TECHNICAL MANUAL

Source: Growcom

Nufarm Metham Soil Fumigant1. What is Nufarm Metham?2. What Does Nufarm Metham Do?3. Mode Of Action4. Technical Specifications5. Packaging

Health & Safety Information 1. Health Effects2. Personal Protective Equipment 3. Work Practices

Application – Soil Conditions & Preparation 1. Soil Temperature 2. Soil Moisture3. Soil Aeration/Structure4. Soil Type/Organic Matter 5. Soil Sealing6. When To Use Maximum And Minimum Rates7. Treatment Depths

Application – Methods 1. General Guide For Nufarm Metham Application2. Nufarm Metham Soil Injection By Application Blade3. Nufarm Metham Soil Injection By Narrow Tynes 4. Nufarm Metham Soil Incorporation With Rotary Tillers5. Nufarm Metham Application Through Trickle Irrigation (QLD)

Post Application 1. Effects Of Rain2. Plant Back Timing3. Re-contamination Of Treated Soil

Environmental Protection 1. Protection Of Crops, Native And Other Non-Target Plants2. Protection Of Wildlife, Fish, Crustacea And Environment3. Disposal Of Empty Containers

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CAUTION:Nufarm Metham is an essential product for Australian agriculture.

Growers must use Nufarm Metham safely and responsibly to ensure the safety of boththe operator and surrounding community.

Nufarm has produced this guide to make certain growers are aware of the hazardous nature of the product and how to use Nufarm Metham safely and effectively.

Growers should always seek professional advice prior to the application of Nufarm Metham. Electronic copies of the Nufarm Metham Label and MSDS are available on www.nufarm.com.au The directions for application of Nufarm Metham should always be strictly adhered to.

For specialist advise in case of emergency phone 1800 033 498.

1. What is Nufarm Metham?Nufarm Metham is a non-flammable liquid fumigant – suitable for pre-plant treatment for control of certain soil borne pests such as germinating weed seeds, nematodes, fungal diseases and symphylids.

For agricultural use, Nufarm Metham is formulated as sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate, which is highly soluble in water and rapidly converts to methylisothiocyanate (MITC) upon contacting moist soil. MITC is the active, highly volatile and poisonous gas that fumigates soil borne pests.

Metham as a soil fumigant was discovered in 1951 and was introduced to the Australian market as Nufarm Metham.

2. What Does Nufarm Metham Do?The optimal growing conditions required for repeated cropping favours the growth and multiplication of many soil borne pests. If not controlled, these pests will build to a level that results in reduced crop quality and yield. Nufarm Metham is a practical and cost effective solution for controlling weeds, soil-borne fungi, nematodes and symphylids.

Weeds A pre-cropping application of Nufarm Metham, in a well planned management system, will reduce weed populations and distribution. Nufarm Metham controls germinating weed seeds including winter grass, Prince of Wales feather and fat hen. Nufarm Metham also affects rhizomes and tubers and can be absorbed by tree roots.

Nematodes Nufarm Metham effectively controls nematodes which can produce sites for primary infection for many soil-borne diseases. Nematodes will not be controlled if moisture penetration is insufficient. Heavy nematode infestations may require further treatment prior to a second crop. Nematode populations can increase rapidly in warm, fertile soils.

Fungi Nufarm Metham effectively controls soil-borne fungi (including rhizoctonia, pythium, fusarium, phytopthora, verticillium, sclerotinia and club root of crucifers) when applied uniformly up to a depth of 30cm.

Symphylids, Insects And Other Soil Pests Nufarm Metham effectively controls soil-borne symphylids and millipedes.

Bacteria It should be noted that Nufarm Metham is not an effective bactericide.

NUFARM SOIL FUMIGANTS

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3. Mode Of ActionNufarm Metham is a stable, non-volatile concentrated solution, however as soon as it contacts moist soil it starts to decompose into MITC gas, which is a volatile, highly effective fumigant. This is a chemical rather than biological process.

In soils, decomposition of Nufarm Metham to MITC occurs within 1 to 5 hours. In a moist loam this is usually complete within 1 hour. In sandy soils, decomposition may take up to 5 hours.

As the amount of organic matter and clay content of the soil increases, the rate at which Nufarm Metham is converted to MITC is increased.

Remaining MITC is degraded in the soil to non-toxic compounds within a few weeks. Speed of degradation depends on rate applied, soil temperature and soil moisture content. Unless Nufarm Metham is covered immediately with soil or moved into the soil with water, MITC can be lost very rapidly through volatilisation.

The correct application of the right concentration of fumigant over the required time span is the key to best results.

Weed seeds (preferably germinating), fungi, insects and nematodes all have varying “C x T” criteria. Failure to reach either the required degree of concentration (“C”) or maintain sufficient concentration for the effective time required (“T”) for each specific organism to receive a lethal dose, will result in poor control.

For nematodes – although a very high concentration of fumigant may be present, if nematodes are not exposed for a sufficient period, insufficient fumigant may be absorbed for control. Conversely if a low concentration is present, but over an extended period, nematodes may be able to metabolise the fumigant and avoid a lethal dose.

SEALING THE SOIL IS CRITICAL – This ensures pests are exposed to the correct rate over the maximum possible time to obtain safe and effective performance.

As MITC is the primary fumigating agent that controls fungi, nematodes, plant roots and germinating weed seeds, soil preparation, conditions and application techniques are critical to safe and effective performance.

C x T The principle of good formulation

Where

C=Concentration of fumigant exposed to organism

T=Time organism is exposed to fumigant

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NUFARM SOIL FUMIGANTS

The odour of hydrogen sulfide and the strong eye-irritating properties of MITC can be detected rapidly after the application of Nufarm Metham.

Structural Formula

pH range 7.5 -10.5

Appearance Amber to yellow-greenish liquid

Odour Pungent odour

Density 1.209g/L

Active Ingredient 423g

The decomposition of Nufarm Metham in the soil can be illustrated with the following reaction:

H S

CH3 – N – C – S – Na

Sodium Hydrosulfide

Moist soil

NaSHCH3 – N = C = S

Methyl-isothiocyanate (MITC)

H S

CH3 – N – C – S – Na

+

+

4. Nufarm Metham - Technical Specification

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5. Packaging

The Nufarm Metham 1000L container is manufactured in a translucent plastic with the added benefits of clearly visible level indicators. This allows the user to quickly and accurately assess the level of the Nufarm Metham remaining in the tank.

Returnable The Nufarm Metham 1000L IBC containers are part of the worldwide Schutz Ticket Service (IBC Collection).

• Use your customer reference number to request collection of your used IBC’s quickly and conveniently online, or by e-mail, phone or fax.

www.schuetz.net/ticket-registration

• All containers to be collected must have no severe damage, extreme oxidation or external solidified product residue, and they must be completely drained.

• Stickers, warning labels for hazardous

www.schuetz.net/ticket-conditions

• Minimum Quantity for collection 4 x 1000L IBC’s

Note: These benefits apply only to the 1,000L IBC container. Refer to page 22 for information on the disposal of 200L Nufarm Metham drums.

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Ticket Booklet

1. Health Effects

Nufarm Metham is a moderately toxic S6 poison. Nufarm Metham is stable while it remains a concentrated aqueous solution. Although there is a small amount of odour, the concentrated solution does not present a serious hazard in a well ventilated area.

Once diluted with water or applied into the soil Nufarm Metham reacts chemically to form a gas called methyl isothiocyanate (MITC). MITC is the volatile, highly effective gas that works to fumigate the soil. To maximise efficacy and reduce the risk of human exposure, Nufarm Metham should be rapidily applied into the soil and the soil effectively sealed as soon as possible.

MTC is capable of inducing health effects at concentrations below the odour threshold. For other information refer to the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) available from www.nufarm.com.au or your Nufarm Metham supplier.

Skin Exposure: Nufarm Metham is corrosive, extremely irritating to skin and can also be absorbed through the skin. If Nufarm Metham concentrate is left on the skin for any length of time, the skin will redden. After some time, blisters will form. It is essential that skin be protected during handling of Nufarm Metham and very important that any spillage onto the skin be washed off immediately. Any person that has experienced reddening of the skin, rashes or skin blisters should seek medical attention. Symptoms from exposure can take some days to develop.

Any contaminated clothing must be removed immediately and washed before re-use. Nufarm Metham can also cause allergic skin reactions. If a person has had such a reaction, they should not work with the material in the future, as reactions are likely to reoccur. When Nufarm Metham comes into contact with skin it causes skin to become slippery (like soap). Skin must be washed off immediately with plenty of water and then again with soap and water. If washed quickly after contact, it will avoid the formation of red skin or blistering.

Oral Exposure: As Nufarm Metham is an S6 poison, it has a moderate toxicity if swallowed. There is a known reaction in the body between Nufarm Metham and alcohol. If a person has been affected by Nufarm Metham, do not give them alcohol as this can cause them to become violently ill and increase the toxicity of Nufarm Metham in the body.

Inhalation Exposure: Nufarm Metham is stable while it remains a concentrated aqueous solution. Although there is a small amount of odour, the concentrated solution does not present a serious hazard in a well ventilated area and when handled according to the label directions.

Once the product has been diluted or applied to soil, MITC forms. MITC is a toxic vapour, which will attack the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, throat and lungs. In some people, it can cause asthma like symptoms.

HEALTH & SAFETY INFORMATION

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MITC causes severe irritation of the eyes, eye pain and tear formation. If eyes have been exposed to MITC, hold open and flood with water for at least 15 minutes and seek medical attention immediately. No safe limits for exposure to MITC have been set by the authorities. Irritation of the eyes should be taken as a warning sign that the product has not been sealed into the soil correctly. If eyes become irritated, neighbours should be warned and the area must be vacated and immediate measures should be taken to seal the soil by rolling and/or watering.

Workers previously showing allergic reactions from contact with Nufarm Metham and MITC residues should not work with Nufarm Metham or other MITC generating chemicals.

2. Personal Protective Equipment

It is important that people working with Nufarm Metham wear suitable personal protective equipment. Guidance on personal protective equipment is given below (and in the SDS).

Handling The Concentrate

Wear

Maintenance Of Personal Protective Equipment:

• As MITC is very corrosive to the skin, care must be taken to maintain personal protective equipment.

• Gloves, aprons, footwear, and respirators should be cleaned after each working day and checked for leaks and corrosion.

• Respirator filters should be well maintained and changed as required.

• Enclosed tractor cabins should be kept clean and filters should be well maintained.

• Clothing must be laundered after each day’s use.

Applicators Using The Prepared Spray Solution Or Early Re-entry Into Treated Area:

Wear

Full length cotton overalls, buttoned to the neck and wrist

Washable hat

Elbow length gloves; nitrile, neoprene or heavy PVC. Do not wear rubber gloves, as rubber allows methyl isothiocyanate to pass through. Most thin gloves (e.g. household gloves) are not suitable. Leather gloves also must not be used.

Chemical resistant, PVC apron (not cotton)

Chemical resistant, PVC footwear (not leather)

Preferably a full face respirator with an organic vapour/gas cartridge or canister; or goggles and a half-face respirator with organic vapour/gas cartridge or canister.

Clothing must be laundered after each day’s use.

Full length cotton overalls, buttoned to the neck and wrist

Washable hat

Elbow length gloves; nitrile, neoprene or heavy PVC. Do not wear rubber gloves, as rubber allows methyl isothiocyanate to pass through. Most thin gloves (e.g. household gloves) are not suitable. Leather gloves also must not be used.

Chemical resistant, PVC footwear (not leather)

Preferably a full face respirator with an organic vapour/gas cartridge or canister; or goggles and a half-face respirator with organic vapour/gas cartridge or canister.

Clothing must be laundered after each day’s use.

Note: Leather and absorbent rubber boots are not suitable. If Nufarm Metham is spilled on leather or rubber boots it may be absorbed and may ultimately penetrate, causing serious burns to the feet. Contaminated leather clothing cannot be effectively cleaned and must be thrown out.

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3. Work Practices It is important to work in such a way as to avoid exposure to either Nufarm Metham or to MITC. Therefore, it is necessary to wear the personal protective equipment described in Section 2.

Nufarm Metham is best injected directly into moist soil as a concentrate. If it is necessary to dilute Nufarm Metham with water, be aware that once diluted MITC is formed. Only dilute enough Nufarm Metham for immediate use - it must not be kept for use the following day.

• DO NOT use by hand directed spraying, including sprinkler can.

• DO NOT treat potting soil by loose mixed method or via a shredder.

• DO NOT use by flood irrigation or overhead sprinkler systems.

• DO NOT apply to waterlogged soil, or while water remains in furrows.

• ENSURE excess run off product does not contaminate waterways or move into lawn or garden areas. Soil within the drip line of trees must not be contaminated.

• DO NOT treat soils in enclosed areas. If possible, always work in a well ventilated area. When applying the product in glasshouses, make sure the glasshouse is well ventilated, and keep it well ventilated after application.

• CONSIDER your neighbours. Do not apply Nufarm Metham if the wind is blowing directly towards a nearby neighbour. Wait for favourable weather conditions and notify nearby neighbours that you will be applying Nufarm Metham.

• PREVENT entry to treatment site by unauthorised personnel or personnel not wearing appropriate safety equipment until the re-entry periods have expired.

Intervals For Cultivation And Planting After ApplicationPlanting may take place 14-21 days after application if soil is light-medium texture and not excessively wet or cold. A minimum interval of 30 days is necessary where soil texture is heavy, high in organic matter, wet or soil temperature is less than 15°C. A 60 day interval is required if the application rate is greater than 1100L/ha. Cultivation should be carried out on wet, heavy soils to prevent crusting and promote drying, 5-7 days after application, and may be repeated if necessary. DO NOT mix treated soils with untreated soils. Sow an indicator crop to test that no toxic Nufarm Metham remains in the soil, approximately 7 days before main crop. Lettuce or radish is suitable for this purpose because of their rapid germination process. Check for root damage which will indicate whether or not soil is still toxic.

Re-Entry Period - Field UseDO NOT allow entry into treated fields for 48 hours. When prior entry is necessary, wear personal protective equipment specified for applicators. Clothing must be laundered after each day’s use.

Re-Entry Period - Greenhouse Application, Including Under PlasticDO NOT allow entry into treated areas for 7 days. When prior entry is necessary, wear personal protective equipment specified for applicators. Clothing must be laundered after each day’s use. Thoroughly ventilate greenhouse for 24 hours after removing plastic.

Re-Entry Period - Potting SoilTreated soil is to remain covered by plastic sheeting or similar material impermeable to MITC, for 7 days after treatment. When prior handling is necessary, wear personal protective equipment specified for applicators. Clothing must be laundered after each day’s use.

HEALTH & SAFETY INFORMATION

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APPLICATION - SOIL CONDITIONS & PREPARATION

Regardless of the method of application, certain soil conditions must be met to ensure the effectiveness of Nufarm Metham. Pests can survive after a Nufarm Metham application in poorly prepared soils. A failure in preparation means a failure in fumigation. Prepare the field for planting before fumigation. Preparing soil and application in optimum soil conditions will provide the best results. The movement, effectiveness and risk of MITC loss from the soil is directly affected by the following factors:

1. Soil Temperature Soil temperature should be between 10°C – 32°C at time of application. Optimum performance is when the temperature range is between 15°C – 25°C at 5cm to 8cm below the surface.

At higher temperatures (unless incorporated or moved by water) over 50% of the product could be volatilised and lost within minutes.

2. Soil MoistureSoil moisture is necessary for conversion of Nufarm Metham to MITC. Too much moisture retards conversion and impedes movement of MITC. Too little moisture allows fumigant to escape. Soil moisture should be at approximately 60% of field capacity (soil retains shape) throughout soil profile before application.

As a simple field test, squeeze a handful of soil into a ball and then gently try and break it apart with your fingers. If it does not form a ball, the soil is too dry. If it forms a ball but breaks easily, the soil moisture content is sufficient. If it will not break apart easily or if water can be squeezed out, the soil is too wet.

Approximately one week before application, the area to be treated should be irrigated – ensuring moisture penetration evenly to the required treatment depth. Soil must be moist for at least 5 days before application.

Moisture of approximately 60% field capacity through the treatment zone is required prior to treatment to ensure:

(i) weed seeds are softened or preferably germinating,

(ii) soil borne diseases are active,

(iii) the conversion of Nufarm Metham to MITC,

(iv) even distribution of Nufarm Metham through the soil.

3. Soil Aeration/StructureAeration is necessary for conversion of Nufarm Metham to MITC and effective fumigant movement through the soil profile. It is important to have a well aerated, fine tilth soil structure, free from large clods, plant residue and trash. Fumigants do not move uniformly through compacted or poorly prepared soils.

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5. Soil SealingAll soil types need to be well sealed immediately after Nufarm Metham application.

Make a temporary seal by rolling and irrigation (minimum of 5mm is sufficient for a surface seal) to minimise the amount of fumigant loss to the atmosphere. Repeat irrigation after 2 – 3 days for light soils or soils which crack or dry out quickly. A more effective seal may be achieved by use of plastic sheeting.

6. When To Use Maximum And Minimum RatesGenerally a light sandy soil requires a lower application rate than a heavier mineral soil. In addition, if the pest is in the upper portion of the soil profile (annual weeds), a lower application rate is generally required than if the pest is deeper in the soil profile and deeper penetration is desired (perennial weed seed and nematodes). When pests/disease are in high numbers or the area to be treated has a history of high pest/disease pressure, the higher rates should be used when application rates are given in ranges.

7. Treatment DepthsFor control of weeds and fungi, which cause seed or seedling diseases, treatment of only the top 50 – 100mm of soil may be required. Treatment depths greater than 100mm may be required for control of nematodes.

4. Soil Type/Organic MatterHeavy clay soils, or soils high in fresh or decaying plant material and manure break down MITC and can reduce performance. Use higher rates and good sealing in these soil conditions.

To allow an even incorporation of Nufarm Metham, high volumes of crop residue or trash must not be present at the time of fumigation. If so, there can be two consequences.

(i) channelling or an uneven distribution of the Nufarm Metham fumigant through the soil,

(ii) organic material also has the ability to ‘bind’ or lock up the fumigant.

If incorporating high volumes of manure, allow sufficient time for degradation prior to Nufarm Metham application. Degradation can be dependent on soil moisture and temperature – so breakdown times may vary according to seasonal conditions. To avoid unnecessary delays to sowing, plan your program. It is recommended that application and incorporation be at least 21 days before Nufarm Metham is applied.

Non-wetting sandy soils may need a soil wetting agent (e.g. Wettasoil™) applied during soil preparation, before application of Nufarm Metham.

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APPLICATIONMETHODS

The following guidelines and application methods should be followed to ensure the correct and safe application and handling of Nufarm Metham. It is recommended that soil application injection systems are used to reduce the potential for operator exposure and for better results.

Field Preparation Prior To ApplicationBefore applying this product, always thoroughly cultivate the area to be treated, breaking up clods and loosening soil deeply and thoroughly.

1. General Guide For Nufarm Metham Application

Attention must be given to the organism requiring control – e.g. weeds generally germinate within the top 7.5cm of soil, however fusarium and other fungal diseases can occur at a greater depth.

Nufarm Metham is not recognised as having the ability to significantly diffuse downwards or sideways through the soil. It is therefore recommended that when using blade or tyne equipment, the product be placed slightly below the depth to which control is required. Nozzle and tyne spacing should be overlapping and a maximum of 10cm apart.

All basic requirements of soil tilth and moisture are still required. Follow the guidelines on soil preparation before application. In cloddy soils poor weed control can result due to the channelling of the fumigant around the clod, allowing the subsequent germination of untreated weed seeds. Dry or dormant weed seeds will not absorb fumigant and therefore will not be controlled. Excess soil moisture at the time of application will prevent a good soil seal by the trailing roller.

Calibrate unit with water prior to using Nufarm Metham. Calibration and maintenance of constant pressure throughout the injection application is important. Blocked jets which are out of view (below ground) can only be detected by observation of monitoring equipment such as flow meter or pressure gauge.

Ensure application depths are constant. The greater the application depth the greater the volume of soil that requires treatment, usually requiring higher application rates - especially in heavier soils. Application must occur to the depth of control required. Weed seeds generally germinate from 0cm – 7cm; however, nematodes and fungi occur at greater depths, possibly up to 50cm.

It is preferable for spray bar nozzles to produce droplets exceeding 200 microns at 200kPa. An even application is required to ensure correct incorporation and distribution. Nozzles must be even in output. Spray drift must be prevented.

For improved results, the soil should be sealed by roller compression directly behind the tynes. Overhead irrigation should be turned on immediately after Nufarm Metham injection is complete. Sufficient water should be put on to give just enough for a surface seal of treated beds (~5mm). It is most important that a good seal or cap is maintained for at least 48 hours following application. Repeat irrigation after 2 – 3 days for soils that crack or dry out quickly.

Sealing of the soil is important as not only does it increase the performance of Nufarm Metham, but aids in the drift control of odours and poisonous fumes.

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2. Nufarm Metham Soil Injection By Application Blade A reliable method of application, suitable for: • Glasshouse • Broadacre • Row cropping Nufarm Metham is sprayed directly behind a application blade, in an even layer at required depth, then immediately covered by soil flowing over the application blade. In terms of efficacy and safety, the application blade injection is the preferred method of application. • Metham applicator blades should overlap to provide

even distribution.• Injection blades should be a maximum of 10cm apart

to provide even distribution.• Seal soil with a roller immediately behind blade

applicator. • Irrigate immediately after application with enough

water to seal the soil surface (~5mm). • Repeat irrigation after 2 – 3 days for soils that crack

or dry out quickly.

Application Blade Setup

A Injection blade

B Rotary cultivator (optional)

C Roller

D Nozzle

APPLICATION METHODS

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G.T Tractors Metham blade applicator in Cranbourne, VIC.

3. Nufarm Metham Soil Injection By Narrow Tynes

Nufarm Metham is sprayed directly behind narrow tynes through injection points, in an even layer at required depth and immediately covered by soil flowing over the tynes.

• Nufarm Metham injection points should overlap to provide even distribution.

• Injection points should be a maximum of 10cm apart to provide even distribution.

• Seal soil with a roller immediately behind tyne applicator.

• Irrigate immediately after application with enough water to seal the soil surface (~5mm).

• Repeat irrigation after 2 – 3 days for soils that crack or dry out quickly.

Narrow Tyne Equipment

A Narrow tyne

B Roller

C Nozzle

APPLICATION METHODS

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Source: Growcom

Rearview of injection tyne Nufarm Metham applicator in Idaho, USA.

Nufarm Metham is sprayed directly in front of the rotary tiller on to prepared soil. This application method can result in higher levels of MITC loss than injection blade/tyne application. As this can lead to higher risk of human exposure and poorer results this application method should only be used when injection blade/tyne application is not a practical option.

• To prevent the almost immediate loss of MITC by volatilisation, mount the spray bar immediately in front of the hoe with the spray nozzles directed towards the rotary hoe blades.

• Rotary hoe incorporation must occur to the depth of control required.

• Seal soil with a roller immediately behind rotary tiller.

• Irrigate immediately after application with enough water to seal the soil surface (~5mm).

• Repeat irrigation after 2 – 3 days for soils that crack or dry out quickly.

4. Nufarm Metham Soil Incorporation With Rotary Tillers Rotary Tiller Equipment

A Spray nozzle

B Rotary tillers

C Roller

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Setup of Nufarm Metham applicator from Gatton, QLD.

5. Nufarm Metham Application Through Trickle Irrigation

Suitable for outdoor and glasshouse use in Queensland Only.

Procedure:

• Thoroughly wet soil to allow seed germination – leave at least 5 days before applying Nufarm Metham.

• Apply Nufarm Metham to moist soil by injecting through trickle tape. Ensure soil is moist through entire root zone of intended crop.

• It is strongly recommended that the drip tube be buried up to 10cm deep, and not placed on the surface.

• Use a longer injection period for heavier soils

• Experience has indicated that two drip lines per bed or close spacing of the emitters is required to obtain sufficient wetting and good distribution of Nufarm Metham.

Nufarm Metham Soil Fumigant should be injected within the time period it takes to wet up the treated area from 60% field capacity to 100% field capacity (including line flushing after Nufarm Metham injection).

APPLICATION METHODS

NOTE:

1. HIGH VOLUME UNCONTROLLED FLOOD AND OVERHEAD SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMS MUST NOT BE USED.

2. TRICKLE IRRIGATION APPLICATION MAY ONLY BE USED WITH PLASTIC SHEETING.

Days 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Day 1Beds prepared Plastic down

Day 7Wet up to saturation

Day 12Check weeds

Wet up

Day 14Wet up if required

Check temps Metham application

Restricted Entry Period

Day 28-35Puncture plasticGermination test

Possible commencement of planting

A typical trickle irrigation application timeline

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* Refer to the label for re-entry periods

*

An adequate concentration of Nufam Metham must be present at the time of weed seed germination in order to be effective.

• Flush all lines thoroughly following treatment.

• Plastic sheeting varies in permeability to MITC. Only a type and thickness impermeable to MITC should be used. Low density polyethylene has been shown to be ineffective in containing MITC. Consult your supplier for advice on applications.

• Plastic sheeting should be in good repair and weighted down over treated soil. Ensure plastic sheeting is airtight, as escape holes will reduce the performance of Nufarm Metham.

• 14 days following treatment, puncture plastic to allow dissipation of Nufarm Metham. Stake a hole every 5 metres.

• Allow beds to air for minimum 24 hours after punching plastic prior to planting.

• As in all application techniques, the importance of proper land and seed bed preparation cannot be over emphasised.

Trickle Irrigation Application Equipment (if applicable)A Trickle hose

B Trickle emitters

C Soil

D Plastic sheeting

IMPORTANT

Weed elimination will not be satisfactory if too much water is applied.

E Green house

F Injector meter

G Nufarm Metham

H Isolated water source (never use mains water) 19

Calculate the Nufarm Metham required per 100 metres of linear row

APPLICATION METHODS

Example Field Bed

Example Rate = 500L/ha Length 100m

Width 0.70mFollow the step-by-step calculations below to determine the litres

of Nufarm Metham you require per 100 linear metres

Drip Tape

1. Determine the width of bands in metres. 0.70m

x 100m

= 70m2

÷ 10,000m2

= 0.007 ha

x 500 L/ha

3.5L/100 linear metres

m

x 100m

= m2

÷ 10,000m2

= ha

x L/ha

L/100 linear metres

Example Calculation

Calculate your requirements

2. Determine the squared meters in 100 linear metres by multiplying the width of bed by 100.

3. Determine the treated ha/100 linear metre of bed, by dividing the m2 by 10,000 (m2 in a ha).

4. To determine the fluid L/100 linear metres, multiply the rate/ha (in litres) by treated ha (bed area).

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POST APPLICATION

Moistened cottonwool squares

Lettuce seeds

UntreatedSoil

FumigatedSoil

Lay-out of the lettuce test

Lettuce seed

Emerging root

Burnt root tip

Burnt root tipof lettuce

(brown/black)

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1. Effects Of RainIf rain occurs within 24 hours after Nufarm Metham application, lack of control at and near the soil surface may occur.

2. Plant Back Timing On well drained soils of light to medium texture, which are not excessively wet or cold, planting may take place 14 – 21 days following Nufarm Metham application.

If soils are heavy or especially high in organic matter or remain below 15°C following application, a minimum plant back period of 30 days is recommended.

If soils are heavy and wet, a light surface cultivation to break up crusting and promote drying is recommended.This should occur 5 – 7 days after application using the appropriate personal protective equipment as described in the Health and Safety Information section.

An indicator crop should be sown approximately 1 week prior to the proposed planting date. Radish and lettuce are excellent indicators. Both germinate rapidly and are sensitive to MITC. Any indication of retarded or deformed root formation should be taken as being caused by MITC and therefore planting should be delayed by at least 7 days.

Indicator CropsLettuce Seed Test1. With a spade, dig into the treated soil to or just below

the depth of application. Remove 2 – 4 small (50g) samples, mix lightly and immediately place a portion in an airtight jar so that the fumes will not escape.

2. Sprinkle lettuce seeds onto the moistened surface of the soil and recap immediately. Prepare a similar jar with untreated soil for comparison.

3. Keep the jars at 25 – 34°C, do not place in direct sunlight as this may kill the seeds due to overheating. Lettuce seeds will not germinate in the dark.

4. Inspect the jars for germination in 1 – 3 days.

5. The soil is safe for planting if seeds in the treated jar germinate the same as the seeds in the untreated jar.

IMPORTANT: Be sure (1) to sample the field properly in several areas, particularly in low wet areas; (2) that the lids are air tight and have no grit under the seals; and (3) that the jars are not placed in direct sunlight.

The Germination Test

Tomato Transplant TestTransplant 5 – 10 succulent, fast-growing tomato seedlings into fumigated beds approximately 100 – 150mm deep. Do the same in a non-fumigated area. If there is variation in the field, plant into the heaviest, wettest soil. Inspect the seedlings in 2 days for wilting or root burn. If plants in the fumigated zone look the same as the non-fumigated zone, it is safe to plant.

3. Re-Contamination Of Treated Soil It is important to note that the fumigating action of Nufarm Metham will generally leave your soil free from pests and plant pathogens (except bacteria) creating an ideal environment for plant growth. However, re-contamination of the fumigated soil is likely, if care is not taken when using soiled or contaminated machinery and equipment from other paddocks. Weed seeds, nematodes and fungal diseases can be spread by soil particles adhering to implements and mechanical harvesters.

Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly (using Tank and Equipment Cleaner) before and after use to avoid re-contamination.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION1. Protection Of Crops, Native And Other Non-Target Plants

• DO NOT spray desirable plants and lawns and avoid spray drift.

• DO NOT apply within 1 metre of drip line of plants.

• DO NOT use in greenhouses where plants are present.

• DO NOT apply under weather conditions, or from spraying equipment, that may cause spray to drift onto nearby susceptible plants/crops, cropping lands and pastures.

2. Protection Of Wildlife, Fish, Crustacea And Environment

• DO NOT contaminate streams, rivers or waterways with the chemical or used containers.

3. Disposal Of Empty Containers

ALL CONTAINERS SHOULD BE TRIPLE RINSED WITH WATER IMMEDIATELY AFTER EMPTYING AND ADDED TO THE NEXT BATCH. THIS ENSURES THAT ALL THE NUFARM METHAM IS USED AND NOT LEFT TO BE DISPOSED OF WITH THE CONTAINER.

Empty containers, of any size, should not be reused for any purpose and should be dealt with as follows:

• If suppliers will accept them, large drums should be returned.

• If not returnable, wash thoroughly and then remove all caps and bungs etc. Plastic and metal containers and drums should be pierced top, sides and bottom, and then crushed. An area or receptacle should be set aside for used crushed containers until they can be disposed of properly, however do not let them accumulate.

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ALWAYS consult the full label and SDS prior to using Nufarm Metham. RESTRAINTSDO NOT apply to dry soilDO NOT exceed rates specifiedDO NOT use in high winds.DO NOT apply in low humidity or when temperature is above 32°C.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE

SITUATION PEST CONTROLLED STATE RATE CRITICAL COMMENTS

Sites for seedbeds, Lawns & other limited areas

Germinating Weed Seeds including Winter grass, Prince of Wales Feather,Fat Hen, Nematodes, Symphylids (Not Tas.) (Garden Centipede), Fungus Diseases including Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Fusarium, Phytophthora, Verticillium, Sclerotinia and Club Root of Crucifers

All States

25-50L/50L water per 1000 m2

SOIL INJECTIONS: Use the higher rate for heavier soils. Injection points or injection nozzles under a blade should be 12cm apart, 10- 15cm deep in a well prepared moist soil. Immediately after injection, compact the soil by rolling. Water lightly to prevent escape of gas. Repeat irrigation after 2-3 days for light soils or soils which crack or dry out quickly. Prevent run-off.

1.1L per /12L water 10m2 ROTARY TILLER: Spray in front of tiller. Roll immediately to compact soil. Lightly water as above.

Field: Application to Total Area

NSW, Qld, SA, Vic, WA,

only

250-500L/400-700L water per ha

OR 250-500L/ ha(undiluted)

SOIL INJECTION: Use the higher rate for heavier soils. Follow method for injection described under seedbeds.

250-500L /400-700L per ha

OR250-500L/ ha (undiluted)

ROTARY TILLER: Spray in front of tiller. Roll immediately to compact soil. Irrigate at once with enough water to seal the soil surface. Repeat irrigation after 2-3 days for light soils or soils that crack or dry out quickly.

Field: Application to Beds or Rows

All States

250-500L/400-700L water per ha

OR 250-500L/ ha(undiluted)

SOIL INJECTION: Use the higher rate for heavier soils. Solution may be injected into pre-formed beds or as a band treatment. Follow the instructions for injection above. For a wider treated band space use two or more injection points at intervals of 12cm apart. All methods should be at a depth of 10-15cm.

400-800L/700-1000L water per ha

OR400-800L/ ha (undiluted)

BEDS – SOIL COVERING METHOD: Use the higher rate for heavier soils. Inject or drip into moist soil directly ahead of the bed shaper. Use sufficient water to ensure uniform application. Cover with 7-15cm of moist soil. Immediately roll to compact soil.

250-500L /400-700L water per ha

OR 250-500L/ ha(undiluted)

ROTARY TILLER: Spray in front of tiller. Roll immediately to compact soil. Irrigate at once with enough water to seal the soil surface. Repeat irrigation after 2-3 days for light soils that crack or dry out quickly.

Field: Application to Bed or Rows

250-800L/treated ha

TRICKLE IRRIGATION: Use the higher rate for heavier soils. 5-8 weeks prior to planting soil must be bed-formed with trickle tape and plastic mulch. Thoroughly wet soil to allow weed seed to germinate. Apply Metham to moist soil by injecting into mainline using a suitable pump sufficient to wet entire root zone. Use a longer injection period for heavier soils. Flush all lines and equipment with clean water after use. Puncture plastic 2 weeks after treatment to allow dissipation of Metham. Heavy nematode infestation may require further treatment prior to second crop. ENSURE INJECTION CAPACITY CAN HANDLE LARGE RATES OR USE SPILT APPLICATIONS.

Potting Soil

600mL/m3 soil mixtureCEMENT MIXER: Mix moist soil thoroughly, adding Metham to lidded mixer in a well ventilated area. Empty soil into a pile and cover with plastic sheeting to keep in gas.

1.1L /12L water per 10m2ROTARY TILLER METHOD: Spread soil smooth not more than depth of 20cm. Apply Metham over entire surface and till to maximum adjustable depth of tiller. Treat further layers as necessary and seal top layer with water.

Tobacco Plant Bed

9.75L/700-900L water per 100m2

TOBACCO SEED BED: Use the higher rate for heavier soils. Apply in Autumn through an approved irrigation system, sprayers or any suitable approved equipment. Follow instructions for seedbeds or plant beds. DO NOT treat tobacco plant beds by hand directed methods.

Onion Weed 1.1L/50L water per 5m2 SPOT TREATMENT: Spray entire surface area using drenching nozzles.

NOT TO BE USED FOR ANY PURPOSE, OR IN ANY MANNER, CONTRARY TO THE PRODUCT LABEL UNLESS AUTHORISED UNDER APPROPRIATE LEGISLATION.

PROHIBITIONS:DO NOT USE BY HAND DIRECTED SPRAYING INCLUDING SPRINKLER CAN. DO NOT TREAT POTTING SOIL BY LOOSE MIXED METHOD OR VIA SHREDDER.DO NOT USE BY FLOOD IRRIGATION OR OVERHEAD SPRINKLER SYSTEMS. 23

FOR SPECIALIST ADVICE IN CASE OF EMERGENCY

PHONE NUFARM LIMITED 1800 033 498TOLL FREE 24 HOURS

Acknowledgements: Nufarm would like to thank Growcom for generously providing photographs used in this publication.

This information is a guide only and no substitute for professional or expert advice. The product label should be consulted before use of any of the products referred to in this publication. To the maximum extent permitted by law, Nufarm Australia Limited disclaims all warranties of any kind, whether express or implied, including but not limited to any warranty that the information is up-to-date, complete, true, legally compliant, accurate, non-misleading or suitable.

© 2016 Nufarm Australia Ltd. All trade marks (®,™) are owned by Nufarm Australia Ltd or used under license.

For more information on Metham, contact your local Nufarm Area Sales Manager.

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