tazewell - evs 12-7-11.ppt€¦ · energy office •cfat provides education, outreach and sub award...
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Electric VehiclesHouse Select Committee on Energy Independence & Alternative Fuels
Anne TazewellTransportation Program Manager
December 7, 2011
NC Solar Center• Part of the College of Engineering at NC
State University, • grant /contract/state appropriated
funding• Created in 1988 & serves as
clearinghouse for information, training, technical assistance deployment, demonstration and applied research
• Example programs: renewable energy, sustainable building, industrial efficiency , and clean transportation
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This Presentation
• Why electric vehicles?• Overview of hybrid and electric vehicles• EV Support• Resources
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Why Electric Vehicles?
Electric motors are far more efficient than internal combustion engines. For example with gasoline engines up to 33% of the fuel energy is lost in exhaust emissions alone. Electric vehicles have zero tail pipe emissions!
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• Over 50% of oil used in U.S. is imported.
• This equates to $1B spent per day on imported petroleum
• Transportation accounts for 2/3 of U.S. oil use.
• Gasoline accounts for 2/3 of oil used in transportation.
Source Energy Information Agency http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publications/oil_market_basics/demand_text.htm#U.S.%20Consumption%20by%20sector
Petroleum Consumption
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• PNNL study concluded half of oil imports could be displaced with 73% fleet adoption of PHEVs
From Pacific Northwest National Lab report "Impacts Assessment of Plug‐in Hybrid", Kintner‐Meyer et. al., 2006 http://energyenvironment.pnnl.gov/ei/pdf/PHEV_Economic_Analysis_Part2_Final.pdf
Petroleum Reduction
EV Benefits• Lower operational costs‐ $.50‐.70 per gallon equivalent‐ Reduced maintenance
• Improved air quality‐ Over 3,042,647 NC residents have health problems that can be attributed to and/or aggravated by poor air quality
Lower Cost
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CV disease 1,742,726
Chronic bronchitis, asthma
& emphysema 840,175
Diabetes 459,746
American Lung Association 2011 State of the Air Reporthttp://www.stateoftheair.org/2011/states/north‐carolina
Neighborhood Electrics (NEVs)• NEVs can fulfill many tasks especially in urban centers, campus
environments, etc.• Range is typically 30 to 50 miles/charge.• Speed limited by federal law to 25 mph, can be driven on
streets zoned up to 35 MPH. • No special recharging
infrastructure required. Can be plugged into 110 outlet.
• May have A/C or D/C drive systems.
• Most have lead/acid batteries, typically on a 72v platform.
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Plug In Hybrid Electric VehiclesWhen the Battery in a PHEV has exhausted its charge the vehicle will become a conventional hybrid!
Plug In Hybrids (PHEV) extend the electric performance of hybrids• PHEVs utilize a lithium‐ion
battery pack and electric motor to propel the vehicle on electricity for 10‐ 40 miles.
• PHEVs can be plugged into a 120 or 240 VAC outlet to receive its charge.
• Range of a PHEV battery is noted in the vehicle description: i.e. Toyota Prius PHEV‐10.
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Slide: Mike Waters, Progress Energy
Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)• Toyota is testing a fleet of
150 PHEVs. These are PHEV‐14 vehicles (14 mile EV range) & are targeted for summer 2012 production with an estimated cost of $28K.
• Progress Energy is evaluating PHEV Ford Escapes.
• Ford C‐Max Energi PHEV slated for production starting late 2012 (electric assisted range unknown) Raleigh is a first market
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Extended Range Electric Vehicles (EREV)
• Volt is unique; it is an EREV, not a PHEV. Capable of going in all electric mode for up to 40 miles and has back up gasoline generator to extend range 300+ miles when needed.
• Production start date: Nov 2010. GM has delivered over 6,000 as of Nov 2011 and will ramp up to 30,000 by 2012.
• MSRP $32,780 ( after $7,500 fed tax credit)
• 340v lithium‐ion batteries
• 1.4 liter gasoline engine
• Engine only generates electricity, not connected to drive train.
• This differentiates it from a hybrid.
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Battery Electric Vehicles (EV or BEV) • EVs operate only batteries alone.• EVs require inverter, converter &
electronics similar to hybrids ( No ICE!).• Nissan’s LEAF was the first large volume
manufacturer on the market.• Lithium batteries provide a range of 70‐
100 miles depending on many factors (weather, terrain, etc.)
• LEAF‐ MSRP $35,000 production began in Dec 2010, over 8,700 units sold to date.
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PHEV or EREV ALL ELECTRICPr
oduc
tion
Dem
o/C
once
pt
GM PHEV Chevrolet Volt
Ford Escape PHEVVW Golf TwinDrive
Toyota FT-EV
Mini-E
Mitsubishi iMIEV
Chrysler/Fiat EV Subaru R1eBMW Concept
Hyundai Blue-Will Volvo C30Kia Ray Mercedes BlueCell
Cadillac ConverjBYD 3DFM
Ford TransitConnect
Nissan Leaf?Toyota Prius?
TeslaFisker Karma
Smart
Tesla Model S
Ford Focus
Plug Ins Planned: Next 3 Years
Mike Waters, Advanced Transportation, Progress Energy
Heavy Duty Hybrids & Electrics
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• Trucks & buses that stop & go frequently & vehicles that idle to operate on board equipment are an excellent applications for hybrids
‐ Design Line hybrid & electric buses are manufactured in Charlotte NC
‐ Freightliner Business Class M2 hybrid trucks made in Mt Holly, NC
‐ Thomas Built hybrid school buses made in High Point, NC
Partnerships Are Important• NC Solar Center’s Clean Fuel Advanced Technology Project (CFAT) 2006‐2012 is sponsored by NC DOT ( $3M) with an additional $400,000 contributed by State Division of Air Quality and State Energy Office
• CFAT provides education, outreach and sub award grant funding for emission reduction projects. Project grant recipients also contribute significantly. While only 20% cost share was required on average 40% of total project costs was contributed by CFAT 2006‐2010 emission reduction grant recipients.
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NCSC CFAT Projects: HEVs & EVs*Provides up to 80% of vehicle and infrastructure costs based on emissions benefits 33 Hybrid vehicles ( heavy duty & passenger)Big Boys Truck Stop, Kenly NC electrification project ( 24 spaces)35 Neighborhood Electric Vehicles2 electric passenger vehicles 8 EV charging stations
*FFY 2013‐2015 will only cover incremental cost difference between HEV or EV & conventional vehicles
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Potential Growth in EV MarketVarious PEV market share estimates based on:‐ scenarios for future oil prices
‐ State and federal incentives
‐ How vehicle manufacturers respond to increased fuel economy requirements
EPA & NHTSA are coordinating CO2 and CAFE standards for MY 2017-25- Proposing that manufacturers get extra credit for EVs in meeting fleet wide fuel economy standards
Summary: Opportunities & Challenges
• Electric drive platforms (hybrid, PHEV, EREV, EV) provide much greater efficiency than conventional vehicles.
• On the order of 25% for hybrids, 60% for EVs• Adoption of electric drives strongly incentivized by federal energy
policy. Currently up to $7,500 for EVs• Supply and cost of rare earths for electric motors and *lithium for
batteries are some challenges.• National electrical grid needs to become “smart” to take FULL
advantage of all that EVs can provide to support air quality and energy independence initiatives
* Lithium production is expanding in NC!
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To Learn More
• NC Solar Center www.cleantransportation.org• Advanced Energy www.advancedenergy.org/transportation/• Triangle Clean Cities www.trianglecleancities.org• Go Electric Drive goelectricdrive.com/• U.S. DOE Alternative Fuels Advanced Vehicle Data Center
www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/electricity.html
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