards and flooring installations

2. Explain the methods of installing ceiling boards, panels for walls and partitions, and timber flooring

3. Demonstrate the correct procedure of applying finishing materials

45

/Jlnl PRETEST

Select the best answer from the choices listed under each number. Write only the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on another piece of paper.

1. The interior and exterior covering of a house or a building is called a. ceiling tile b. hardboard

2. The type of material panels is

c. panel d. plywood

suitable for ceiling board and wall

a. plyboard c. pressed wood b. plywood d. tongue and groove

3. The material used for wall and ceiling boards in the kitchen and bathroom is called a. hardboard c. siding b. plywood d. tongue and groove

4. In establishing the center line for the ceiling board, the tool used is called a. T-bevel c. spirit level b. chalkline d. try square

5. In installing ceiling boards using plywood panels, one of the following should be minimized. a. cutting c. measuring b. marking d. planing

6. Once the center line is located or marked, the next step to take is to a. cut c. install panel b. establish right angle d. provide expansion joint

7. For a quick railing of panels, use a a. ballpeen hammer c. nail gun b. claw hammer d. stapler

8. All panels should be installed with their edges a. offsetting the center line b. overlapping the center line c. parallel to the center line d. parallel to the center point

9. The stud to which solid sidings or panels are nailed must be free from a. cracks c. holes b. decays d. knots

10. Wall panels should be installed with all their edges a. planed c. supported b. rounded d. unsupported

46

11. A popular timber material used for flooring is a. drop siding c. tongue and groove b. plywood d. marine plywood

12. In modern construction, the commonly used subflooring material is the a. hardboard c. rustic panel b. plywood d. tongue and groove

13. A popular way of finishing a house or a building is by a. lacquering c. plastering b. painting d. varnishing

14 Cracks, holes, and openings can be sealed with a. paint c. shellac b. prima d. wood filler

15. The bristles of the brush are dipped in the paint at least a. 1/4 of the length of the brush b. 1/2 of the length of the brush c. 113 of the length of the brush d. 3/4 of the length of the brush

Lesson 7 Materials for Ceiling Boards, Wall Panels, Partitions, and Flooring

In building any concrete structure 1it is important that one knows how to select the right materials for ceiling boards, wall panels, partitions, and flooring.

This activity describes each of these materials.

Solid Timber

Solid timber is used for panels or sidings. Panels are the exterior and interior coverings of a house or a building. The thickness of the timber panels varies from 18 mm x 7 mm to 18 mm x 150 mm. Other sizes for special uses are also available.

2 ? §

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'? '? "? Samplss of solid timbsr pansls or sidings

47

Plywood

Plywood is a construction material made of thin layers of wood stuck together, with their grains at right angles to one another. It has different varieties, any of which can be used for ceilings, partitions, and wall sheathings. The commercially available sizes of plywood range from 3 mm to 19 mm in thickness, but the common thickness of sheathing is 6 mm. Standard width and length is usually 1.20 m x 2.40 m.

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Hardboard

This is a type of manufactured board used for walls and ceiling panels of kitchens and bathrooms. It is a boardlike material manufactured by subjecting wood chips to pressure and heat. Common hardboard panels are usually 6 mm in thickness.

Hardboard patterns

48

Ceiling Tiles

Ceiling .tiles can be installed using nailing strips, or on any smooth contmuous surface. The standard size of a ceiling tile is 300 mm x 600 mm.

Self-check

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Perforated ceiling tiles

Identify what is being described in each of the following statements. Write your answers on another piece of paper.

1. This is a durable and attractive interior and exterior covering.

2. This is a widely used material for timber flooring. 3. This material is appropriate for ceiling and wall cover

ings. 4. This boardlike material is produced from wood chips by

being subjected to pressure and heat. 5. These are suitable for old and new constructions.

49

Lesson 8 Installing Ceiling Boards

The first step in installing ceiling board is to measure the two short opposite walls and locate the midpoint of each using a chalkline. At the middle of the center line, make a right angle using a chalkline.

All sheathings must be installed with their edges parallel to the lines.

Layout procedure for the installation of ceiling boards

If the ceiling joists are level, perpendicular to each other, and meet the size of sheathing on its center, then they are ready for installation. The installation must start from the center line and end on each wall. For a quick fastening of ceiling boards, use a nail gun or any heavy-duty stapling equipment other than a hammer.

There are varied panel arrangements which may be applied. The size of a ceiling board made of plywood normally depends on the width and length of this wood. A 1.20 m x 2.40 m sheet for a ceiling board can be halved or quartered.

A typical metal framework is used to install suspended ceilings, one of the types of ceiling boards. The metal frame is especially designed to suit a given type or size of a panel.

Measure the height of the ceiling. Then indicate the height obtained around the perimeter of the ceiling using a chalkline in order to check evenness.

50

Install the main runners by resting them on the molding and hanging them on the wires attached to screw eyes. Use a chalkline stretched between walls to achieve levelness. Splice the runners and remove the irregular lengths with a hacksaw.

Installing main runners

Once all the main runners are in place, attach cross tees. Check the size of the panels before fixing the cross tees in place.

Obtaining the pole layout

Once the suspended metal framework is complete, install the panels.

Suspending a metal framework

before installing panels

51

Self-check

Write T if the statement is correct. If it is false, change the italicized word or words to make the statement correct. Write your answers on another piece of paper.

1. The first step in installing ceiling boards is to measure the two short opposite walls.

2. Chalk is used to establish the center line. 3. A right angle is established at the center line. 4. All panelings are installed with their edges vertical to the

center line and right angles. 5. For quick nailing of panels or ceiling boards, a claw hammer

is used.

Lesson 9 Installing Partition and Wall Panels

Installing partition or wall panels is nearly identical to covering a ceiling framework.

For exterior walls, sidings are applied directly to the studs. The figure below shows various types of sidings.

Clap Bevel Rabbeted Rustic Drop boards Siding Bevel Siding Siding Siding

Following is the procedure in installing solid wood sidings:

1. Lay out a storey pole from the soffit to about 25 mm below the top of the foundation.

52

2. Obtain the pole layout. To do this, halve the distance of the pole according to the combined width of the single sidings excluding the lap. Mark the position of the top of each siding on the storey pole.

/ " . Obtaining the pole layout

3. Transfer the layout of the pole to the wall. Set nails to this mark so strings can be attach~d to align the sidings.

Traf'lsferring layout from pole to wall

4. Once the layout has been made, start fastening the sidings by nailing a spacer strip having the same thickness as the siding alon& the foundation as shown in the figure below.

5. Form inside corners using square pieces of wood or metal corners. Then install outside corners.

Inside corners are pieces of wood or metal with angular shapes. These are installed to cover the external corners of adjacent sidings.

Outside corners are similarly shaped wood or metal installed under each adjoining siding.

I

Outside Comer Metal Inside Comer

Corners for sidings

6. Nail the sidings to the surface of each stud. The nail must be placed about 12 mm above the butt edge. If the material is likely to split when nailed, drill holes before nailing. The figure below shows patterns for nailing sidings.

Bevel Siding Tongue and Groove Boards

Nailing pattern for solid sidings

Board and Batten 54

Plywood Paneling

Plywood can be attached directly to the wall studs. But first, the layout plan should be made carefully to minimize cuttings and the use ofjoints.

When studs are poorly aligned, it is advisable to use nailing strips. For horizontal and vertical strips, use 25 mm x 50 mm solid stock spaced at 800 mm on center. The vertical strips must support each panel edge.

Start installing panels at the corners. Trim the edge of the first panel to make it plumb. Secure it in place using a nail gun or a claw hammer. Then fit the next panel in place. The clearance or opening is covered with a molding. Provide baseboard finish at the floor line. For joint treatment for edges, see figure below.

25 I 2£J E?:F ~ Ef2j= EJ 8 L!J § L3 LJ Various joint treatment for plywood panels

Ser-check

Write 0 ifthe statement is true of carpentry. Ifnot, write X.

Lito de Asis passed the second class trade test in finishing carpentry. What factors contributed to his success? Write your answers on a piece of paper.

I. Lito executed the practical test with ease. 2. Lito installed the exterior wall sidings horizontally. 3. The sidings when nailed showed splits and cracks. 4. He installed wall panels without using studs to support

their edges. 5. He used nailing strips after noticing that the wall studs

were poorly aligned.

55

Lesson 10 I Installing Timber Floorings

Wood is a commonly used material for flooring. Because of its strength and durability, it can withstand wear. It can also provide a highly attractive appearance if properly finished.

Sub floor

Joist

Timber strip flooring

To install timber strip flooring, first check the subfloor to make certain it is clear and the nailing patterns are complete. Strip flooring should be laid at right angle to the floor joist (see the illustration below). In modern construction the commonly used material for subfloor is plywood.

n ·~Wall

The installation starts along either side wall. The groove of the first strip faces the wall. The expansion joint of 12 mm oetween the wall and strip must be provided. See the figure above.

Succeeding timber strips are blindnailed at an angle of 50° penetrating the flooring where the tongue joins the shoulder. Each strip should fit tightly against the preceding strip. Use a scrap block in dividing the strip in position.

56

Blind nai/ing succeeding timber

strips at an angle of 50 degrees

Try to arrange the pieces so the joists are well-distributed for proper blending of color and grain pattern.

Self-check

Arrange the following sentences in chronological order. Write your answers on a piece of paper.

1. Check floor joist. 2. Nail timber strip. 3. Lay initial strips with a 12 mm clearance wall. 4. Lay building paper. 5. Check subflooring. 6. Drive the next strip using a piece of scrap block.

Lesson 11 Applying Paint

Painting is the most popular way of preserving and beautifying the timber parts of any concrete structure. To produce quality painting, choose the most appropriate painting implement such as a brush, a roller, or a spray. The first two are the most commonly used because of their versatility.

Painting brushes come in various widths such as 12 mm, 25 mm, 38 mm, 50 mm, 62 mm, 75 mm, and 100 mm. Their bristles are tapered so that when they are loaded, the brush gives a sharp cutting edge.

When using a roller, choose one with short piled sleeves, which is easy to use and thus produces a better finish.

57

Painting equipment must be used with care so they will last long. This means cleaning them after use and storing them properly.

These are the steps you must take before painting any surface:

1. Fill all cracks, openings, and holes with wood filler. Let them dry.

2. Sand the filled areas using 4#100 floor sanding paper. 3. Apply wood primer or a preliminary coat of paint. 4. Sand the primered surface using #120 or #180 sanding paper. 5. Apply undercoat and let dry before applying the top or final

coat.

These are the steps in preparing paint:

1. Open the paint can using the edge of a knife as a lever. 2. Stir the paint using a piece of scrap solid wood. 3. Pour the amout of paint to be used into another clean con

tainer. 4. Load the brush with paint by dipping the bristles into the

paint at least one-third of the length of the brush. Then wipe off excess paint on a string tied across the container.

Observe the following procedure in applying paint:

1. Apply paint along the grain.

3. Reload the brush and apply strokes back and forth across the grain over the area which has just been painted.

4. Lay off the paint with very light strokes along the grain.

5. Paint the adjoining area the same way to blend the two sections of the surface together.

6. Brush towards, not parallel to, the edges to avoid~crapingthe paint on the adjacent surface.

59

Self-check

Fill in each blank with the correct term or phrase to make the statement complete. Write your answers on a separate sheet.

1-2. Painting is the most popular way of and __ _ parts of the house or building.

3. For a well-executed painting job, choose the right __ _ 4. The widest available brush measures __ _ 5. In using a roller, choose __ _ 6. Cracks, holes, and openings can be filled or sealed with

7. The suitable grade or grit for sanding a filled surface is

8. The bristles of a brush are dipped ___ of the length of the brush.

9. The direction of brushing should be __ _ 10. Laying off the paint means applying __ _

l#nl POSTTEST Select the best answer from the choices listed under each

number. Write only the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on another piece of paper.

1. In installing ceiling boards using plywood panels, one of the following should be minimized. a. cutting c. measuring b. marking d. planing

2. In establishing the center line for the ceiling board, the tool used is called a. T-bevel c. spirit level b. chalkline d. try square

3. The interior and exterior covering of a house or a building is called a. ceiling tile c. panel b. hardboard d. plywood

4. The type of material suitable for ceiling board and wall panels is a. plyboard c. pressed wood b. plywood d. tongue and groove

60

5. For a quick railing of panels, use a a. ballpeen hammer c. nail gun b. claw hammer d. stapler

6. The material used for wall and ceiling boards in the kitchen and bathroom is called a. hardboard c. siding b. plywood d. tongue and groove

7. The stud to which solid sidings or panels are nailed must be free from a. cracks c. holes b. decays d. knots

8. Wall panels should be installed with all their edges a. planed c. supported b. rounded d. unsupported

9. Once the center line is lc.:ated or marked, the next step to take is to

10.

a. cut b. establish right angle In modern construction, material is the

c. install panel d. provide expansion joint

the commonly used subflooring

a. hardboard c. rustic panel b. plywood d. tongue and groove

11. All panels should be installed with their edges a. offsetting the center line b. overlapping the center line c. parallel to the center line d. parallel to the center point

12. The bristles of the brush are dipped in the paint at least a. 1/4 ofthe length ofthe brush b. 1/2 of the len,gth of the brush c. 1/3 of the len~h of the brush d. 3/4 of the length of the brush

13. Cracks, holes, and openings can be sealed with a. paint c. shellac b. prima d. wood filler

14. A popular way of finishing a house or a building is by a. lacquering c. plastering b. painting d. varnishing

15. A popular timber material used for flooring is a. drop siding c. tongue and groove b. plywood d. marine plywood

61

~(Key to Correction)


Pretest

1. c 9. a 2. b 10. c 3. a 11. c 4. b 12. b 5. a 13. b 6. b 14. d 7. c 15. c 8. c

Post test

1. a 9. b 2. b 10. b 3. a 11. c 4. b 12. c 5. c 13. b 6. a 14. b 7. a 15. c 8. c

Self-check

Lesson 7

1. solid timber panels or sidings 2. tongue and groove 3. plywood 4. hardboard 5. ceiling tiles

Lesson 8

1. T 2. chalkline 3. T 4. pal'allel 5. nail gun

62

Lesson 9

1. 0 2. 0 3. X 4. X 5. 0

Lesson 10

1. 1 2. 6 3. 4 4. 3 5. 2 6. 5

Lesson 11

1. preserving 2. beautifying 3. quality of work 4. 100 mm wide 5. short-piled sleeve 6. wood filler 7. #100 8. one-third 9. along the grain

10. a very light stroke

63

--"~ '4.

MASONRY FINISHING

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64

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OVERVIEW

.asonry is the art of combining stone blocks, bricks, tiles, marbles, and other materials using mortar to form shapes either of walls, slabs, and other parts of a house or a building.

General masonry involves the processes of stone or block laying, brick laying, plastering, and tile laying or setting.

This module deals with the fundamental processes involved in plastering and tile setting.

. . . . . . .. . .......... .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. .

.. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . ..

. . . . .. . . . . • ..... . .. . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . ... . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. .

OBJECTIVES

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


1 . Demonstrate skills in the use and care of finishing masonry tools

2. Cite measures to obseNe economy in the use of finishing masonry materials

3. Explain the procedure in plastering walls with mortar 4. Demonstrate how tiles are set on walls 5. Show the correct procedure of laying concrete

hollow blocks

65

I #Til PRETEST

Select the best answer from the choices listed below each number. Write only the letter of the correct answer on another piece ofpaper.

1. The tool used for checking and obtaining horizontal and vertical surfaces or lines is called a. plumb rod c. sliding T-bevel b. pull-push rule d. spirit level

2. The most accurate tool for obtaining horizontal surface is a. mason's square c. T -bevel b. plastic hose with water d. zigzag rule

3. A type of surface finishing tool is the a. brush c. guide strip b. float d. spade

4. The most extensively used type of cement is a. iceland c. portland b. island d. pozzoland

5. Cement hardens because of a. condensation c. duration b. dehydration d. hydration

6. Sand used in plastering must be sharp, clean, and a. well balanced c. well quarried b. well graded d. well purchased

7. Lime is introduced into plastering mixture as a a. catalyzing agent c. patching agent b. plasticizing agent d. retarding agent

8. Water used for mixing mortar must be a. acidic c. rich in minerals b. fresh d. salty

9. A mixture of cement, fine sand, lime, and water is called a. admixture c. concrete b. aggregate d. mortar

10. Mortar plaster may be held in a a. mixing board c. timber float b. pointing trowel d. wooden hawk

11. Before plastering, the surface of a wall must be a. flat c. sufficiently rough b. painted d. sufficiently smooth

66

12. Guide strips are used for a. leveling c. rendering b. plastering d. screeding

13. The part of the wall where rendering of plaster should start is at the a. base c. either side b. middle d. top

14 Plastering is done by

15.

a. placing the mortar lightly on the wall b. vending the mortar gently on the surface c. squeezing the mortar to the surface d. trowelling the mortar by slashing The tool used for paving excess mortar on plastered wall is the a. spirit level c. steel float b. string d. straight edge

16. Tiling on straight walls is relatively a. difficult c. easy b. complicated d. expensive

17. The standard sizes ofwall tiles range from a. 20 mm x 20 mm to 30 mm x 60 mm b. 25 mm x 25 mm to 50 mm x 50 mm c. 50 mm x 50 mm to 100 mm x 200 mm d. 75 mm x 75 mm to 114 mm x 216 mm

18. The wall surface to be filled must be clean, dry, firm, and a. crooked c. hollow b. flat d. square

19. The succeeding tiles are set in a. angular pattern c. rectangular pattern b. pyramid pattern d. trapezoidal pattern

20. The process of filling or sealing the spaces between files is called a. gauging c. grouting b. grooving d. routing

21. CHB is made up of cement and a. coarse aggregates c. mortar b. fine aggregates d. plaster

22. Inert granular materials such as sand and gravel are called a. aggregates c. mortar b. concrete d. plaster

67

23. The smallest size of commercially available CHB is a. 75 mmx200mmx400mm b. 100 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm c. 150 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm d. 2000 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm

24. The tool used in maintaining the grade of levelness of soil for CHB laying is called a. pole c. spirit level b. string d. tamper or compactor

25. CHB dowels are spaced at a maximum distance of a. 150 mm c. 300 mm b. 200 mm d. 450 mm

26. The final layer applied to masonry surface is called a. concrete finish c. paint finsh b. curing materials d. water proofing

27. Plain cement finish is done by a. brushing cement or surface b. chipping the surface c. plastering mortar on a structural sufrace d. screeding concrete

28. If a finished concrete surface has designs of varying forms and shapes, then the type of finish applied is called a. fancy c. overlay b. patterned d. plastered

29. A tooled surface resembles that of a. a brick c. an adobe stone b. a CHB d. a wood surface

30. A type of finish which has a combination of smooth and uneven patterns of a hollow surface is called a. anay c. synthetic adobe b. fancy d. plain

Lesson 12! Masonry Finishing Tools

Masonry finishing tools are designed to produce various types of surface finishes. They are classified as follows:

68

Measuring 1 oo\s 1. PuU-push rule. This is used for long· or short-distanCe

measuring.

2. Zigzag rule- This is a folding rule used to measure distances

not exceeding 1.8 metres.

1 esting 1 oo\s 1. Spirit level. This is used to test or to obtain horizontal and

vertical surfaces.

69

2. Plastic hose with water. This is used to test and obtain horizontal surfaces. It is regarded as the most accurate tool for establishing a horizontal level.

Roughing-up Tools

These tools are used to prepare surfaces for finishing. They are also called striking tools.

1. Cold chisel. This is a common tool for dressing or cutting blocks and chipping concrete.

2. Crosspeen hammer. This is a cross-head hammer where one is shaped like a wedge used for various striking needed in surface preparation.

3. Star drill. This is a puncher-type tool which produces starshaped surfaces with the aid of a hammer.

70

4. Hatchet. This is a small axe with a small handle. It is used for chipping surfaces.

Surface Finishing Tools

There are two kinds of tools for surface finishing. These are the following:

1. Floats are flat tools used for smoothing textured surfaces or plaster. They are made of timber or steel.

Floats are classified as follows:

a. Common floats. These are used for general smoothing purposes.

b. Bull floats. These are used in paving and smoothing freshly laid concrete.

71

2. Trowels are also flat tools used for applying, spreading, and shaping plaster or mortar. They are made of steel.

Trowels are further classified into two:

a. Pointing trowel. This is used in laying and removing mortar in masonry joints.

b. Finishing trowel. This is used in producing a smooth concrete or a plastered surface.

Other tools used for masonry finishing are as follows:

1. Spade. This is used for handling and mixing mortar or plaster.

2. G I pail. This is used for holding and carrying mortar. It is so called because it is made of galvanized iron.

3. Mixing board. This is used for mixing low volume of mortar. This is usually made of wood or steel.

4. Hawk. This is used for holding mortar. It is made up of a 12 mm thick plywood with a cylindrical timber handle and is used with the aid of a float or a trowel.

5. Measuring box. This is used for measuring sand and cement. It is made of wood.

6. Rubber foam. This is used to obtain a fine-grained texture in measuring.

7. Painter's brush. This is used for splashing water and smoothing surfaces before plastering.

72

8. Nylon string. This is used for guiding the course of tiles to ensure alignment.

9. Screed. This is used for paving flat plastered surfaces. It is made up of rectangular timber or aluminum with long straight edge at least 30 mm x 75 mm x 200 mm.

Self-check

Identify the masonry finishing tool being described in each of the following sentences. Use another sheet for your answers.

1. This is a tool for testing and obtaining vertical and horizontal surfaces.

2. This is an accurate tool for establishing horizontal level.

3. This is a tool used for measuring long and short distances.

4. This tool can produce star-like designs on surfaces with the aid of a hammer.

5. These tools ar8 used for applying, spreading, and shaping mortar or plaster.

6. These are flat tools used for smoothing textured surfaces or plaster.

7. This is a basic tool used for hauling and mixing mortar. 8. This tool is commonly used for holding and carrying

mortar. 9. This tool is used for carrying mortar with the aid of a

float or a trowel. ___ 10. This is an indispensable tool for paving flat plastered

surfaces.

Lesson 13 Finishing Materials Used in Masonry

The quality of any concrete structure depends in part on the quality of its finish. Thus, obtaining the right kind of materials for finishing is indispensable to producing the right finish. Here are some of the common types of finishing materials used in masonry:

73

Cement

Cement is a combination of calcium silicate and aluminates. Of its various types, the most extensively used for common masonry finishing is the portland cement, which hardens under water. It is composed of limestone and clay or similar materials, which are mixed and then burned to proCluce this kind of cement. It is highly recommended because of the workability of the mixture when added to other admixtures or ingredients including water. It hardens when water is added to the materials that compose it.

Lime

Cement provides strength to mortar. If cement without lime is used, the mixture would be stiff and unworkable. Thus, lime is introduced into the mixture as a plasticizing agent. Plasticity means the degree of smoothness and workability ofthe mixture.

Lime also increases the water retentivity (water holding capacity) of the mixture. This decreases the tendency of the mortar to lose water (bleeding), and reduces separation or segregation of the sand.

Sand

Sand refers to loose particles of disintegrated rock usually deposited along the shores ofbodies of water like rivers. To be used effectively in construction, it must be clean, sharp, well graded, and free from loam, clay, salt, vegetable matters, and other impurities. If at least 95% of all its particles can pass through a no. 7 sieve, which has approximately 2 mm mesh openings, then it is considered first class.

Water

This is an essential ingredient for preparing mortar. Use only clean and fresh water for this purpose.

Plaster

This is a heavy white powder manufactured from a mineral called gypsum. It is mixed with water to form a thick paste that

74

sets quickly. It is available in various fonns for specific uses. These are the different types ofplaster:

1. Casting plastic. This is used to speed up the setting time of Hardwall Plastic. Setting time is 25 to 30 minutes, 5 to 6 minutes when mixed with lime.

2. Hard-finish plaster. This is used for large walls and ceiling areas. Its normal setting time is 3 to 4 hours, and 1 to 1 1/2 hours when mixed with lime.

3. Retarding plaster. This is used for spray work. Setting time is 3 to 4 hours, or 1 to 11/2 hours when mixed with lime.

4. Stopping plaster. This is used for running mouldings and patching. Setting time is 20 to 30 minutes.

Self-check

Complete the following sentences. Write your answers on another piece of paper.

1. The most extensively used type of cement is ___ _ 2. hardens the materials composing cement. 3. Sand used in masonry finishing must be sharp, clean,

and ___ _

4. Water used in preparing mortar must be and ___ _

5. Lime is introduced into the mixture as a ____ agent.

Lesson 14 Plastering Walls with Mortar

Here are the steps in plastering walls with mortar:

1. Make the surface of the wall rough enough for the mortar to adhere. Do this by chipping it using a hammer or a hatchet. Another way to do it is by slashing, which means rendering

75

the wall with a thin mixture of cement and water using the square end of a pointing trowel.

Surface preparation

2. Render the wall with mortar using a float and a trowel. Start at the base of the wall towards the top.

Rendering plaster at thB wall base

3. Spread the mortar on the entire surface of the wall if the area can be worked fast enough within the setting time of the mixture. See to it that the mortar is thicker than the guide strips.

Rendering the whole area of the wall

76

4. When the mortar starts to set and becomes hard enough, screed the mortar until the guide strips appear.

5. Remove the guide strips when the mortar has hardened.

Rsmoving strips

6. Fill in the spaces made by the guide strip and lumps using a timber float.

Timber floating

77

7. When the mortar has hardened a bit, sprinkle water onto the surface using sponge or a paint brush. Then rub the surface using the steel float until the surface has smoothened. Repeat this procedure.

~~~-----------

Steel floating

Self-check

Arrange the following in their logical order. Indicate 1 for the first step, 2 for the next, and so on. Write your answers on another piece of paper.

1. Fill up the spaces left. by the guide strips and lumps. 2. Spread the mortar on the entire wall surface. 3. Remove the guide strips. 4. Finish the plastered wall by sprinkling water on it

and rubbing it with a steel float. 5. Prepare the surface. 6. Render the wall with mortar starting at the base of

the wall. 7. Set guide strips. 8. Remove the excess mortar by screeding.

Lesson 151 Setting Wall Tiles

Decorating a straight wall with ceramic tiles is relatively easy. If the wall has openings, however, tiling is somewhat difficult. In this activity you will learn how to install tiles on straight walls.

78

Wall tiles are glazed and offer a great variety of colors and designs. They are appropriate primarily for use on interior surfaces: walls, counter tops, and ceilings. Their bodies are fairly light, which facilitates vertical installation. Though the bodies are porous, the glazing process makes the surface water-resistant.

Standard sizes of wall tiles range from 75 mm x 75 mm to 114 mm x 216 mm, with thickness of from 7 mm to 24 mm.

The commonly used adhesives for setting wall tiles is mortar. Pure cement is also used at times, which can also fill the chinks or spaces between tiles.

The tools needed for wall tiling are the pointing trowel, tile cutter, spirit level, squeezes, and sponge.

These are the steps in setting wall tiles:

1. Prepare the wall surface by making sure it is firm, dry, clean, and flat. Clean greasy, and roughen shiny areas. If the surface is painted, wall tiles may still be plastered on it for as long as the paint is not flaking.

2. Mark the working lines at the lowest point of the base of the wall using a level and batter with straight edge. After marking the horizontal line, secure the batter to the wall.

3. Locate the midpoint of the wall and mark it on the horizontal line. Use a spirit level in marking the vertical center line.

4. Set the first tile with one edge aligned with the vertical line and the bottom edge resting on the batter. Use a slight twist as you place the tile against the wall.

Wall

I I I Wall

First Tile Wall

-----Wooden Batten

Floor

Setting the first wall tile

5. Set the succeeding tiles in the same manner maintaining a 2 to 3 mm clearance for each adjoining tile, following the

79

sequence illustrated below. Use spacing lugs or match sticks as spacers.

I Wall I

6. Continue setting the tiles upward to maintain a pyramid pattern.

7. Carefully remove the batter once the mortar adhesives have set or hardened. Cut the tiles to fit. Spread the adhesives and then set the tiles in place.

80 n1e to be cut

8. After the mortar has dried, grout the joint. See the following illustrations

a. Spread grout over tiles forcing it into joints.

c. Wipe off remaining grout with a piece of barely damp sponge.

Self-check

Steps In grouting

b. Remove excess grout working diagonally across the tiles using a squeeze.

d. When haze forms on the tile, polish with a soft cotton cloth.

Write Tifthe statement is correct. If the statement is wrong, change the italicized word or words to make the statement correct. Write your answers on another piece of paper.

1. Decorating a straight wall is relatively difficult. 2. Wall tiles are primarily used for interior surfaces. 3. The standard sizes of wall tiles range from 75 mm x 75 mm

to 114 mm x 216 mm. 4. The commonly used adhesive for wall tile is casting plaster. 5. A waU surface must be clean, dry, firm, and flat. 6. A level must be secured horizontally on the wall with the use

of mortar or nails. 7. Locate the midpoint of the wall after securing the batter to the

wall. 8. After setting the first tile, fix the succeeding tiles on the wall

in a pyramid pattern.

81

9. Continue setting the tiles downward. 10. Grouting is done once the mortar bed of the laid tiles has

dried.

Lesson 16 Laying Concrete Hollow Blocks

A concrete hollow block ( CHB) is a construction material made up of cast concrete composed of cement and fine aggregates. It is mainly used for building walls and partitions.

Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, and pebbles. They are either fine or coarse. Fine aggregates are smaller than 9 mm in diameter, while coarse aggregates are over 9 mm in diameter.

The common sizes of CHB are as follows:

1. 100 mm x 200 mm x 499 mm 2. 150 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm 3. 200 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm

These are the steps to follow in laying concrete hollow blocks:

1. Lay out the foundation lines and excavate the desired width and depth of the foundation wall.

2.

3.

4.

5. Pour mixed concrete at level with the form. Consolidate the concrete to harden.

6. Set wooden 1" x 2" poles vertically at both ends of wall.

Poles 1" X 2"

7. Lay out a set of blocks at the base of the footing to determine if cutting of blocks is necessary and to measure the thickness of mortar joints.

8. Remove the concrete blocks and set strings as guide. Use a spirit level to check the levelness of the string.

9. Place the full mortar bed for the first course of the blocks using a pointing trowel.

84

10. Lay out the blocks for the first course. The outside comer or the block should touch the string guide. Maintain a 10 mm spacing between the sides of blocks.

11. Fill in the cells of concrete hollow blocks with mortar.

12. Set the guide string for the second course of CHB. Place at least 12 mm to 18 mm thick mortar on top of the edges of the first course.

13. Lay the second course of CHB maintaining a 10 mm joint between each course. Full length of CHB should be laid first at the center of underneath joints.

14. Place the end blocks to complete the second course and then repeat the procedure of leveling the blocks using a spirit level.

15. Remove excess mortar along the joint using a pointing trowel.

·•t~'·(' . ~1::~ : ..

,h • y, •

'• .

86

. ~ / ., . ., ·-~

.,' .. ~ .. '..!!. \

...

16. Proceed to laying the remaining course following the same procedure. Place 12 mm horizontal bars for every third course of blocks.

Self-check

A. After reading and understanding the activity, fill in the blanks with the correct answer.

1. CHB stands for ___ _ 2. CHB is composed of cement and ___ _ 3. CHB is commonly used for walls and ___ _ 4. The thickness of CHB varies from 100 mm to 150 mm

and ___ _

B. Apply the procedure discussed in this activity on laying CHB.

C. Check your work using the following checklist. Put a check mark in the appropriate column.

Performance Checklist Acceptability Yes No

1. Correct setting of string guides 2. Levelness of string guides 3. Proper amount of mortar bed 4. Correct alignment of CHB 5. Proper amount of mortar cells 6. Proper removal of excess mortar 7. Acceptability of the fmishedjob

87

Lesson 17 Applying Decorative Masonry Finishes

Concrete or masonry finishes are the final layers applied to any structural surface made of blocks, bricks, or natural and synthetic stone.

There are various types of masonry finishes of which only the common ones are discussed here such as the following:

1. Plain cement finish. This type of finish is simply the result of plastering mortar on a structural surface.

2. Fancy finish. This is a result of creating varied and patterned designs on a concrete or plastered surface. The designs may be in any shape or form.

Following are the steps in fancy fmishing.

a. Pave or apply plaster to the concrete surface. Allow the plastered or concrete surface to set for an hour.

b. Make the necessary design while the concrete is still soft. To produce circle designs, you may use round cans of varying diameters.

88

c. Press the cans about 6 mm deep on the concrete surface.

·~.;. ~9 .. C)

d. Lift the can slowly with a slight twist.

e. Remove the displaced concrete on the circle marks using a paint brush.

89

3. Tooled finish. This type of concrete finish is also known as hammered synthetic adobe finish, for it resembles the adobe stone. It is achieved by chipping the cured plastered concrete surface with an axe. Follow these steps in tooled finishing:

a. Wash the concrete surface.

b. Mix mortar at a proportion of 1 part cement to 3 parts sand.

c. Plaster the mortar mixture on the concrete surface until a minimum thickness of 18 mm is achieved. Let the plastered surface dry for 2 or 3 days.

d. After curing (drying) the plaster, mark the necessary guide lines using a straightedge and a pencil.

e. Chip the plastered surface using a sharp axe. Follow the marks while chipping to obtain a straight-tooled surface.

f. Apply very light and even blows with the axe while chipping to obtain an even depth of tooled surface.

4. Anay finish. This type of finish is so called because its surface resembles that of wood where termites dwell. The surface has a combination of smooth and uneven patterns of a hollow surface.

The steps in anay finish are as follows:

a. Apply mortar plaster to the concrete surface. Let the plastered surface dry for one whole day.

b. Wasli the plastered surface with water using a water hose, a sponge, or a wide paint brush.

c. Cut a 35 mm diameter broom stick to about 250 mm long. You will use this in applying cement on the wall surface.

-1 E E 0 U') C\J

_l 1'\ti 35 mm

d. Dilute a pure cement with water in a pail.

e. Apply the cement mixtures on the wall surface using the broom stick's bound end.

f ~

~~ ~

93

f. Remove the broom stick slowly. ,....,. ~ ~

(M}~ ~4 "'~... ~

fl' ~

¥·/# /9/( /A . ._/' /~

g. Repeat step e until the whole surface is covered. Let the cement marks set for 30 minutes.

g)~ t90 ~e,

• $j; ~ , ~ ~ .·, ~ ®~ ~~@ ~®®~~@~@.®' ~~~@8®(IDi~-

h. Flatten the cement marks using a finishing trowel. Move the tool in a circular motion.

94

i. Repeat step h until all cement marks have flattened to at least 4 mm thick.

Self-check

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. Write your answers on a piece of paper.

1. The final layer applied on structural surfaces is called

2. Plain cement finish is the result of ___ _ 3. The type of masonry finish which is performed by using a

pattern on a concrete or plastered surface is called

4. A tooled finish resembles the surface of an ___ _ 5. The tool used in chipping a concrete surface to produce a

tooled finish is the ___ _ 6. The type of finish which resembles a wood structure that

has been eaten up by termites is called ___ _

B. Upon mastery of the steps in decorative masonry finishing, perform the three types of finishing in the presence of your teacher. Then check if you followed the procedure systematically and produced the desired quality. Mark the appropriate column with a check mark(~).

95

Performance Checklist

1. Masonry surface preparation (cleaning and washing)

2. Workability of mixture 3. Correct use of tools 4. Observance of safety precautions 5. Economy in the use of masonry

finishing materials

lbl POSTTEST

Acceptability Yes No

Select the best answer from the choices listed below each number. Write only the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on another piece of paper.

1. A type of surface finishing tool is the a. brush c. guide strip b. float d. spade

2. Water used in mixing mortar must be a. acidic c. rich in minerals b. fresh d. salty

3. The most accurate tool for obtaining horizontal surface is a. mason's square c. T-bevel b. plastic hose with water d. zigzag rule

4. Mortar plaster may be held in a a. mixing board c. timber float b. pointing trowel d. wooden hawk

5. The tool used for checking and obtaining horizontal and vertical surfaces or lines is called a. plumb rod c. sliding T-bevel b. pull-push rule d. spirit level

6. The most extensively used type of cement is a. iceland c. portland b. island d. pozzoland

7. Cement hardens because of a. condensation c. duration b. dehydration d. hydration

8. A mixture of cement, fine sand, lime, and water is called a. admixture c. concrete b. aggregate d. mortar

96

9. Sand used in plastering must be sharp, clean, and a. well balanced c. well quarried b. well graded d. well purchased

10. Lime is introduced into plastering mixture as a a. catalyzing agent c. patching agent b. plasticizing agent d. retarding agent

11. Rendering of plaster should start a. at the base of the wall b. at the middle of the wall c. at either side of the wall d. at the top ofthe wall

12. Tiling on straight walls is relatively a. difficult c. easy b. complicated d. expensive

13. The standard sizes of wall tiles range from a. 20mm x20mm to30mm x 60mm b. 25 mm x 25 mm to 50 mm x 50 mm c. 50 mm x 50 mm to 100 mm x 200 mm d. 75 mm x 75 mm to 114 mm x 216 mm

14. The tool used for paving excess mortar on plastered wall is the a. spirit level c. steel float b. string d. straightedge

15. Before plastering, the surface of a wall must be a. flat c. sufficiently rough b. painted d. sufficiently smooth

16. Plastering is done by a. placing the mortar lightly on the wall b. vending the mortar gently on the surface c. squeezing the mortar to the surface d. trowelling the mortar by slashing

17. Guide strips are used for a. leveling c. rendering b. plastering d. screeding

18. The tool used in maintaining the grade of levelness of soil bed for CHB laying is called a. pole c. spirit level b. string d. tamper or compactor

19. Inert granular materials such as sand and gravel are called a. aggregates c. mortar b. concrete d. plaster

97

20. The wall surface to be filled must be clean, dry, firm, and a. crooked c. hollow b. flat d. square

21. After setting the first tile, the succeeding tiles are secured in a pattern that is a. angular c. rectangular b. pyramid d. trapezoidal

22. The type of finish which has a combination of smooth and uneven patterns of a hollow surface is called a. anay c. synthetic adobe b. fancy d. plain

23. CHB dowels are spaced at a maximum distance of a. 150 mm c. 300 mm b. 200 mm d. 450 .mm

24. Plain cement finish is done by a. brushing cement on surface b. chipping the surface c. plastering mortar on a structural surface d. screeding concrete

25. The process of filling or sealing the spaces between tiles is called a. gauging c. grouting b. grooving d. routing

26. A tooled surface resembles that of a. a brick c. an adobe stone b. a CHB d. a wood surface

27. If a finished concrete surface has designs of varying forms and shapes, then the type offinish applied is called a. fancy c. overlay b. patterned d. plastered

28. CHB is made up of cement and a. coarse aggregates c. mortar b. fine aggregates d. plaster

29. The smallest size of commercially available CHB is a. 75 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm b. 100 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm c. 150 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm d. 200 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm

30. The final layer applied to masonry surface is called a. concrete finish b. curing materials c. paint brush d. water proofing

98

~(Key to Correction)


Pretest

1. d 16. c 2. b 17. d 3. b 18. b 4. d 19. b 5. b 20. c 6. b 21. b 7. b 22 a 8. b 23. b 9. d 24. d

10. d 25. d 11. c 26. a 12. d 27. c 13. a 28. a 14. c 29. c 15. d 30. a

Post test

1. b 16. c 2. b 17. d 3. b 18. d 4. d 19. a 5. d 20. b 6. d 21. b 7. b 22. a 8. d 23. d 9. b 24. c

10. b 25. c 11. a 26. a 12. c 27. a 13. d 28. b 14. d 29. b 15. c 30. a

99

Self-check

Lesson 12

1. spirit level 2. plastic hose with water 3. pull-push rule 4. star drill 5. trowels 6. floats 7. spade 8. pail 9. hawk

10. screed

Lesson 13

1. portland 2. Water 3. well graded 4. clean and fresh 5. plasticizing

Lesson 14

1. 7 5. 1 2. 4 6. 3 3. 6 7. 2 4. 8 8. 5

Lesson 15

1. easy 2. T 3. T 4. mortar 5. T 6. batter 7. T 8. along the vertical line and with the bottom edges resting on

the batter 9. upward

10. T

100

Lesson 16

A. 1. concrete hollow block 2. fine aggregates 3. partitions 4. 200mm

Lesson 17

A. 1. concrete or masonry finish 2. plastering mortar on a structural surface 3. fancy finish 4. adobe stone 5. axe 6. anay finish

101

References

Audel, T. Complete Building Construction. New York: MacMillan Publishing Company, 1986.

Bureau ofTechnical and Vocational Education. Learning Elements in Formworks.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation. Learning Elements in Masonry.

Corkhill, Thomas. The Complete Dictionary of Wood. New York: Dorset Press, 1979.

Fajardo, Max Jr. B. Simplified Methods of Building Construction. Manila: MFB Publishing Company, 1983.

---. Simplified Construction Estimate. Manila; M.F.B. Publishing Company, 1984.

Technical and Further Education. Learning Elements in Tile Laying.

---. Learning Elements in On-Site Skills.

---.. Learning Elements in Concrete Formworks.

Wagner, Willis H. Modern Carpentry. Illinois: The GoodheartWillcox Co., Inc., 1979.

Woodhouse, Ursula. A Practical Guide to Paving Pools Paths and Patios. Sydney: Murdock Books, 1990.

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technology and home economics iv civil technology ii

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