taxonomy(and(botany( rivannamaster(naturalists( · biological classification of flowering dogwood...
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Taxonomy and Botany Rivanna Master Naturalists
• March 24, 2015
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Taxonomy
• Taxonomy: the science of discovering, describing, naming, & classifying life
• classification systems: – early humans: utility (plants: good food,
poisonous, other uses such as medicinal) – horticulturalists: “woodies”(trees and shrubs),
annuals, perennials
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MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
Goal: Categorize life based upon evoluOonary relaOonships
• Before DNA analysis, morphological, chemical, other available informaOon used in classificaOon.
• Now, use molecular data, primarily DNA, led to much re-‐classificaOon of living things. Example: birds in Australia
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Australian fairy-‐wren
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Flowering dogwood: classificaOon
• Add photo of Flowering dogwood
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Biological classification of Flowering Dogwood
• Kingdom: Plantae Division: Anthophyta
Class: Angiospermae Order: Cornales
Family: Cornaceae Genus: Cornus Species: florida
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Common vs scienOfic name
Flowering dogwood: Cornus florida Humans: Homo sapiens Binomial system of nomenclature:
Genus and species name IdenOficaOon using dichotomous key
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Erythronium americanum Common Names
• Trout lily • Fawn lily • Adder’s tongue • Dog-‐tooth violet
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Six kingdoms
• Archaebacteria • Eubacteria • ProOsta • Fungi • Animalia • Plantae
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Kingdom: Archaebacteria
• most ancient bacteria • Grow in harsh environments: heat, saline
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Kingdom Eubacteria
• More advanced bacteria
• Some photosyntheOc
• Some can “fix” Nitrogen change gas to nitrates; live in root nodules in bean family
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Kingdom Fungi
• Mushrooms, molds, lichens
• Mycorrhizae associated with roots of vascular plants for mutual aid
• Lichens: alga + fungus: extreme environments: deserts, polar, high elevaOon; SensiOve to pollutants in air
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SOnky squid fungus
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Kingdom ProOsta
• Algae: red, green, brown; seaweeds
• Protozoa: usually one-‐celled: Paramecium, Amoeba, Euglena
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ProOsta: green algae
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ProOsta: Amoeba
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Kingdom Animalia
• Invertebrates: sponges through starfish
• Vertebrates: lampreys and fish through mammals including humans
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Flatworms: Planaria
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Annelida: Polychaete worm
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Phylum Arthropoda
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Echinodermata: Feather star
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Invertebrates
• Stay tuned…will be shown during Michelle’s Ecology presentaOon
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Chordata: vertebrates
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Kingdom Plantae
• Non-‐vascular: Bryophytes: mosses, liverworts, hornworts
• Vascular (specialized Ossue that conducts water, minerals, sugars)
a. Seedless: ferns, club mosses horse tails b. Seed plants
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Non-‐vascular: Moss (and Moss ManOs)
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Vascular, seedless: Fern
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Vascular, seedless: Club moss
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Seed plants
• Gymnosperms Naked seeds: conifers, gingko
• Angiosperms: Covered seeds: flowering plants
– Monocots: one seed leaf (corn)
– Dicots: two seed leaves (radishes, beans)
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Gingko tree
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Conifer: white pine
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Parts of an Angiosperm
1. Roots: uptake of water, minerals; anchor
2. Stems: support; transport of water, sugars 3. Leaves: Photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide + water in presence of chlorophyll and light yields sugar + water 4. Flowers
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Parts of an Angiosperm
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SecOon through leaf
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Flowers
• Petals or not: depends on method of pollinaOon, wind or animals
• Parts: sepal (calyx), petal (corolla), stamen (male), pisOl (female), receptacle
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Alstromeria
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Spring beauty
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FLOWERING PLANT REPORDUCTION
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Dicot seed: lima bean
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PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
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Nitrogen metabolism
• Plants need N-‐compounds to sustain life. • May take them up as N-‐compounds dissolved in water taken up by roots
• Some plants including legumes, have evolved symbioOc relaOonships between bacteria that can fix N and themselves. Bacteria housed in nodules of roots
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Nitrogen metabolism N-‐fixing bacteria in nodules of
legume
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PLANT MOVEMENTS
• Plants have no muscles and nerves • All movement by plants are through growth or turgor pressure changes: slow or fast
• Slow: folding of leaves of sensiOve plant, Mimosa
• Fast: Venus fly trap
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Venus fly trap
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Physiology: gefng and using energy
• All living things require energy to maintain life • Energy released by metabolism of food (sugar, etc.)
• Green plants make, then use, their own food • Plants without chlorophyll (such as parasites like Indian pipe) must acquire and digest food
• Animals acquire and digest food
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Photosynthesis requires chlorophyll (green) and many
enzymes
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Plant and animal respiraOon same basic process, including enzymes: sugar + oxygenà CO2 + H2O+
energy (ATP)
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• Chlorophyll can trap sun’s energy, and convert it to chemical energy, which then through complex chemical processes uses that energy to build sugar molecules out of carbon dioxide and water. Enzymes required.
• Burning sugar to release its energy requires complex chemical processes that pick apart sugar, releasing energy stored in its chemical bonds, and used to make ATP. ATP provides energy for cell processes
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Nutrient procurement: Mycorrhizae
• “Fungal roots” associate with plant roots for symbiosis: exchange of nutrients and food
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PLANT GROWTH
• Meristems: source of new cells for plant; somewhat like stem cells in animals
• Apical stem and root meristem: primary growth
• In woody plants also vascular cambium (xylem and phloem) and cork cambium (bark): secondary growth
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PLANT HORMONES
• Regulators of growth • Small quanOOes, but large impact (as in animals)
• Tropisms (Auxins): response to light, gravity, touch
• Gibberellic acid: also growth
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PHLOEM AND XYLEM
• Transport structures in vascular plants • Xylem: dead cells: water transport from roots to stems and leaves
• Phloem: living cells transport sugars throughout the plant from leaves
• Water conservaOon: stomata open and close
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POLLINATION
• Wind: no flower petals needed: many trees, some herbaceous plants (Ragweed!)
• Animals: usually have petals – Call aienOon to flower for reproducOon – Bright colors: “come and get it” – Reward for pollinators: nectar, pollen
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SEED DISPERSAL
• CONTAIN FOOD AND EMBRYO • Move offspring away from parent • Wind: light seeds, usually associated with structure to aid wind: orchids, composites
• Animals: cling to fur, fruit to eat • Explosive dispersal: Touch-‐me-‐not/jewel weed
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DANDELION SEEDS BLOWIN’ IN THE WIND
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Explosive seed dispersal: Jewel weed/touch-‐me-‐not
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Hitchhiker seeds
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CURRENT ISSUES WITH PLANTS
• Habitat destrucOon: huge areas paved or degraded
• Invasive alien plants and animals: killing and damaging individual naOve plants, landscape scale
• Pollinator declines, especially insect pollinators
• Over collecOon: ginseng, black cohosh, orchids, etc.