technical losses in pea

Provincial Electricity AuthorityProvincial Electricity Authority11

TECHNICAL LOSSES TECHNICAL LOSSES of of

PEA DISTRIBUTION PEA DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMSYSTEM

Provincial Electricity AuthorityProvincial Electricity AuthorityThailandThailand


- OVERVIEWS OF PEAOVERVIEWS OF PEA

OUTLIOUTLINESNES

- PEA’S DISTRIBUTION PEA’S DISTRIBUTION NETWORK PROFILENETWORK PROFILE- PEA’S LOSSES PEA’S LOSSES

COMPUTATION & COMPUTATION & ACCOUNTINGACCOUNTING

- PEA’S OVERALL - PEA’S OVERALL TECHNICAL LOSSES TECHNICAL LOSSES

MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMPROGRAM

- - CONCLUSICONCLUSI

ONSONS


Provincial Electricity Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) is a Authority (PEA) is a

government enterprise government enterprise under the Ministry of under the Ministry of

Interior. It was Interior. It was established under established under 19601960 act by the Royal Decree act by the Royal Decree executed on September executed on September 20,196020,1960, then published , then published

in the Government in the Government Gazette on September Gazette on September

27,196027,1960

OVERVIEWS OVERVIEWS OF PEA OF PEA


The service area of The service area of the PEA is the PEA is approximately approximately 510,000510,000 kmkm22, accounting for , accounting for 928928 PEA’s sub - office PEA’s sub - office scattered throughout scattered throughout the country, rendering the country, rendering service to their service to their customers. The customers. The PEAPEA has has grouped its services area grouped its services area into 4 regions.into 4 regions.

PEA Service PEA Service Area Area


Chiang MaiChiang Mai

PhitsanulokPhitsanulok

Lop BuriLop BuriNokhon RatchasimaNokhon Ratchasima

Ubon Rat.Ubon Rat.

Udon ThaniUdon Thani

Ayutthaya

Chon Buri

Nakhorn Prathom

PetchaburiPetchaburi

Nakhon Sri ThammaratNakhon Sri Thammarat

YalaYala


DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION NETWORK PROFILE NETWORK PROFILE

PEA classifies PEA classifies distribution voltage level distribution voltage level into into 3 levels : 3 levels :

- High voltage level - High voltage level : : 115, 69 kV115, 69 kV

- Medium voltage - Medium voltage level level :: 22, 33 kV 22, 33 kV- - Low voltage levelLow voltage level

: 400/230 : 400/230 VV


PEPEA use the various A use the various type of conductors for type of conductors for MV. The standards MV. The standards according to according to TISTIS and and IECIEC..

STANDARDIZE STANDARDIZE Conductor size for Conductor size for MV MV (I)(I)


STANDARDIZE STANDARDIZE Conductor size for Conductor size for MV MV (II)(II)

Bare Conductor Current Bare Conductor Current RatingsRatingsCross Cross

section section (mm(mm22))5050

9595185185

Current Current Rating Rating

(Amperes(Amperes))

225225340340520520


STANDARDIZE STANDARDIZE Conductor size for Conductor size for MV MV (III)(III)

Cross Cross section section (mm(mm22))5050

185185


(Amperes(Amperes))

185185425425

Partially Insulated Cable Partially Insulated Cable Current RatingsCurrent Ratings


STANDARDIZE STANDARDIZE Conductor size for Conductor size for MV MV (IV)(IV)


185185


(Amperes(Amperes))

180180410410

Spaced Aerial Cable Current Spaced Aerial Cable Current RatingsRatings


STANDARDIZE STANDARDIZE Conductor size for Conductor size for MV MV (V)(V)

Underground Cable Current Underground Cable Current Ratings : Ratings : 240240 mm mm22

TotTotal al CirCircuicuitt

1122334455

400400337337298298272272251251


(Amperes(Amperes))


STANDARDIZE STANDARDIZE Conductor size for Conductor size for LV LV


50509595


(Amperes(Amperes))

152152194194295295

Aluminum Conductor Aluminum Conductor Current RatingsCurrent Ratings


PEA’s Substation PEA’s Substation TransformerTransformer (I) (I)

The substation The substation transformers shall transformers shall have ratings as have ratings as follow :follow :

Rated power output : Rated power output : 30/40/50 MVA30/40/50 MVA and and 15/20/25 15/20/25 MVAMVARated primary voltage :Rated primary voltage : 115 kV115 kVOn load tapping voltage :On load tapping voltage : +10%+10% to - to -10%10% of of 115 kV115 kV, , 1.25%1.25% in each step. in each step.


PEA’PEA’ss Substation Substation Transformer Transformer (II)(II)

HV/MVHV/MV Substation Substation TransformerTransformer

NNoo

1122

TransforTransformermer

RatingRating50502525

TransforTransformation mation voltagevoltage115/2115/2

2-332-33115/2115/22-332-33


PEA’PEA’ss Substation Substation Transformer Transformer (II)(II)

MV/LVMV/LV Substation Substation TransformerTransformer

NNoo

11

22

TransforTransformermer

RatingRating (kVA)(kVA)

50, 100, 50, 100, 160, 250, 160, 250, 315, 400, 315, 400,

50050010, 20, 10, 20,

3030

TransforTransformation mation voltagevoltage22-22-

33kV/33kV/400-230 400-230

VV

22-22-33kV/230 33kV/230

VV

PhPhasease

3 3 phaphasese

1 1 phaphasese


INSTALLATION INSTALLATION STANDARDSTANDARD

22-33 kV 22-33 kV Aerial Aerial Cable Cable

Feeder & Feeder & Bare Bare

ConductoConductor Feederr Feeder


Meter Meter InstallatInstallat

ionion


CAPACITOCAPACITOR R (I)(I)


CAPACITOCAPACITOR R (II)(II)


LOSSES LOSSES COMPUTATION & COMPUTATION &

ACCOUNTING ACCOUNTING

Energy PurchasedEnergy PurchasedEnergy GeneratedEnergy Generated

Energy SalesEnergy SalesFree of ChargeFree of Charge

Percentage Percentage of Losses of Losses

(% (% Losses)Losses)

== Energy Energy Losses Losses Energy Energy

RequiremRequirementent

xx1100

00

Energy Losses = Energy Energy Losses = Energy Requirement - Energy Requirement - Energy

ConsumptionConsumption

The methodology to The methodology to calculate losses of PEA calculate losses of PEA ::


Methodology for Methodology for Distribution Distribution LossesLosses Computation Computation (I)(I)

Key Key variablvariabl

ee/unit/unit

SymSymbolbol

Actual Actual readingreading

//EstimateEstimate

dd

Variable Variable used in used in losses losses

computaticomputationon

Imported energy Imported energy through through

transmission transmission main intake main intake

substation (kWh)substation (kWh)Imported energy Imported energy

from utility from utility owned owned

distributed distributed generationgeneration (kWh)(kWh)Imported energy Imported energy from utility non-from utility non-

owned owned distributed distributed

generationgeneration (kWh)(kWh)

AA

BB

CC



Actual Actual readingreading(include(include

d A)d A)

YesYes

YesYes

YesYes



ee/unit/unit

SymSymbolbol


//EstimateEstimate

dd

Variable Variable used in used in losses losses

computaticomputationon

Total metered Total metered sales for all sales for all

LV/MV customers LV/MV customers (kWh)(kWh)

Internally used Internally used energyenergy (kWh)(kWh)

HV tariff sales HV tariff sales (kWh)(kWh)

Free of chargeFree of charge (kWh)(kWh)

DD

EE

FFGG



Actual Actual readingreadingActual Actual

readingreading& &

EstimatEstimateded

YesYes

YesYes

YesYesYesYes

Methodology for Methodology for Distribution Distribution LossesLosses Computation Computation (II)(II)


According to the According to the variable in the table variable in the table above, we can find the above, we can find the formula for the formula for the computation of computation of distribution system losses distribution system losses as follow : as follow :

Energy Losses (kWh) = Energy Energy Losses (kWh) = Energy Requirement - Energy Requirement - Energy ConsumptionConsumption

= (A+B+C) – = (A+B+C) – (D+E+F+G)(D+E+F+G)

Energy Losses (%) =Energy Losses (%) = 1- 1- (D+E+F+G)/(A+B+C) (D+E+F+G)/(A+B+C) xx 100% 100%


Metering locations Metering locations and reading and reading frequencyfrequency


ee/unit/unit

Imported Imported energy energy through through

transmission transmission main intake main intake substation substation

(kWh)(kWh)Imported Imported

energy from energy from utility owned utility owned distributed distributed generationgeneration

(kWh)(kWh)Imported Imported

energy from energy from utility non-utility non-

owned owned distributed distributed generationgeneration

(kWh)(kWh)

SymSymbolbol

MeteMetering ring locatlocationion

Manual Manual Reading Reading or AMRor AMRAA

BB

CC

HV HV sideside

HV HV sideside

HV HV sideside

ManualManual

ManualManual

ManualManual

SyncSync..

readreadingingYeYess

YeYess

YeYess

ReaReadingdingfreq.freq.End End

of of momonthnth

End End of of momonthnth

End End ofofmomonthlnthl

yy

Remark : Sync. Reading Remark : Sync. Reading : Auto reset meter: Auto reset meter



ee/unit/unit

SymSymbolbol

MeteMetering ring locatlocationion

Manual Manual reading reading or AMRor AMRTotal metered Total metered

sales for all sales for all LV/MV LV/MV

customers customers (kWh)(kWh)

Internally Internally used energyused energy

(kWh)(kWh)HV tariff sales HV tariff sales

(kWh)(kWh)


DD

EE

FF

GG

HV HV sideside

HV HV sideside

HV HV sideside

LV LV sideside

ManualManual

ManualManual

ManualManual

ManualManual

SynSync. c. reareadindingg

YeYes & s & NoNo

NoNo

YeYess

NoNo

ReaReadingdingfreq.freq.1515thth--44thth & & 2525thth--2626thth

every every montmont

hh2525thth - -2626thth

every every montmont

hhEnd End of of

montmonthh

25th -25th -26th 26th every every montmont

hh

Remark : Sync. Reading Remark : Sync. Reading : Auto reset meter: Auto reset meter


Cust.Cust.

MMFF, synch. meter class 0.2, synch. meter class 0.2Record : at 0.00 am., at theRecord : at 0.00 am., at the end of every month.end of every month.

MMA,B,CA,B,C, synch. meter class 0.2 or 0.5, synch. meter class 0.2 or 0.5Record : at 0.00 am., at the end Record : at 0.00 am., at the end

of every month.of every month.

Cust. >1 MBahtCust. >1 MBaht

MMD1D1, synch. TOU meter, synch. TOU meterRecord : at 0.00 am., at the Record : at 0.00 am., at the end of every month.end of every month.

Large Cust. Large Cust. energy >energy >30 kW 30 kW MMD2D2, meter class 0.5, meter class 0.5

Record : on 25Record : on 25thth -26 -26thth of of every month.every month.

Internal Internal usedused MMEE, meter class 0.5, meter class 0.5

Record : on 25Record : on 25thth -26 -26thth of every month.of every month.

MMD3D3, meter class 0.1, meter class 0.1Record : on 25Record : on 25thth -26 -26thth of every month.of every month.

Large Cust. Large Cust. 30 kW < energy < 6630 kW < energy < 66 kVA kVA

Cust.Cust.MMD4D4, meter class 0.1, meter class 0.1Record : on 15Record : on 15thth -24 -24thth of every month.of every month.

1515thth-18-18thth :40% :40%1818thth-21-21thth :30% :30%2121thth-24-24thth :30% :30%

EGAT PEA115 kV115 kV22/33 kV22/33 kV

22/33 kV22/33 kV

400/230 400/230 kVkV


12 region offices of 12 region offices of PEA report losses data PEA report losses data to PEA head office to PEA head office every every monthmonth, the billing system , the billing system (meter reading) and (meter reading) and software analysis are software analysis are used.used.


This is the technical This is the technical losses data of year losses data of year 2004.2004.

Energy Energy Purchased Purchased (kWh)(kWh)

77,921,877,921,878.37278.372

Energy Energy GeneratedGenerated (kWh)(kWh)Energy Sales Energy Sales (kWh)(kWh)

Losses Losses (kWh)(kWh)Losses Losses (%)(%)

41,875,341,875,38484

73,124,273,124,233,64833,648


995,987,995,987,988988

3,843,533,843,532,1202,1204.934.93

A, CA, C

BB

D, E, FD, E, F

GG

--

--


Losses Evaluation in Losses Evaluation in 2004 by formula is:2004 by formula is:

Energy Losses (kWh) = Energy Losses (kWh) = (A+B+C) – (D+E+F+G)(A+B+C) – (D+E+F+G)

Energy Losses (%) = 1- Energy Losses (%) = 1- (D+E+F+G)/(A+B+C) (D+E+F+G)/(A+B+C) xx 100% 100%

Energy Losses (kWh) = Energy Losses (kWh) = (77,921,878,372(77,921,878,372 + 41,875,384) – + 41,875,384) –

(73,124,233,648 + 995,987,988) (73,124,233,648 + 995,987,988) kWhkWh

= 3,843,532,120 = 3,843,532,120 kWhkWh

Energy Losses (%) = 1- Energy Losses (%) = 1- (D+E+F+G)/(A+B+C) (D+E+F+G)/(A+B+C) xx 100% 100%

= 1-= 1-(74,120,221,636/77,963,753,756) (74,120,221,636/77,963,753,756) x 100%x 100%

= 4.93%= 4.93%


Historical MW Historical MW Demand growthDemand growth

YearYearMW MW at at distribution leveldistribution level% growth% growth

20002000

8,7248,724

5.815.81

20012001

9,4569,456

8.398.39

20022002

9,9629,962

5.355.35

20032003

10,63910,639

679.679.

20042004

11,72111,721

10.1710.17


Historical Historical Distribution Distribution Losses Level Losses Level (I)(I)

Fiscal yearFiscal year

Energy Energy Purchase & Purchase & Energy Energy Generate Generate (MWh)(MWh)Energy Energy Sales Sales (MWh)(MWh)Free of Free of Charge Charge (MWh)(MWh)Losses Losses (MWh)(MWh)Losses (%)Losses (%)

20020000

56,256,29292

52,352,37070

6656653,253,25

775.795.79

20200101

60,60,414144

56,56,484822

646433

3,43,492925.75.788

20200202

64,64,343400

60,60,232399

757588

3,73,715155.75.777

20200303

70,70,222288

65,65,494977

868677

3,83,864645.55.500

20200404((SeSept0pt044))

58,58,404044

54,54,606088

757577

3,03,039395.25.200


Historical Historical Distribution Losses Distribution Losses Level Level (II)(II)


Historical Historical Distribution Losses Distribution Losses Level Level (III)(III)Fiscal yearFiscal year

Distribution Distribution losses (%)losses (%)HV HV network network (cct-km)(cct-km)MV MV network network (cct-km)(cct-km)LV LV network network (cct-km)(cct-km)Total KVA of Total KVA of Distribution Distribution transformer transformer (MVA)(MVA)

20200000

5.75.799

3,83,80909

243243,82,8244

338338,49,4944

37,37,511511

20200101

5.75.788

4,64,62525

244244,61,6188

344344,44,4499

37,37,668668

20200202

5.75.777

5,25,28686

252252,61,6144

354354,65,6599

38,38,465465

20020033

5.55.500

6,06,07979

260260,71,7144

368368,47,4777

37,37,401401

20020044

((SeSept0pt044))5.25.200

6,66,60000

265265,90,9011

388388,83,8300

42,42,052052


PEA’s Energy PEA’s Energy Forecast Forecast (I)(I)

YEARYEAR

Energy requirementEnergy requirement(GWh)(GWh)Peak demandPeak demand(MW)(MW)

20052005

83,52883,528

12,61512,615

20062006

90,814 90,814

13,68513,685

20072007

98,455 98,455

1414,806,806

20082008

106,148106,148

15,94715,947

20092009

114,263 114,263

17,15117,151

20102010

123,066 123,066

18,45118,451


OVERALL OVERALL TECHNICAL LOSSES TECHNICAL LOSSES

MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM PROGRAM (I)(I)

1. System 1. System Planning Planning DesignDesign The criteria of The criteria of substation and distribution substation and distribution system of PEA are :system of PEA are :


Substation’Substation’s Criterias Criteria

1)1) Transformer Transformer capacity : capacity : 25 MVA25 MVA or or 50 MVA50 MVA

2) 2) Transformer max. Transformer max. loading capacity :loading capacity :- - 56%56% of rating of rating capacity for capacity for N-1N-1 criteriacriteria- - 75%75% of rating of rating capacity for capacity for N-0 N-0 criteriacriteria

33 )) Breaker rating Breaker rating (IC)(IC) : :- - 31.5 31.5 kA for kA for 115115 kV kV- - 2525 kA for kA for 22/3322/33 kV kV


MV MV (22/33 kV)(22/33 kV) Distribution’s Distribution’s Criteria Criteria (I)(I)

1)1) Voltage drop at peak Voltage drop at peak load :load :- 5% - 5% for normal conditionfor normal condition- 10% - 10% for emergency for emergency conditioncondition

2) 2) Line loading capacity:Line loading capacity:- - 8 MVA 8 MVA fofor 22 kV r 22 kV system, system, no more than 18 kmno more than 18 km..- 12 MVA - 12 MVA forfor 33 kV 33 kV system, system, no more than 27 kmno more than 27 km..

33 ) Conductor size : ) Conductor size : 185185 mmmm22 aluminum in main aluminum in main feedersfeeders


4)4) Types of conductors : Types of conductors :- - Bare conductors for clear Bare conductors for clear area, rural area.area, rural area.- - Spaced aerial cable for Spaced aerial cable for cities, industrial area and cities, industrial area and

lines under 115 kV lines under 115 kV transmission lines.transmission lines.- Underground cable for in - Underground cable for in front of substation andfront of substation and

environment protected environment protected area.area.

5) 5) Adequacy for transferring Adequacy for transferring load from nearby load from nearby substation.substation.


LV LV (400/230 V)(400/230 V) Distribution’s Distribution’s CriteriaCriteria1)1) Voltage drop at peak Voltage drop at peak

load :load :- 5% - 5% for normal conditionfor normal condition- 10% - 10% for emergency for emergency conditioncondition

2) 2) Line loading capacity:Line loading capacity:- - 80% 80% of line, transformer, of line, transformer, no more than 1 kmno more than 1 km

33 ) Conductor size : ) Conductor size : 95, 50, 95, 50, 35 mm35 mm22 aluminum aluminum


The Standard The Standard Power Factor Power Factor (I)(I)

1) Standard Power Factor 1) Standard Power Factor ofof PEA-EGAT : PEA-EGAT :- Power factor - Power factor >> 0.8750.875 lagging at each delivery lagging at each delivery pointpoint

((EGATEGAT Substation) Substation)- Power factor <- Power factor < 0.875 0.875 lagging must pay for lagging must pay for penalty penalty

about 5 about 5 baht/kbaht/kVARVAR/month of the /month of the different kdifferent kVARVAR

between original and between original and 0.8750.875 power factor. power factor.


2) Standard of HV 2) Standard of HV Capacitor Bank :Capacitor Bank :- - 5, 10, 20, 305, 10, 20, 30 and and 7575 k kVARVAR 33 phase phase LVLV capacitor. capacitor.- Fixed 3x100 and - Fixed 3x100 and 6x100 6x100 kVARkVAR..- - VARVAR control, time control control, time control of of 15x100 kVAR15x100 kVAR switched switched

capacitor.capacitor.- Power factor control - Power factor control 7.2 7.2 MVARMVAR indoor capacity indoor capacity bank bank

((33steps steps x x 2.4 MVAR2.4 MVAR) ) substation installation substation installation only.only.


3) Standard Power Factor 3) Standard Power Factor of PEA Customer :of PEA Customer :- Only - Only 3030 k kWW up demand up demand customer is responsible customer is responsible forfor

keeping power factor keeping power factor not less than not less than 0.850.85 lagging. lagging.- Power factor < - Power factor < 0.850.85 lagging, the customer lagging, the customer must pay must pay

for penalty about for penalty about 55 Baht/kBaht/kVARVAR/month./month.



MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMPROGRAM (II)(II)

2. Equipment Design 2. Equipment Design & Specifications& Specifications The The PEAPEA’s listings of ’s listings of

MV&LVMV&LV conductors with conductors with technical parameters and technical parameters and transformers with load & transformers with load & no load losses and no load losses and impedance are :impedance are :


CONDUCTOR designs CONDUCTOR designs & specifications& specifications (I)(I)

CondConductoructorTypeType185A185A185P185P

ICIC50SA50SA

CC185S185SACAC

RR11

(ohm(ohm/km)/km)0.170.176464

0.210.210707

0.820.821919

0.210.210707

XX11

(ohm(ohm/km)/km)0.4090.409

110.4140.414

440.3390.339

550.2980.298

66

RR00

(ohm(ohm/km)/km)0.400.400505

0.350.355454

1.101.109393

0.440.446262

XX00

(ohm(ohm/km)/km)1.5981.598

991.6441.644

881.8971.897

551.8311.831

00


CONDUCTOR designs CONDUCTOR designs & specifications & specifications (II)(II)

CondConductoructorTypeType185A185A185P185P

ICIC50SA50SA

CC185S185SACAC

GG11

(uS/(uS/km)km)

00000000

BB11

(uS/(uS/km)km)

3.5323.53200

3.6363.63600

5.1225.12200

5.9515.95100

GG00

(uS/(uS/km)km)

00000000

BB00

(uS/(uS/km)km)

1.9371.93700

1.3641.36400

1.3951.39500

1.5221.52200


TRANSFORMER losses TRANSFORMER losses & impedance& impedance

TransformTransformer Rating er Rating

(MVA)(MVA)30/4030/40

/50/5015/2015/20

/25/25

No Load No Load LossLoss(kW)(kW)

Load Load LossLoss(kW)(kW)Up to Up to

25.525.5Up to Up to 15.015.0

Up to Up to 150150

Up to Up to 100100


OVERALL OVERALL TECHNICAL TECHNICAL LOSSES LOSSES MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMPROGRAM (III)(III)

3. System Operation 3. System Operation & Maintenance& Maintenance-Loading monitoring Loading monitoring programprogram : : *for HV - record at *for HV - record at substation monthly.substation monthly. *for LV - record at *for LV - record at distribution transformer distribution transformer yearly. yearly.


3. System Operation 3. System Operation & Maintenance& Maintenance (cont.)(cont.)

- - PEAPEA uses on load tap uses on load tap change transformers change transformers ((OLTC)OLTC) to to manage voltage profile manage voltage profile at at HV/MVHV/MV substations. For substations. For MV/LVMV/LV substation, we substation, we analyze load in each area analyze load in each area andand change the tap of change the tap of transformers to the transformers to the proper tap.proper tap.


-Feeder balancing program Feeder balancing program :: StandardStandard : : unbalance unbalance current current << 10%10%

Monitoring ProcedureMonitoring Procedure : : by reading incoming & by reading incoming & outgoing feeder at outgoing feeder at substation every month substation every month andand measured measured distribution transformer’s distribution transformer’s load once load once a year.a year.



Load unbalance Load unbalance ImprovingImproving : : UnbalanciUnbalancing > ng > 10%10%

1-phase 1-phase branches& branches&

1-phase 1-phase transformerstransformers

&&1-phase 1-phase

customer customer shall be shall be

reconnected reconnected to to

the proper the proper phasesphases

1-1-phase phase branches’ branches’

load load > > 150 150 kkVAVAUpgraded Upgraded

to to 3-phase3-phase


-Power factor correction :Power factor correction : Monitoring ProcedureMonitoring Procedure : : Power factor at substation Power factor at substation shall be checked from meter shall be checked from meter reading MW and MVARreading MW and MVAR



Power Factor ImprovingPower Factor Improving : :- Find optimal capacitor - Find optimal capacitor location using computer location using computer software.software.- Check real current and - Check real current and power factor from meters in power factor from meters in

existing system.existing system.- Obtain the optimal - Obtain the optimal location.location.- Install LV fixed capacitor at - Install LV fixed capacitor at 100 kVA or more distribution 100 kVA or more distribution

transformer. (kVAR = 10% transformer. (kVAR = 10% of transformer Rating)of transformer Rating)



MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMPROGRAM (IV)(IV)

4. Technical Losses 4. Technical Losses Assessment Assessment MethodologyMethodology PEA uses computer PEA uses computer software such as PSS/Adept software such as PSS/Adept to calculate distribution to calculate distribution losses. This soft-ware needs losses. This soft-ware needs Single Single line diagram that contains the line diagram that contains the database as follow :database as follow :

- Daily Load - Daily Load (MW)(MW)

- Length of - Length of feedersfeeders

- Power - Power factorfactor

- Type and - Type and characteristic ofcharacteristic of Distribution Distribution transformerstransformers

- No. and type - No. and type of customersof customers



MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMPROGRAM (V)(V)

5. Overall technical losses 5. Overall technical losses optimization, issues andoptimization, issues and learning pointslearning points * MVAR program or * MVAR program or capacitor placement programcapacitor placement program

- The fix capacitors are - The fix capacitors are installed in every feeders. The installed in every feeders. The capacitor rated is about 10% capacitor rated is about 10% of each feeder’s load.of each feeder’s load.

- The installation of - The installation of switching capacitors depends switching capacitors depends on daily load curve.on daily load curve.


5. Overall technical losses 5. Overall technical losses optimization, issues andoptimization, issues and learning pointslearning points (cont.)(cont.) * Voltage profile * Voltage profile improvement programimprovement program PEA has installed SCADA PEA has installed SCADA system to monitor and manage system to monitor and manage the equipments in distribution the equipments in distribution systems and also control systems and also control voltage in system by switching voltage in system by switching capacitor. But SCADA isn’t capacitor. But SCADA isn’t reach full efficiency now, we reach full efficiency now, we have to improve it to handle all have to improve it to handle all function of program.function of program.


5. Overall technical losses 5. Overall technical losses optimization, issues andoptimization, issues and learning pointslearning points (cont.)(cont.) * Loading profile * Loading profile improvement programimprovement program - For distribution - For distribution transformers, we have to transformers, we have to manage the existing manage the existing transformers and install new transformers and install new transformers or change to transformers or change to high rated transformer for high rated transformer for increasing load.increasing load. - The load monitoring - The load monitoring at substations are at substations are programmed monthly to programmed monthly to manage load profile.manage load profile. -- PEA has plan to reduce PEA has plan to reduce capacitor of transformers, If capacitor of transformers, If the transformers supply load the transformers supply load less than 30% of rated.less than 30% of rated.


PEA’s realized PEA’s realized that the meter reading that the meter reading error such as the overlap error such as the overlap reading date is the reading date is the function of loss analysis’s function of loss analysis’s error so the 50,000 AMR error so the 50,000 AMR meters was planed to meters was planed to install within year 2007.install within year 2007.

Year 2004200520062007Total

.No of AMR 5,00015,00015,00015,00050,000

Ratio to Total Per Year10% 30% 30% 30%100%

Accumulate10% 40% 70%100%100%

CONCLUSICONCLUSIONSONS


CONCLUSICONCLUSIONS ONS (II)(II) To improve the To improve the

technical losses analysis, technical losses analysis, PEA has employed the PEA has employed the consultant to :consultant to :- research, specify and - research, specify and improve the methodology improve the methodology of lossesof losses analysis and forecast.analysis and forecast.- develop the software for - develop the software for capacitor installation. capacitor installation. - distribution transformer - distribution transformer criteria in distribution criteria in distribution system.system.

The pilot area of this project is The pilot area of this project is the feeder the feeder

in the central area.in the central area.


CONCLUSICONCLUSIONS ONS (III)(III)

And the last, PEA And the last, PEA set up the losses set up the losses optimization committee. optimization committee. The staffs are from PEA The staffs are from PEA head office and region head office and region office in order to manage office in order to manage and find the and find the methodology to optimize methodology to optimize losses.losses.


The losses evaluation of The losses evaluation of the central area in year the central area in year 2004.2004.HV systemHV system

MV systemMV systemLV systemLV systemPower Power TransformerTransformerDistribution Distribution TransformerTransformer

0.270.27%%

2.442.44%%

4.344.34%%

0.170.17%%

2.372.37%%


THANK YOUTHANK YOUfor your for your

attentionattention

technical losses in pea

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