teaching and learning with technology allyn and bacon 2002 theoretical foundations chapter 1...

Allyn and Bacon 2002Teaching and Learning with Technology

Theoretical Foundations

Chapter 1

Teaching and Learning with Technology

Teaching and Learning with Technology Allyn and Bacon 2002

What is Educational Technology?

• Educational technology is any technology used by educators in support of the teaching and learning process

• Educators study educational technology in order to have a sound foundation in the technologies needed to teach

• NETS-T standards articulate what teachers and students should know about technology


Educational Technology & Instruction

• Educational technologies are the tools teachers use to create an effective instructional event

• An instructional event includes all activities that promote the transfer of knowledge and/or skills in the learning environment

• The learning environment includes the physical and non-physical aspects of the area in which the instructional event takes place


About Learning

• A variety of theories explain how people learn• Each theory offers a different perspective on

learning• Some theories may be contradictory• Each teacher must personally decide which

theory he or she agrees with


Learning Theories

Learning as Communication• Knowledge is transferred by sending a

message from sender to receiver• Receiver then returns feedback to sender• Sender receives feedback• All messages are impacted by variables that

may alter the pure meaning of the intended message


Learning Theories

Environmental Factors

Psychological Factors

Personal Filters

Factors Affecting Learning


Learning Theories

Environmental Factors• Any factor in the environment that may cause

a learner to lose focus• Environmental conditions can block

communications• Lighting, movement, temperature may all

interfere with communications


Learning Theories

Psychological Factors• Unique individual differences that define and

impact reception of communicated information

• Emotional state may interfere with message reception

• Learning styles (preferred sensory gateways) may interfere with transmission


Learning Theories

Personal Filters• Individual’s values, heritage, and belief

system that may alter intended messages• May include attitudes, cultural differences,

and opinions• Filters are present in both sender and

receiver


Learning Theories

Behaviorists• All behavior is a response to external stimuli• Students learn (acquire behaviors, skills and

knowledge) in response to rewards and punishments

• Learning is a passive response to the environment


Learning Theories

Cognitivists• Focus is on learning as a mental operation• Information enters through senses, is

mentally manipulated, stored and used• Learning is explained in terms of how one

thinks• Believe learning is more complex than simple

behavioristic responses


Learning Theory

Constructivists• Knowledge is constructed as a result of the

learning process and is unique to the person who constructs it

• Learning happens when knowledge is assimilated or accomodated (Piaget)

• Knowledge may be constructed best in a social context


The Learner

Cognitive Styles• The manner in which one thinks and

interprets the environment• Myers-Briggs helps to determine cognitive

preferences• Understanding cognitive styles helps

teachers create a supportive instructional environment


The Learner

Learning Styles• Conditions under which one learns best• Relates to individual sensory dominance• Auditory learners learn best by listening• Visual learners learn best by seeing• Kinesthetic/Tactile learners learn best by

doing and touching


The Learner

Intelligence• Inherent capabilities to learn and understand• Standford-Binet IQ tests emphasize verbal

and mathematical abilities• Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence theory

suggests everyone has some degree of each of nine types of intelligence


The Learner

Multiple Intelligences• Verbal-Linguistic• Mathematical-

Logical• Musical• Visual-Spatial• Bodily-Kinesthetic

• Interpersonal• Intrapersonal• Naturalistic• Existential


Teaching and Learning

• Teaching is a systematic planned sequence of events

• Teaching is a process that communication of ideas and skills

• Teaching takes into account individual and environmental factors related to the learner

• Skilled teachers are aware of learning theories and learner characteristics that impact the process


Teaching and Learning

• Technology is a component of the teaching and learning process

• Educational technology includes any resource used to facilitate teaching and learning

• This view of technology has been an evolution consistent with the evolution of learning theories


Educational Technology

An Historical Overview• The audio-visual movement began in the

early 1900s with the advent of movies• Slides, radio, sound recordings were added in

the 1920s-1930s to support the wars• Television drove audio-visuals in the 1950s



An Historical Overview• In the 1960s A-V was expanded to a broader

systems view • By the 1970s educational technology was

redefined to include all types of learning resources and systems

• With the advent of the computer in the 1980s, educational technology entered the Digital Age



Today• The systems view of educational technology

embraces all media and systems that support the teaching and learning process

• Each teacher must decide how to best utilize technology in support of his or her students

teaching and learning with technology allyn and bacon 2002 theoretical foundations chapter 1...

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