1. Techniques of controlling

2. TRADITIONAL CONTROL Personal Observation: This is oldest method of controlling. Manager get quick information about the employee and this in turn put the employee to focus more on the work rather to waste time. Statistical Data: Statistical data may be used in the form of charts, tables and graphs. The presentation quality depends upon the accuracy of the data. Such reports are used for managerial control.

3. Break Even Analysis Helpful to evaluate the cost of production, volume of production, sales and revenue generated. Point where there is not profit no loss is known as break even point. BEP = Fixed Cost SP/U VC/U Budgetary Control It is the oldest technique of control. It provides the standard by which actual operations can be evaluated to know variations from the planned expenditures.

4. MODERN TECHNIQUE Management information system : At every function organization has to take important decisions. Quality of decision is directly linked with the nature and quality of information provided. An effective information system is vital for efficient decision and management. Programme Evaluation review Technique: PERT includes planning, monitoring and controlling of project. It is helpful in project management problems like construction , promotion of new product or new launch, installation etc. It identify the component activities decides the sequencing of the activity analyze the time required to complete the activity and improve upon the initial plan through modifications. Control the project.

5. Critical Path Method: CPM is like PERT but is applicable for those project where the activity time is well known. Management Audit: It is a comprehensive and constructive review of the performance of management team of any organization. It is an aid for evaluation management performance.