teaching method developed by vicki schmitt - 1994 the parts of speech noun verbpreposition pronoun...

Teaching method developed by Vicki Schmitt - 1994

The Parts of Speech

Noun Verb Preposition

Pronoun Adverb Conjunction

Adjective Interjection


NounA noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or idea.

Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


Types of Nouns

1. Proper

2. Common

3. Abstract

4. Concrete

5. CollectiveKimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


Proper Noun

• A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, or thing.

• Ex. – Kay, Miami, White House



Common Noun

• A common noun is the name of an ordinary noun.

• Ex. – city, woman, building, shoe



Abstract Noun

• An abstract noun names a quality, a characteristic, or an idea.

• Ex. – beauty, strength, love, courage



Concrete Noun

• A concrete noun names an object that can be perceived by the senses.

• Ex. – hat, desk, book, box



Collective Noun

• A collective noun names a group.

• Ex. - crowd, team, class



Possessive Case

• The possessive case of a noun or a pronoun shows ownership or relationship.

• Ownership RelationshipAlice Walker’s poetry Crowfoot’s family

the student’s suggestions five dollars’ worth

your opinion my grandparents



Possessive Case

1. To form the possessive of a singular noun, add an apostrophe and an –s.

ex. The senator’s comments

player’s turn

2. To form the possessive of a plural noun ending in –s, add only the apostrophe.

ex. Girls’ team the winners’ trophyKimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


Possessive Case

3. Do not use an apostrophe with possessive personal pronouns or with the possessive pronoun whose.

INCORRECT We thought the top score was

her’s.

CORRECT We thought the top score was hers.



Possessive Case

4. To form the possessive of an indefinite pronoun, add an apostrophe and an –s.

Ex. Everyone’s vote counts equally.



Possessive Case

5. Form the possessive of only the last word in a hyphenated word, in the name of an organization or a business firm, or in a word group showing joint possession.

Ex. father-in-law’s hobby

Lewis and Clark’s expeditionKimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


Pronoun

• A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or of more than one noun.

• Ex. – Angelo borrowed a hammer and some nails. He will return them tomorrow.



Antecedent

• The word that a pronoun stands for is called the antecedent.

• In the preceding example, Angelo is the antecedent of he, and hammer and nails are the antecedents of them.



Types of Pronouns

• Personal

• Reflexive

• Intensive

• Relative

• Interrogative

• Demonstrative

• IndefiniteKimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


Personal Pronouns

Singular Plural

1st I, me, my, mine we, our, ours, us

Person

2nd you, your, yours you, your, yours

Person

3rd he, his, him they, their, theirs, them

Person she, her, hers

it, its



Reflexive/Intensive Pronouns

• A reflexive or intensive pronoun is created when the suffix –self or –selves is added to the appropriate personal pronouns.

1. Reflexive (The pronoun stands alone.)

Ex. Carmen hurt herself.

2. Intensive (The pronoun is next to another noun or pronoun.)

Ex. Carmen herself was not hurt.Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


Relative Pronoun

• A relative pronoun introduces a subordinate (dependent) clause.

Who Which

Whose That

Whom



Interrogative Pronouns

• An interrogative pronoun introduces a question.

Who Which

Whom What

Whose



Demonstrative Pronouns

• A demonstrative pronoun points out a person, a place, a thing, or an idea.

• The demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these, and those.

• Ex. This is our favorite song by Ella Fitzgerald.

• (Note: If one of these pronouns is before a noun, it is called a demonstrative adjective.)



Indefinite Pronouns

all either much other

another everybody neither several

any everyone nobody some

anybody everything none somebody

anyone few no one someone

anything many nothing something

both more one such

each most



Indefinite Pronouns

• An indefinite pronoun refers to a person, place, idea, or thing that may or may not be specifically named.



Adjectives

• An adjective is a word used to modify a noun or a pronoun.

• To modify means “to describe or make more definite”.



Articles

• A, an, and the are articles.

• Identify articles by placing an orange box around each of them.



Adjectives

• Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns by telling which one, what kind, how many.



Which one?

• This street

• Those cars

• First step

• Last one



What kind?

• Brown shoes

• Large animal

• Narrow road

• Nice person



How many?

• Ten boxes

• Several boxes

• Fewer mistakes

• Many students



Adjectives

• Adjectives usually precede the words they modify.

• Ex. The wild and graceful deer ran through the forest.



Adjectives

• For emphasis, however, adjectives are sometimes placed after the words they modify.

• The deer, wild and graceful, ran through the forest.



Adjective Suffixes

• Common adjective suffixes include:

-able (tolerable) -en (wooden)

-ible (possible) -ful (thankful)

-ate (desolate, separate) -less (hopeless)

-esque (picturesque) -some (lonesome)

-ousKimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


Prepositions

• A preposition is a word used to show the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence.

• Think about the squirrel and the tree!!!!



Prepositions

About at but (concerning)Above before byAcross behind concerningAfter below downAgainst beneath duringAlong beside exceptAmid besides forAmong between fromAround beyond in



More Prepositions

into since until

like through unto

of throughout up

off to upon

on toward with

over under within

past underneath without



Conjunctions

• A conjunction is a word that joins words or groups of words.

• There are three kinds of conjunctions:

1. coordinating conjunctions

2. correlative conjunctions

3. subordinating conjunctions



Coordinating Conjunctions

• A coordinating conjunction connects words or groups of words used in the same way.

and or yet

but nor so

for



Correlative Conjunctions

• Correlative conjunctions are pairs of

conjunctions that connect words or groups of words used in the same way.

*Both . . . and

*Either . . . or

*Neither . . . nor

*Not only . . . but

*Whether . . . orKimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


Subordinating Conjunctions

• A subordinating conjunction begins a subordinate (dependent) clause and connects it to an independent clause.



Subordinating Conjunctions

after because since

although before so that

as even though than

as if how that

as much as if though

as though in order that unless

as well as provided untilKimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


More Subordinating Conjunctions

when

whenever

where

wherever

whether

while

whyKimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


Verbs

• A verb is a word used to express action or a state of being.



Forms of Be

• There are eight forms of the verb –BE.

am was be

is were been

are being



Linking Verbs

am appear grow seem tasteis become look smell turnare feel remain soundwas staywerebebeenbeingKimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.


Verb Phrases

• A verb phrase consists of a main verb and at least one helping verb. As many as three helping verbs may precede the main verb.



Helping Verbs

am could do have can will

is would did has may shall

are should does had might

was must

were

be

been

being


Find the verbs in the following sentences:

• 1. The modern shopping center is a response to the migration to the suburbs that began after World War II and is continuing.

• 2. We have tens of thousands of shopping centers in this country, and many more are on the architects’ drawing boards.

• 3. With art galleries, theaters, concerts, and festivals, the big shopping centers are also cultural centers.


Verbs – continued

• 4. A typical center contains acres of parking space and scores of stores where one can buy almost anything.

• 5. A whole town may rapidly develop around a new shopping center, and the center then becomes the downtown area of the community.

• 6.Because most shoppers are busy people, architects design the centers for efficiency.


Verbs – continued

• 7. Parking spaces are ample, and people can move quickly from store to store.

• 8. The variety of stores interest shoppers who enjoy bargain hunting, but because most stores in a shopping center cater to people of the same income level, prices actually do not vary greatly.

• 9. Although the primary aim of shopping centers is convenience, they also provide recreation and entertainment.



Action Verbs

• Action verbs fall into two categories:

1. Transitive

2. Intransitive



Transitive Verbs

• A transitive verb is an action verb that takes an object (a word that tells who or what receives the action. The object is either a noun or pronoun.)

Ex. Everyone (in the school) cheered the football team.**To find the object, ask who? or what? after the verb.



Intransitive Verbs

• An intransitive verb is an action verb that does not take an object.

• Ex. The gorilla smiled. Suddenly, the child next door screamed.



Adverbs

• An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.



Adverbs

• An adverb may tell how, when, where, or to what extent (how often or how much).

Ex. She drives carefully. (tells how she drives)

She drives early and late. (tells when)

She drives everywhere. (tells where)

She can almost drive. (tells to what extent)

She drives daily. (tells how often)Kimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.

Adverbs may modify verbs.

• Teresa spoke eloquently. (The adverb eloquently modifies the verb spoke, telling how.)

• Have you heard this melody before? (The adverb before modifies the verb phrase Have heard, telling when.)


Adverbs may modify adjectives.

• Sherry is quite creative. (The adverb quite modifies the adjective creative, telling to what extent.

• The species is found on an extremely remote island. (The adverb extremely modifies the adjective remote, telling to what extent.)


Adverbs may modify other adverbs.

• Jackie Joyner-Kersee runs remarkably swiftly. (The adverb remarkably modifies the adverb swiftly, telling to what extent.)

• It is too soon (to know the results). (The adverb too modifies the adverb soon, telling to what extent.)



Adverbs

• Most adverbs end in –ly.

• Common adverbs include:

no very still

not almost too

never always well

n’tKimmeavy, James L. and John E. Warriner. Elements of Writing: Complete Course. Austin: Holt, 1998.

N’t, Not, Very

• Remember: N’t, not and very are always adverbs. They tell to what extent.


Noun or Adverb??

• Some words that are often used as nouns may also be used as adverbs.

• My parents left yesterday. (The noun yesterday is used as an adverb telling when.)

• They will return home Saturday. (The noun home is used as an adverb telling where. The noun Saturday is used as an adverb telling when.)


Preposition or Adverb???

• Some of the words that are commonly used as prepositions may also be used as adverbs. Keep in mind that an adverb is a modifier and that it does not have an object. Prepositions always have objects.

• Jerry will meet you outside at noon. (Outside modifies will meet.)

• I will meet you (outside the library). (Outside introduces

a prepositional phrase and has an object, library.



Interjection

• An interjection is a word that expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to other words in the sentence.

• Examples: Oh! My goodness! Hurry!

• Interjections are sometimes followed by an exclamation point. (!)


Interjections

1. “Use an exclamation point after a command, an interjection, an exclamation, or some other expression of strong emotion” (Barron’s 91).

• Use a comma to set off mild interjections such as the word well (Hacker 69).

• Ex. Well, I guess I’ll go with you to the game.

teaching method developed by vicki schmitt - 1994 the parts of speech noun verbpreposition pronoun...

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