techniques of integration
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7. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION. 7.3 Trigonometric Substitution. In this section, we will learn about: The various types of trigonometric substitutions. TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
7TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATIONTECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
7.3
Trigonometric Substitution
In this section, we will learn about:
The various types of trigonometric substitutions.
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
In finding the area of a circle or an ellipse,
an integral of the form arises,
where a > 0.
If it were , the substitution would be effective.
However, as it stands, is more difficult.
2 2a x dx
2 2x a x dx 2 2 u a x
2 2 a x dx
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
If we change the variable from x to θ by
the substitution x = a sin θ, the identity
1 – sin2θ = cos2θ lets us lose the root sign.
This is because: 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
sin
(1 sin )
cos
cos
a x a a
a
a
a
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Notice the difference between the substitution
u = a2 – x2 and the substitution x = a sin θ.
In the first, the new variable is a function of the old one.
In the second, the old variable is a function of the new one.
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
In general, we can make a substitution
of the form x = g(t)
by using the Substitution Rule in reverse.
To make our calculations simpler, we assume g has an inverse function, that is, g is one-to-one.
INVERSE SUBSTITUTION
Here, if we replace u by x and x by t in the
Substitution Rule (Equation 4 in Section 5.5),
we obtain:
This kind of substitution is called inverse substitution.
( ) ( ( )) '( )f x dx f g t g t dt
INVERSE SUBSTITUTION
We can make the inverse substitution
x = a sin θ, provided that it defines
a one-to-one function.
This can be accomplished by restricting θ to lie in the interval [-π/2, π/2].
TABLE OF TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS
Here, we list trigonometric substitutions that
are effective for the given radical expressions
because of the specified trigonometric
identities.
TABLE OF TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS
In each case, the restriction on θ is
imposed to ensure that the function that
defines the substitution is one-to-one. These are the same intervals used in Section 1.6
in defining the inverse functions.
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Evaluate
Let x = 3 sin θ, where –π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2.
Then, dx = 3 cos θ dθ and
Note that cos θ ≥ 0 because –π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2.)
Example 1
2
2
9
xdx
x
2 2 29 9 9sin 9cos 3 cos 3cos x
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Thus, the Inverse Substitution Rule
gives: 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
9 3cos3cos
9sin
cos
sin
cot
(csc 1)
cot
xdx d
x
d
d
d
C
Example 1
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
As this is an indefinite integral, we must
return to the original variable x.
This can be done in either of two ways.
Example 1
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
One, we can use trigonometric
identities to express cot θ in terms
of sin θ = x/3.
Example 1
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Two, we can draw a diagram, where
θ is interpreted as an angle of a right
triangle.
Example 1
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Since sin θ = x/3, we label the opposite
side and the hypotenuse as having lengths
x and 3.
Example 1
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Then, the Pythagorean Theorem gives
the length of the adjacent side as:29 x
Example 1
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
So, we can simply read the value of cot θ
from the figure:
Although θ > 0 here, this expression for cot θ is valid even when θ < 0.
Example 1
29cot
x
x
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
As sin θ = x/3, we have θ = sin-1(x/3).
Hence,
2 21
2 2
9 9sin
3
x x xdx C
x x
Example 1
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Find the area enclosed by
the ellipse 2 2
2 21
x y
a b
Example 2
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Solving the equation of the ellipse for y,
we get
or
2 2 2 2
2 2 21
y x a x
b a a
Example 2
2 2by a x
a
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
As the ellipse is symmetric with respect
to both axes, the total area A is four times
the area in the first quadrant.
Example 2
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
The part of the ellipse in the first quadrant
is given by the function
Hence,
2 2 0 b
y a x x aa
2 214 0
a b
A a x dxa
Example 2
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
To evaluate this integral,
we substitute x = a sin θ.
Then, dx = a cos θ dθ.
Example 2
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
To change the limits of integration,
we note that:
When x = 0, sin θ = 0; so θ = 0
When x = a, sin θ = 1; so θ = π/2
Example 2
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Also, since 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2,
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
sin
cos
cos
cos
a x a a
a
a
a
Example 2
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Therefore, 2 2
0
/ 2
0
/ 2 2
0
/ 2120
/ 2102
4
4 cos cos
4 cos
4 (1 cos 2 )
2 [ sin 2 ]
2 0 02
abA a x dx
ab
a a da
ab d
ab d
ab
ab ab
Example 2
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
We have shown that the area of an ellipse
with semiaxes a and b is πab.
In particular, taking a = b = r, we have proved the famous formula that the area of a circle with radius r is πr2.
Example 2
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
The integral in Example 2 was a definite
integral.
So, we changed the limits of integration,
and did not have to convert back to
the original variable x.
Note
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Find
Let x = 2 tan θ, –π/2 < θ < π/2.
Then, dx = 2 sec2 θ dθ and
2 2
1
4 dxx x
2 2
2
4 4(tan 1)
4sec
2 sec
2sec
x
Example 3
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Thus, we have:
2
22 2
2
2sec
4 tan 2sec41 sec
4 tan
dx d
x x
d
Example 3
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
To evaluate this trigonometric integral,
we put everything in terms of sin θ and
cos θ:
2
2 2 2
sec 1 cos cos
tan cos sin sin
Example 3
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Therefore, making the substitution u = sin θ,
we have:22 2
2
1 cos
4 sin41
41 1
4
1 csc
4sin 4
dxd
x xdu
u
Cu
C C
Example 3zz
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
We use
the figure to
determine that:
Hence,
2csc 4 /x x
2
2 2
4
44
dx xC
xx x
Example 3
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Find
It would be possible to use the trigonometric substitution x = 2 tan θ (as in Example 3).
2 4
xdx
x
Example 4
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
However, the direct substitution u = x2 + 4 is simpler.
This is because, then, du = 2x dx and
2
2
1
24
4
x dudx
ux
u C
x C
Example 4
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Example 4 illustrates the fact that, even
when trigonometric substitutions are possible,
they may not give the easiest solution.
You should look for a simpler method first.
Note
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Evaluate
where a > 0.
2 2
dx
x a
Example 5
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
We let x = a sec θ, where 0 < θ < π/2 or
π < θ < π/2.
Then, dx = a sec θ tan θ dθ and
E. g. 5—Solution 1
2 2 2 2
2 2
(sec 1)
tan
tan tan
x a a
a
a a
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Therefore,
2 2
sec tan
tan
sec
ln sec tan
dx ad
ax a
d
C
E. g. 5—Solution 1
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
The triangle in the figure gives:
2 2tan /x a a
E. g. 5—Solution 1
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
So, we have:
2 2
2 2
2 2
ln
ln ln
dx x x aC
a ax a
x x a a C
E. g. 5—Solution 1
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Writing C1 = C – ln a, we have:
2 212 2
lndx
x x a Cx a
E. g. 5—Sol. 1 (For. 1)
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
For x > 0, the hyperbolic substitution
x = a cosh t can also be used.
Using the identity cosh2y – sinh2y = 1, we have:
2 2 2 2
2 2
(cosh 1)
sinh
sinh
x a a t
a t
a t
E. g. 5—Solution 2
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Since dx = a sinh t dt,
we obtain:
2 2
sinh
sinh
dx a t dt
a tx a
dt
t C
E. g. 5—Solution 2
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Since cosh t = x/a, we have t = cosh-1(x/a)
and
1
2 2cosh
dx xC
ax a
E. g. 5—Sol. 2 (For. 2)
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Although Formulas 1 and 2 look quite
different, they are actually equivalent by
Formula 4 in Section 3.11
E. g. 5—Sol. 2 (For. 2)
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
As Example 5 illustrates, hyperbolic
substitutions can be used instead of
trigonometric substitutions, and sometimes
they lead to simpler answers.
However, we usually use trigonometric substitutions, because trigonometric identities are more familiar than hyperbolic identities.
Note
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Find
First, we note that
So, trigonometric substitution is appropriate.
33 3 / 2
2 3/ 20 (4 9)
xdx
x
2 3/ 2 2 3(4 9) ( 4 9) x x
Example 6
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
is not quite one of the
expressions in the table of trigonometric
substitutions.
However, it becomes one if we make the preliminary substitution u = 2x.
24 9x Example 6
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
When we combine this with the tangent
substitution, we have .
This gives and
32 tanx
2 24 9 9 tan 9
3sec
x
Example 6
232 secdx d
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
When x = 0, tan θ = 0; so θ = 0.
When x = , tan θ = ; so θ = π/3.
Example 6
3 3 / 2 3
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION33 273 3 / 2 /3 28 3
22 3/ 2 30 0
3/3
316 0
3/3
316 20
2/3316 20
tansec
(4 9) 27sec
tan
sec
sin
cos
1 cossin
cos
xdx d
x
d
d
d
Example 6
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Now, we substitute u = cos θ so that
du = - sin θ dθ.
When θ = 0, u = 1.
When θ = π/3, u = ½.
Example 6
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Therefore,
33 3 / 2
2 3/ 20
21/ 2316 21
1/ 2 2316 1
1/ 2
316
1
3 3116 2 32
(4 9)
1
(1 )
1
2 (1 1)
xdx
x
udu
u
u du
uu
Example 6
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Evaluate
We can transform the integrand into a function for which trigonometric substitution is appropriate, by first completing the square under the root sign:
23 2
xdx
x x
Example 7
2 2
2
2
3 2 3 ( 2 )
3 1 ( 2 1)
4 ( 1)
x x x x
x x
x
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
This suggests we make the substitution
u = x + 1.
Then, du = dx and x = u – 1.
So, 2 2
1
3 2 4
x udx du
x x u
Example 7
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
We now substitute .
This gives
and
2sinu
2cosdu d 24 2cosu
Example 7
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
So,2
2 1
2 1
2sin 12cos
2cos3 2
(2sin 1)
2cos
4 sin2
13 2 sin
2
xdx d
x x
d
C
uu C
xx x C
Example 7
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
The figure shows the graphs of the integrand
in Example 7 and its indefinite integral (with
C = 0).
Which is which?