taxonomy the organizational system that first identifies and then classifies organisms based on...
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CLASSIFYINGLIFE FORMS
TAXONOMY
The organizational system that first identifies and then classifies organisms based on physical similarities
Taxis means order Nomos means law or science
TAXONOMY The field of biology that identifies
organisms by 2 names, genus and species.It also classifies organisms (organizes living things into groups that have biological meaning) based on _____________ ____________.
TAXONOMY The field of biology that identifies
organisms by 2 names, genus and species.It also classifies organisms (organizes living things into groups that have biological meaning) based on
binomial nomenclature.
Carl von Linne (Carolus Linnaeus)
Swedish biologist of mid-1700’s who developed the biological system of classification with seven taxonomic levels
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
• Means “two-part naming”• An organism’s scientific name
consists of:
__________ name (general type)
__________ name (specific type)
Rules for Binomial Nomenclature Always written in LATIN and in italics Genus name is written first and is
capitalized Species name is written second and is not
capitalized
LATIN is used because it is not widely spoken and therefore the meanings of the word are not likely to change.
THREE REASONS FOR CLASSIFICATION
1. A universally accepted name eliminates confusion caused by common name differences– EX: crayfish, crawdad, mudbug
are all common names for….
Cambarus bartoni
Reasons for Classification cont.
2. Organizes large amounts of information into manageable levels
3. Reveals evolutionary relationships between organisms
Other Examples: Ursus horribilis Ailuropoda melanoleuca Canis lupus Felis sylvestris Panthera leo Panthera tigris Homo neanderthalis
Examples: Ursus horribilis – Grizzly Bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca Canis lupus Felis sylvestris Panthera leo Panthera tigris Homo neanderthalis
Examples: Ursus horribilis – Grizzly Bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda Canis lupus Felis sylvestris Panthera leo Panthera tigris Homo neanderthalis
Examples: Ursus horribilis – Grizzly bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda Canis lupus – Gray wolf Felis sylvestris Panthera leo Panthera tigris Homo neanderthalis
Examples: Ursus horribilis – Grizzly bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda Canis lupus – Gray wolf Felis sylvestris - wildcat Panthera leo Panthera tigris Homo neanderthalis
Examples: Ursus horribilis – Grizzly bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda Canis lupus – Gray wolf Felis sylvestris - wildcat Panthera leo - Lion Panthera tigris Homo neanderthalis
Examples: Ursus horribilis – Grizzly bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda Canis lupus – Gray wolf Felis sylvestris - wildcat Panthera leo - Lion Panthera tigris - Tiger Homo neanderthalis
Examples: Ursus horribilis – Grizzly bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda Canis lupus – Gray wolf Felis sylvestris - wildcat Panthera leo - Lion Panthera tigris - Tiger Homo neanderthalis - Neanderthal
Mountain lion, panther, cougar and puma are all common names for…
Felis concolor
Phylogeny
This is the evolutionary tree or history of an organism.
Derived from the Greek words
Phylo meaning tree
Geny meaning descent
Classification is according to genetic relatedness.
Phylogeny
This is becoming more common as genomes are being studied and common genetic arrangements are found between organisms. Fossil evidence is often incomplete so biologists are using more information from genetic mRNA similarities.
Cladistics
This is a part of phylogeny. It organizes life forms to show evolutionary relatedness. Cladograms are a linear, graphic representations of relatedness.
Taxonomy
Still remains the main system for biological classification.
Levels of Classification
Domain - The most recently added 8th taxonomic level, which is even more inclusive than a kingdom
The other seven levels are: Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Kingdom – the broadest, most general group into which the organisms are divided.Have similar characteristics such as: cell structure, level of specialization and method of obtaining nutrients
Species - The most specific unit of classification
Levels of Classification DOMAIN – KINGOM – PHYLUM – CLASS – ORDER – FAMILY – GENUS – SPECIES- Common name-
Levels of Classification DOMAIN – Eukarya Eukarya KINGOM – PHYLUM – CLASS – ORDER – FAMILY – GENUS – SPECIES- Common name-
Levels of Classification DOMAIN – Eukarya Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia Animalia PHYLUM – CLASS – ORDER – FAMILY – GENUS – SPECIES- Common name-
Levels of Classification DOMAIN – Eukarya Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata Chordata CLASS – ORDER – FAMILY – GENUS – SPECIES- Common name-
Levels of Classification DOMAIN – Eukarya Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata Chordata CLASS – Mammalia Mammalia ORDER – FAMILY – GENUS – SPECIES- Common name-
Levels of Classification DOMAIN – Eukarya Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata Chordata CLASS – Mammalia Mammalia ORDER – Primates Perissodactyla FAMILY – GENUS – SPECIES- Common name-
Levels of Classification DOMAIN – Eukarya Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata Chordata CLASS – Mammalia Mammalia ORDER – Primates Perissodactyla FAMILY – Hominidae Equidae GENUS – SPECIES- Common name-
Levels of Classification DOMAIN – Eukarya Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata Chordata CLASS – Mammalia Mammalia ORDER – Primates Perissodactyla FAMILY – Hominidae Equidae GENUS – Homo Equus SPECIES- Common name-
Levels of Classification DOMAIN – Eukarya Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata Chordata CLASS – Mammalia Mammalia ORDER – Primates Perissodactyla FAMILY – Hominidae Equidae GENUS – Homo Equus SPECIES- sapiens caballus Common name-
Levels of Classification DOMAIN – Eukarya Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata Chordata CLASS – Mammalia Mammalia ORDER – Primates Perissodactyla FAMILY – Hominidae Equidae GENUS – Homo Equus SPECIES- sapiens caballus Common name- Humans Domestic Horse
EXCEPTION TO THE RULE
The above categories apply to most, but not all organisms
Plant kingdom is divided into DIVISIONS instead of phylums
Bacteria are divided into groups called STRAINS
Domain ArcheaIncludes Kingdom Archeobacteria –
Found in extreme environments, such
as hotsprings.
KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
Unicellular prokaryotes All autotrophs
EX: all ancient Bacteria Might be the first living organisms Also found around fumarols or black
smokers Called EXTREMOPHILES
Domain Bacteria
Includes Kingdom Eubacteria
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
Unicellular prokaryotes
Some heterotrophs and autotrophs
EX: all bacteria
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
Majority are beneficial to higher life forms Characteristics are: unicellular, prokaryotes,
heterotrophs and autotrophs.
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
Cyanophyta- is a phylum called blue-green algae but is not algae. They get their energy from photosynthesis.
An important producer in salt and fresh water.
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA Stromatolites – are rock formations formed
by fossilized cyanobacteria. As old as 2.8 billion years old (pre-
Cambrian) Possible formers of Earths oxygen
atmosphere May have led to near extinction of
anaerobic organisms Known as Spirulina, a superfood
Domain Eukarya• Includes
Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plants and Animals
• Have a nucleus
KINGDOM PROTISTA
• Unicellular and multicelluar eukaryotes
• Some photosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs
• EX: amoebas, algae, kelp and slime mold
KINGDOM PROTISTA are not:
• Bacteria• Animals• Plants• fungi
KINGDOM PROTISTA are:
• Mostly unicellular• Complex cells• Photosynthetic or decomposers or
predators or a combination of the three
• Some are huge like the kelp forests
KINGDOM FUNGI Unicellular or
multicellular eukaryotes
All heterotrophs EX: molds,
mildews, yeast, mushrooms
KINGDOM FUNGI
Cannot make their own food Mostly decomposers Some slime and water molds are
significant water borne pathogens Some are parasitic
KINGDOM PLANTAE Multicellular eukaryotes Have cell walls All photosynthetic
autotrophs Non-motile EX: mosses, ferns,
flowering and cone-bearing plants
KINGDOM PLANTAE Multicellular eukaryotes Have cell walls Are all photosynthetic autotrophs EX: mosses, ferns, flowering and cone-bearing
plant Second largest kingdom
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Multicellular eukaryotes All heterotrophs Do not have cell walls EX: sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects Largest kingdom with over 1 million species Have complex cells