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TCI-GuidetoItsDevelopmentandUse

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THE TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER INVENTORY (TCI) :A GUIDE TO ITS DEVELOPMENT AND USE

by

C. Robert Cloninger, MD

Thomas R. Przybeck, PhD

Dragan M. Svrakic, MD, PhD

Richard D. Wetzel, PhD

Center for Psychobiology of Personality Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 1994

The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) :A Guide to Its Development and Use

Copyright © 1994 by C. R. CloningerAll rights reserved.Printed in the United States of AmericaFirst Edition

Center for Psychobiology of Personality4940 Children's Place, St. Louis, Missouri 63110

The temperament and character inventory (TCI) : a guide to its development and use / by C.Robert Cloninger, Thomas R. Przybeck, Dragan M. Svrakic, Richard D. Wetzel.

p. em.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-9642917-03 (hardback); 0-9642917-1-1 (paperback)1. Personality Inventory--statistical and numerical data. 2. Temperament. 3. Character.

4. Personality Disorders-diagnosis. 5. Personality Disorders-therapy. 6. Mental Disorders-­diagnosis. 7. Mental Disorders--treatment. 8. Psychometrics. 7. Reference Values. I. Cloninger,C. Robert, 1944- .11. Przybeck, Thomas Richard. III. Sr. Svrakic, Dragan M.IV. Wetzel, RichardDenney. V. Title.Ubrary of Congress Catalog Card Number: 94-67965

WM 145 C644t 1994

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in anyform or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the priorpermission of C. R. Cloninger.

Copies of the publication may be ordered directly from the Center for Psychobiology ofPersonality, 4940 Children1s Place, St. Louis, MO 63110 by mail, or telephone 314-362-7005 ortelefax 314-362-5594.

1

OUTLINE

Section 1: General Descriptive Overview1. Introduction 9

2. Administering and Scoring the TCI .113. Theoretical Development of the TCI 15

4. Basic Description of the Trait Scales 195. Configural Analysis of the TCI: Classification and Description

of Profile Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

6. Use in Clinical Assessment and Treatment Planning 0 ••••45

Section 2: Psychometric and Normative Data7. Construction and Selection of TCI Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

8. Reliability and Validity Indicators 75

9. Norms and Demographic Correlates of the TCI 8510. Factor Structure in Normative Populations 93

11. Relations to Alternative Models of Personality . . . . . . . . . 97

Section 3: Clinical & Epidemiological Applications12. Applications in Anxiety Disorders ....................................107

13. Applications in Mood Disorders 111

14. Applications in Eating Disorders 11715. Applications in Cigarette Smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119

16. Applications in Alcohol and Drug Abuse 12117. Applications in Personality Disorders .127

18. Applications in Sampling Evaluation 131

Section 4: Neurobiological Applications19. Quantitative Genetic Findings 133

20. Brain Imaging and Neurocognitive Correlates 137

21. Neurochemical and Neuroendocrine Correlates 147

Section 5: Reference Information22. Translations of the TCI Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15523. Appendix 1 TCI!fPQ Item Concordance Keyed to TCI Version 9 0 •••157

24. Appendix 2 Standardized Scores and Percentile Ranks ~ .161

25. Bibliography of reports about the TCI 165

Table 2.1Table 2.2Table 4.1Table 4.2Table 4.3Table 4.4Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3Table 5.4Table 5.5Table 5.6Table 5.7Table 5.8Table 5.9

Table 5.10

Table 5.11

Table 5.12

Table 5.13

Table 5.14

Table 5.15

Table 5.16

Table 5.17

Table 5.18Table 5.19

Table 5.20

LIST OF TABLES

Different Versions of the TCI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11The TCI and TPQ Scales and Subscales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Temperament & Character Descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19High Score Descriptors of Character Dimensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Low Score Descriptors of Character Dimensions 21Correlations of TCI Self-Report Scores 22Ousters of Personality Traits Associated with Various Combinations ofBasic Stimulus-Response Characteristics 32Basic Stimulus-Response Characteristics of Traditional PersonalityCategories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Personality Ousters Associated with Traditional Categories 33Cut off Scores for Temperament Typology. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • • 34Distribution of Temperament Types in a National Sample 34Distribution of Personality Types in a Community Sample 35Distribution of Personality Types in an Inpatient Sample 0 •••••• 36Distribution of Personality Types in an Outpatient Sample 36Stability of Oassification into High and Low Scorers: Median Splits intest retest over six months . . . . . . . . . . 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 38Stability of Oassification into High, Average, and Low Scorers:Three group splits in test retest over six months. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Stability with Harm Avoidance Divided into Six Groups: Six monthfollow up of National Probability sample 39Stability with Harm Avoidance Divided into Six Groups: Six monthfollow up of psychiatric inpatients 0 •••••• 39Stability with Novelty Seeking Divided into Six Groups: Six monthfollow up of national probability sample . . . . . . . . . . 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • 0 • • 40Stability with Novelty Seeking Divided into Six Groups: Six monthfollow up of psychiatric inpatients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 0 40Stability with Reward Dependence Divided into Six Groups: Six monthfollow up of national probability sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Stability with Reward Dependence Divided into Six Groups: Six monthfollow up of psychiatric inpatients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Stability of Temperament Types According to Type and Severity: Sixmonth retest in the National Area Probability Sample 0 42Distribution of Personality Types and Immature Character 42Distribution of Personality Types, Mature Character and PD inPsychiatric Inpatients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Distribution of Personality Types, Mature Character and PD inPsychiatric Outpatients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

2

Table 5.21

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3Table 6.4Table 6.5Table 6.6Table 6.7Table 6.8Table 8.1

Table 8.2Table 8.3

Table 8.4

Table 8.5Table 8.6Table 8.7

Table 8.8Table 8.9

Table 8.10Table 8.11

Table 8.12Table 9.1Table 9.2Table 9.3Table 9.4

Table 9.5Table 9.6Table 10.1Table 10.2Table 10.3

3

Relative Risk of Immature Character as a Function of TemperamentType in a General Community Sample. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Distribution of Differences Between Two Self Reports Separatedby Six Months: TPQ in a national area probability sample 46Distribution of Differences Between Two Self Reports Separatedby Six Months: TCI in psychiatric inpatients 47TO Scores for Case 1 49TCI Scores for Case 2 52TCI Scores for Case 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56TCI Scores for Case 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60TCI Scores for Case 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64TCI Scores for Case 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Distribution of TCI Validity Indicators in 803 College Students andPsychiatric Inpatients 75Correlations (x100) Among TCI Validity Scales 76Correlations (x100) of Validity Scales with Personality Scales in803 College Students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Correlations (x100) of Validity Scales with Personality Scales in136 Psychiatric Inpatients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Description of Response Set Profiles on the TCI Validity Scales 78Personality Types and Validity Scores in College Students (N =803) 79Cronbach's Alpha for TPQ Scales and Sub Scales in a NationalProbability Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80TCI Scales: Cronbach Alphas 81Test retest Correlations for TPQ in National Area Probability Sample(Six month interval) Test retest Correlations for TPQ in DepressedOutpatients (Three month interval) . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Test retest Correlations for TCI in Inpatients (Six month interval) 82Test retest Correlations for TCI in Psychiatric Outpatients(Six month interval) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

TPQ Scores and Interviewer Rating of Personality Dimensions 83TPQ Scale and Subscale Means in a National Probability Sample 85Correlations Between TPQ Scales, Social Desirability, IQ and Education 86TPQ Scale and Subscale Means in Two Large Samples 88TCI Score Distribution in Different Age Groups in aCommunity Sample Mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89TCI Score Distribution in Different Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90TCI 125 Score Distribution in Different Samples 91Factor Loadings of TPQ Subscales in 3 Factor Solution 93Factor Loadings of TPQ Subscales in 4 Factor Solution 94Correlations Among Character Subscales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Table 10.4

Table 10.5Table 10.6Table 11.1

Table 11.2Table 11.3

Table 11.4

Table 11.5

Table 11.6

Table 11.7

Table 11.8

Table 11.9

Table 11.10

Table 11.11

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 12.3

Table 13.1

Table 13.2

Table 13.3

Table 13.4

Table 13.5

Factor Structure of Three Higher Order CharacterDimensions (promax rotation) ~ 95Correlations Among TO Temperament and Character Scales 95Factor Structure of the TCI Subscales (Rotation by Promax) 96Correlations (x100) Between Cloninger's TPQ Temperament Dimensions andSchalling's Karolinska Scales of Personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Joint Factor Analysis of TPQ, EPQ, and KSP Scales 98Correlations of TPQ Dimensions, Sensation Seeking Subscales,CPI Socialization, and Alcohol related Variables in 298 College Students .... 99Standardized Regression of Novelty Seeking Subscales on SensationSeeking Subscales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 100Standardized Regression of Harm Avoidance Subscales on SensationSeeking Subscales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Correlations (x100) of Four Temperament Factors of TPQ with OtherPersonality Tests in a Sample of 173 Male Drug Abusing Volunteers 101Correlations (x100) ofTPQ Dimensions With Other Personality Scalesin 377 Male Undergraduate Psychology Students 0 •••• 103Correlations (x1OO) ofTPQ Dimensions With Other Personality Scalesin 430 Female Undergraduate Psychology Students 0 ••• 0 0 ••• 104Loadings (x100) of Primary Factors of Tellegen's MultidimensionalPersonality Questionnaire on Four factor Structure of the TPQ in aGeneral Population Sample 105Joint Factor Analysis of TPQ and MMPI in a Sample of 88 PsychiatricInpatients. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 • • • 105Correlations Among Seven Temperament and Character InventoryDimensions and Components of Eysenck's and Noman's Models Along withDescriptors that Discriminate Each Significant Factorial Combination 106TPQ Temperament Profile of Patients with Different Anxiety DisordersCompared to General Population Controls 108TPQ Temperament Profile of Patient with Different Anxiety DisordersCompared to General Population Controls (possey et al) 109TPQ Profiles of Chronic Anxiety Disorder Patients in Barcelona,Spain (Canete, 1993) 0 109TPQ Temperament Profile of Patients With Different Mood DisordersCompared to General Population Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 • • 0 • 111TPQ Temperament Scores of Outpatients With Major Depression inItaly According to Suicide Attempts and Type of Mood Disorder 112TPQ Temperament Scores of Outpatients With Major Depression inItaly According to Suicide Attempts and type of Mood Disorder ..... 0 ••• 0 113TPQ Temperament Scores of Outpatients with Major Depression who did ordid not Respond to a Standard Antidepressant Treatment Protocol 0 113Antidepressant Treatment Outcome by Temperament Profile Type 114

4

Table 13.6

Table 14.1Table 14.2

Table 15.1

Table 15.2

Table 15.3

Table 16.1

Table 16.2

Table 16.3Table 16.4

Table 16.5

Table 16.6Table 16.7Table 16.8Table 17.1

Table 17.2

Table 17.3

Table 17.4

Table 18.1

Table 18.2

Table 19.1

5

Correlations ofAnxiety and Depression (measured by MAACL R) with TCIHarm Avoidance and Self Directedness and Partial Regressions ofAnxietyand Depression on Personality in 100 College Students 115TPQ Temperament Profiles of Patients with Subtypes of Eating Disorders 117Classification Accuracy of Classification of Four Psychometric BatteriesVia Discriminant Analysis in Women with Eating Disorders 118Temperament Profile of Cigarette Smokers Without Associatedpsychiatric Disorder 119Relationship of Temperament to Nicotine Dependence or DifficultyStopping Smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Temperament Correlates of Cigarette Smoking History in 1989Australian Twin Cohort Using Short Form of TPQ 120TPQ Mean Scores in 257 Inpatients Recruited from Chemicaldependency Treatment Units in Oklahoma 121Relationship of TPQ to Antisocial Behavior and Alcohol Subtypein 303 Male Veterans Hospitalized for Alcohol Dependence 122TPQ Mean Scores in Type 1 and Type 2 Alcoholic Men in Indianapolis 122TPQ (version 2) Scores in Sons (A+) ofAlcoholic Fathers Selectedfor Type 1 Feature of at Least Two Years of Sobriety and Sons (A)of Fathers with no Personal or Family History ofAlcoholism 123Relationship of TPQ (version 2) Dimensions to Personal Diagnosis ofAntisocial Personality Disorders (ASP+), Family History ofAlcoholism(FH+) in 91 Young Men Volunteering for Research in Responseto Advertisements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124q>rrelation ofAlcohol Abuse with Temperament 125Correlation of Temperament with Number ofAlcohol Symtoms 125Correlation of Current Drinking Frequency with Temperament 126Correlations Between the TCI Scales and the Total Number of Symptoms ofPersonality Disorders (PD) for DSM llIR Clusters A,B,C, and Total 127Correlations Between TCI Scales and Number of Symptoms forIndividual POs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Inpatients: Total Number of Interview PO Symptoms Predicted by TCIand NEO (controlling for age and depression) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Outpatients: Total n self report PO Symptoms Predicted by TCI(controlling for age, depression, and anxiety). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Mean TPQ (version 4) Scores in the General Population andVarious Groups Selected as Normal Controls in Research: Populationbased groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Mean TPQ (version ·4) Scores in the General Population and VariousGroups Selected as Normal Controls in Research: Self-selected(volunteer) groups 132Estimates of Broad Heritability of TPQ Temperament Dimensionsin 2680 Australian Twin Pairs Uncorrected for Reliability for theShort Form 133

Table 19.2Table 19.3

Table 19.4

Table 20.1

Table 20.2

Table 20.3

Table 20.4

Table 20.5

Table 20.6

Table 20.7

Table 20.8

Table 21.1

Table 21.2

Table 21.3

Table 21.4

Table 21.5Table 21.6

Table 21.7

6

Twin Correlations for TPQ Personality Scales VIrginia AARP Sample 134Genetic Correlations (xl00) and Phenotypically Standardized GeneticCovariance Among TPQ Temperament Dimensions in VIrginiaAARP Twin Sample. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Environment Correlations (xl00) and Phenotypically StandardizedEnvironmental Covariances Among TPQ Temperament Dimensionsin VIrginia AARP Twin Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135TCI Correlates of Regional Brain Blood Flow at Restin 13 Healthy Volunteers 137TPQ Correlates of Striatal Fluorodopa Uptake into the Striatum inNine Patients with Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease 137Spearman Correlations of TPQ Scores and Stimulus Intensity Dependenceof Dipole Source Activity for the Nl/P2 Auditory Evoked Potentialin 16 Healthy Male Volunteers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficients Between Temperament Scalesand Neurocognitive Performance Mter placebo in 17 Healthy Volunteers.... 139Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficients Between Temperament Scalesand Neurocognitive Performance in 17 Healthy Volunteers UnderbllauenceofAmphetmrnne 140Spearman Correlations Between TPQ Temperament Scores andMood Ratings After Placebo and After Amphetamine in 17 .Healthy Volunteers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Pearson Correlations Between TPQ Temperament Scores and thePosner Validity Effect on Reaction Time in a VISual Spatial AttentionTask in Heathy College Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Pearson correlations between TPQ Temperament Scores and theNeurocognitive Performance in 95 Convicted Felons 144Neurochemical Correlates of Temperament Observed in Studiesof Blood Platelet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148Temperament Correlates of Neuroendocrine Response to Challenge byClomipramine in 32 Healthy Volunteers 148Temperament Correlates of Neuroendocrine Response to Challenge byDrugs that Increase Dopaminergic Activity, release serotonin, orReduce Release of Norepinephrine Acutely in 20 Social Phobicsand 22 Heathy Volunteers 149Neuroendocrine and Physiological Responses to Five Doses of aHallucinogen and Serotonin 1Agonist, Dimethyltryptmrnne in10 Experienced Hallucinogen Users 0 •••••••••••••••••• 150Neuroendocrine Correlates of Temperament in 96 Depressed Outpatients ... 150Pearson Correlation Coefficients Between Temperament andNeurobiological Variables at Baseline and Mter Fenfluramine Challengein 20 Heathy Volunteers 0 ••••••••••••••••••••• 152Multiple Regression of Temperament on Neurobiological Variables in20 Heathy Volunteers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

7

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 5.1 Interaction of two personality dimensions, Novelty Seekingand Harm Avoidance 29

Figure 5.2 Interaction of two personality dimensions, Reward Dependence andHarm. Avoidance .30

Figure 5.3 Interaction of two personality dimensions, Novelty Seeking andReward Dependence .31

Figure 8.1 Temperament and Character Inventory (ver. 9) 84

Figure 9.1 Relationship of age to Self-Directedness (SD) subscales scoresin quintiles of 300 individuals from the general community 87

Figure 9.2 Relationship of age to Cooperativeness (C) subscale scores inquintiles of 300 individuals from the general community 87

Figure 9.3 Relationship of age to Self-Transcendence (ST) subscale scores inquintiles of 300 individuals from the general community 0 •••••• 87

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For more information, please contact the Center for Well-Being by phone at +1-314-362-7005 or email psychwellbeing@psychiatry.wustl.edu.

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