technical training course - footprint network · requiring all countries to live within their own...
TRANSCRIPT
Technical Training Course
Alessandro Galli, David Moore
Siena, June 10-11, 2010
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Day
Number of Fish
Stock
Take
Growth
1. The fishery is only so big, and only makes so many fish each year.
The capacity of nature to provide resources and absorb wastes is not infinite.
2. More fish can be harvested each year then are born… for a short time.
We can exceed this capacity temporarily, and might not even notice (overshoot).
3. As more fish are harvested then are born, the fishery shrinks, and less are born.
Overshoot leads to degradation of the Earth’s ecosystems.
4. Eventually, the fishery shrinks so much that no more (or very few) fish are born each year. It is difficult to recover from this situation.
Once the planet’s resources become degraded, they take a very long time to recover.
5. To prevent the fishery from collapsing, and provide maximum fish for the fishermen, we need to know what Nature knows!
Information about Nature’s supply and human demand is critical for management.
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Number of Fish
Stock
Take
Growth
[overshoot]
Global Overshoot
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Number of Earths
Source: WWF, 2006
Sustainability
Living well, within the means of nature
Resources
Waste
Biocapacity
Footprint
Biocapacity:How much area is available to
us?
Ecological Footprint:
How much area do we demand?
FootprintBiocapacity
Why to measure limits?
BiocapacityEcological Footprint
What if this were a business – if this were
income and expenditures?
Expenditure Income
The Ecological Footprint method
• resources’ production
• carbon dioxide absorption
identifies the extent to which
human activities exceed two
types of environmental
limits:
The Ecological Footprint does not account for:
• pollution by heavy metals,
• radioactive materials,
• persistent synthetic compounds,
• air or water quality assessments,
• toxicity assessments.
The Ecological Footprint
CARBON UPTAKE land
18% 11%
67%
4%
12 billion hectares 6.6 billion people
1.8 global hectares per person
Global average availability of bioproductive
land + water = 1.8 global hectares/person
(in 2006)
11.9 billion global hectares
of biocapacity
6.6 billion people
Components of the Footprint
Cropland
Fishing
Grounds
Carbon
Footprint
Grazing
Land
Forest
Built Area
Source: GFN, 2009
Source: WWF, 2006
Source: WWF, 2008
1961 2005
1965
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0.0-0.5 1.0-1.5 2.0-2.5 3.0-3.5 4.0-4.5 5.0-5.5 6.0-6.5 7.0-7.5 8.0-8.5 9.0-9.5 10.0-10.5 11.0-11.5
Low Income Middle Income High Income
2005
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0.0-0.5 1.0-1.5 2.0-2.5 3.0-3.5 4.0-4.5 5.0-5.5 6.0-6.5 7.0-7.5 8.0-8.5 9.0-9.5 10.0-10.5 11.0-11.5
Low Income Middle Income High Income
Source: GFN, 2009
Ecological Footprint
per person,
by country
1.8 global hectares per person
United States:
Italy:
Ecuador:
9.0
4.9
1.9
Ecological Creditors and Ecological Debtors
Ecological Creditors and Ecological Debtors
2006
Net imports less than 1 million gha
Net exports greater than 100 mililon gha
Net exports 10 – 100 million gha
Net exports 1 – 10 million gha
Net exports less than 1 million gha
Net imports 1 – 10 million gha
Net imports 10 – 100 million gha
Net imports greater than 100 million gha
Ecological Footprint of Net Trade
WBCSD – Vision 2050:
The new agenda for business
There is no physical law or principle
requiring all countries to live within their
own biocapacity.
In the globalized world we live in,
countries can access biocapacity from
elsewhere.
In the short-run, it is possible for all
countries to run an ecological deficit.
The physical constraint is that not all
countries can be ecological debtors over
the long-run.
When resources and not money will be the
limiting factor, will countries rich in
resources be willing to sell them for
money?
Source: WWF, 2008
Slow Things FirstMap Lifespan of People, Assets and Infrastructure against
Time Spans of Biosphere
Technical Training Course
How do I calculate the
ECOLOGICAL Footprint?
• Ecological Footprint (Wackernagel & Rees, 1996)Def.: human pressure on the planet in terms of the aggregate
demand that resource-consumption and CO2
emissions places on ecological assets.
• Water Footprint (Hoekstra, 2002)Def.: human appropriation of natural capital in terms of the
total freshwater volume required (blue, green, grey) for
human consumption.
• Carbon Footprint (multiple authors, ~2000 / 2008)
Def.: human pressure on the planet in terms of the total GHG
emissions (associated with an activity or accumulated
over the life stages of a product) and human
contribution to climate change.
Which Footprint?
The Water Footprint concept is
primarily intended to illustrate the
hidden links between human
consumption and water use and
between global trade and water
resources management.
The consumption-based
perspective of the Carbon
Footprint complements the
production-based accounting
approach taken by national
greenhouse gas inventories (e.g.,
those considered by the Kyoto
Protocol).
To promote recognition of
ecological limits and safeguard
the ecosystems’ preconditions
(healthy forests, clean waters,
clean air, fertile soils, biodiversity,
etc) and life-supporting services
that enable the biosphere to
support mankind in the long term.
MAIN MESSAGE
Human appropriation of natural
capital in terms of the volume of
freshwater required for human
consumption.
The total amount of greenhouse
gas emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC,
PFC, and SF6) that are directly and
indirectly caused by human
activities or accumulated over the
life stages of products.
How much of the biosphere’s
regenerative capacity is directly
and indirectly (i.e. embodied in
trade) used by humans (namely
Ecological Footprint) compared
with how much is available
(namely biocapacity), at both local
and global scale.
RESEARCH
QUESTION
WATER FOOTPRINTCARBON FOOTPRINTECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
Which Footprint?
• Data on population (World
Bank);
• data on arable lands (FAO) and
total renewable water resources
and water withdrawals (FAO);
• data on international trade in
agricultural (PC-TAS) and
industrial products (WTO).
• Local data on various
parameters such as climate,
cropping patterns, soil,
irrigation, leaching, water
quality, pesticides and fertilizers
rates, etc.
• National economic accounts
(supply, use, input-output
tables);
• International trade statistics
(UN, OECD, GTAP and others);
• Environmental accounts data on
GHG emissions (IEA, GTAP and
others).
• Data on local production, import
and export for agricultural,
forestry and fisheries products
(FAOSTAT, UN Comtrade);
• land use data (FAOSTAT, etc);
• local and trade-embedded CO2
emissions (IEA and others).
• Land yield (FAOSTAT) and
potential crop productivity
(provided by the FAO GAEZ
model) – this data is needed to
express results in units of global
hectares.
DATA AND
SOURCES
Water volume per unit of time
(usually m3/yr) for the Water
Footprint of processes; m3/ton or
liter/kg for the Water Footprint of
products; water volume per unit
of time for the Water Footprint of
a geographical area.
Kg CO2 when only carbon dioxide
is included or kg CO2-e when other
GHGs are included as well.
No conversion to an area unit
takes place to avoid assumptions
and uncertainties.
Global hectares (gha) of
bioproductive land. Gha is not just
a measure of area but rather of
the ecological production
associated with an area.
Results can also be expressed in
actual physical hectares.
UNIT OF
MEASURE
WATER FOOTPRINTCARBON FOOTPRINTECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
Which Footprint?
FootprintBiocapacity
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How do I calculate a
NATIONAL Footprint?
National Footprint Accounts 2008National Footprint Accounts 2008 Edition - Data Year 2005Brazil
Footprint and Biocapacity Totals
Land Use Type
[-]
Cropland
Grazing Land
Forest Land
Fishing Grounds
Carbon Uptake Land
Built-up Land
TOTAL
Footprint and Biocapacity Per Capita
Land Use Type
[-]
Cropland
Grazing Land
Forest Land
Fishing Grounds
Carbon Uptake Land
Built-up Land
TOTAL
Brazil World
[gha] [gha]
Ecological Reserve 914,570,387 -4,082,670,718
Net Trade (exports negative) -180,264,064 N/A
Footprint Per Person 2.36 2.69
Biocapacity Per Person 7.26 2.06
Demand to Supply Ratio 0.32 1.31
Number of Planets Necessary if Everyone
Lived Like Brazil 1.14 N/A
0.30
0.23
0.05
0.00
-
EFImports[gha person
-1]
0.01
0.00
1.26
EFImports[gha]
2,528,325
43,296,798
8,741,350
242,529
-
609,063
55,418,065
0.70
0.42
0.04
-
0.00
235,682,129
EFExports[gha person
-1]
0.11
129,744,818
77,751,326
7,049,233
-
166,920
[gha]
EFConsumption
4,631,161
EFExports[gha]
20,969,832
206,828,423
113,693,111
7,901,572
90,607,875
1.11
0.61
[gha person-1]
EFConsumption
439,212,489
0.04
15,550,346
7.262.36
0.02
0.00
0.08
0.49
33,162,852
0.90
1.15
1,353,782,875
Biocapacity
[gha person-1]
4.96
0.18
0.08
0.02
3.32
Biocapacity
[gha]
924,482,908
-
166,951,642
213,635,128
15,550,346
[gha person-1]
0.59
0.51
0.98
1.15
15,550,346
4,189,018
619,476,552
EFProduction
EFProduction[gha]
109,049,383
94,349,592
182,703,086
213,635,128
Ecological Footprint by Component
Cropland
26%
Grazing Land
46%
Forest Land
21%
Fishing Grounds
1%
Carbon Uptake Land
2%
Built-up Land
4%
Consumption = Domestic Production + Imports - Exports
