Team-based learning and how it can be used to enliven microbial

education.

Michael J. McInerney

and

L. Dee Fink

University of Oklahoma.

Receivinginformationand ideas.

Active learning model

PassiveLearning

Active learning

ExperienceReflective dialoguewith:

Doing

Observing

Self

Others

Educative assessment

Audit-ive assessment

Grading

Backward-looking

assessmentForward-looking

assessment

Feedback

Self-assessment(by learners)

Educative assessment model.

Use of small groups Cooperative learning:

Groups as specific activity inserted into existing class; some type of project

4 members per group; assigned roles, paper or talk.

Problem-based learning: Problem comes first; requires restructuring of course Mentors; multiple lengthy projects, either as papers or talks

Team-based learning: Acquire needed information first then engage in learning

tasks, make a decision! 5-7 per group, no roles, work during class time, frequent and

prompt feedback.

Keys to team-based learning Groups must be properly formed and managed

Instructor forms groups; by experience not grade Students must be accountable for their individual and

group work Individual: Readiness assurance process Group: Peer assessment

Assignments must promote both learning and team development:

promote discussion, give and take. Students must get timely and prompt feedback Reward for success: somehow it must matter that team

performs well

Making good team assignments Which would be best for group activity?

A. Make a list: list mistakes in the writer’s use of active and passive voice

B. Make a choice: in passage, identify sentences that are active or passive voice

C. Make a specific choice: in passage, identify the sentence where passive voice is used most appropriately

Use row 5 to answer this question.

Evolution of quiz question Simple choice deduced from facts:

Have 97% carbon recovery but O/R ratio is 1.5. Which compound is missing?

Ethanol, CO2, H2, or lactate? Make decision:

Have 130% carbon recovery and O/R ratio of 0.7. Cost of radioactive substrate is $5,000.

Can you use washed cell suspensions to obtain a better fermentation balance?

Or could ask which of several approaches would be best to obtain a fermentation balance.

Essentials for implementing group assignments: The 3 S’s

Same problem: individuals/groups work on same project or question

Specific choice: require students/groups to use concepts to make a decision.

Simultaneous reporting: report answers/choices simultaneously.

Individualwork

GroupDiscussion

ClassDiscussion

Impact onlearningXX

Microbial physiology: situational analysis

Course content: Mechanisms of energy conservation carbon-carbon bond cleavage, role of vitamins/cofactors ecological applications

Required for microbiology majors; 50 to 80 students, mostly pre-medicine.

Problems: Lack of relevancy to students’ careers Poor retention of information and inability to apply

information to new contexts.

Changes made 2000: introduced weekly quizzes

2 to 3 multiple choice questions taken individually Form groups and take same quiz. Simultaneously report by raising card

2001 and 2002: introduced team projects as well. Mid semester project: pathway development End-of-semester project: electron transport and

bioenergetics.

Example of Quiz questions. Ask students to decide which of five

chemicals whose structures and octane ratings are given should be used in gasoline.

Ask students which of five enzymes was missing to explain growth of an E. coli mutant on three different substrates.

Ask students whether to fund a proposal on use of hydrogenase mutants to make 1,3-propanediol.

Glycerol

1,3-Propanediol

CH2

OH

CHOH

CH2

OH

CH2

OH

CH2

HC O

CH2

OH

CH2

CH2

OH

CH2

OH

C

CH2

OH

O

CH2

C

CH2

OH

O

O PO3

=

CHOH

HC O

CH2

O PO3

=

H2

O

3-hydroxy-

propionaldehyde

NADH

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

Dihydroxy-

acetone

Dihydroxy-

acetone-

phosphate

Glyceraldehyde-3-

phosphate

Glycolysis and

end-product formation

ATP

ADPStudents hadto decidewhether deletionof hydrogenasewould shift electronflow to propandiol

Sequence of team projects Give out data about 2- 3 weeks ahead of time Assign 3 to 4 journal papers to read On Monday of project week, each student turns in 1-

page write up. Provide class time to work in groups. On Friday, teams posters reviewed.

No identifying name or number Each team reviews other teams posters Assessment: post green, yellow, or red stickies notes Discuss/defend/explain Instructor summarizes.

Students assessing each others posters.

Mid-semester project: trans-aconitate metabolism

Equation: Trans-aconitate -> 1.8 acetate + 0.1 butyrate + 2CO2 + 0.9 H2

Molar growth yield: ~8 g/mole Metabolism of position-labeled compounds

[5-14C]-glutamate: not found in acetate or butyrate. [5-14C]-trans-aconitate: in carboxyl of acetate at one-

half the specific activity. Specific activities of 7 enzymes with trans-

aconitate and glutamate as substrates Concentrations of 6 intermediates during growth

with the two substrates.

Did high level learning occur? All teams correctly deduced that a

modified or new pathway was needed. 10 of 12 teams generated pathways

fully consistent with stoichiometry, growth yields, labeling patterns, enzyme and intermediate data

Prochirality: had to incorporation this property of citrate to explain the data.

End of semester project: Desulfovibrio bioenergetics. Determine whether recent information on

mutants requires a change in the model. Mutants:

Cytochrome c3 deficient (Rapp-Giles et al., 2000) Fe-only hydrogenase deficient (Pohorelic et al., 2002)

Modifications must explain mutant phenotypes and be consistent with molar growth yields (Magee et al., 1978) Most had multiply branched chains or hmc complex

that interacts with different carriers.

Threeroutestohmc complex

Student performance on final with and without team projects

Group project

No. of students

Median (200 pts.

total)

95% confidence

interval.

No 60 133 126-141

Yes

(2 years)121 154-165 150-160

Significantly higher after team projects

Final examination scores with and without team projects

Less low grades (<70)and more good grades(70’s and 80’s) withteam projects.

% in the 90’s notsignificantly different.

Why team-learning helps? Metacongitive instruction:

Interactions may have allowed students to learn how others learn, and thus develop a better sense of how they learn.

Critical for the durability of concepts and transfer of concepts to new contexts (Georghiades, 2000, Educ. Res.; Vosniadou et al., 2001, Learning Instruction).

Learning Styles: Sensor-feelers (Cognitive Profile Model) Intuitive thinkers: don’t memorize, must understand concepts These are the students with the traits best suited for

research.

Students’ attitudes before and after team-learning introduced

Students’ attitudesabout the instructor’sability to encourage critical thinking markedlyimproved.

Team-based learning and a graduate industrial microbiology Have students form teams to develop company to

make a specific product Instructor picks overall product:

Commodity ethanol production Biosurfactant production.

Teams choose: Market/application for process Strain Medium Fermentation process Molecular/genetic improvement approach

Team-base learning in introductory microbiology Non-majors class: mainly allied health

students. Have group activity after each major section

of the course: Anatomy, metabolism, growth, molecular biology,

and medical microbiology. Culminating project to link concepts together:

Role of microorganisms atherosclerosis. Modes of defense against bioterrorism attack.

Conclusions Teams accomplish significant learning tasks. Improved understanding and retention of

foundational material and improved problem-solving skills.

Students’ attitudes and classroom dynamics improved.

Mechanism to engage students in evolving process of scientific thought and inquiry.

Learning tool for teaching microbial diversity.

Team question One word reports (yes/no, up/down) are

the very best format to report group results.

Use row 2 to answer this question. A. Yes B. No?