taxonomy (classification) and phylogeny (cladistics)...binomial nomenclature •a two part naming...
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Taxonomy (Classification) and
Phylogeny (Cladistics)
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• Classification is the grouping of
objects based on physical similarities. In
biology when doing this with organisms,
it is called taxonomy.
• It is predominately based on
morphology.
• Linnaeus and Whittaker gave us this
system
• Classifies diverse organisms into “like
groups” based on traits. As the traits
become more specific, fewer and fewer
organisms are together.
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Linnaean Taxonomic Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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Three Domain system was later
introduced.
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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The Three Domains
• Domain Archaea– Ancient prokaryotes
• Domain Bacteria– Modern prokaryotes
• Domain Eukarya- all eukaryotic
cells– plantae, animalia, fungi, protista
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Think - Pair - Share
What is types of organisms would be
found in each of the Kingdoms?
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The domain eukarya is very diverse …WHY???
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• Taxonomists give a unique scientific
name to each species they know
about whether it’s alive today or
extinct. (not to be confused with
taxidermist)
• The scientific name comes from one
of two “dead” languages – Latin or
ancient Greek.
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• Why use a dead language?
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Devil Cat
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Ghost Cat
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Mountain Lion
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Screaming Cat
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Puma
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Florida Panther
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Cougar
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• There are at least 50 common
names for the animal shown on the
previous 7 slides.
• Common names vary according to
region.
• Soooo……that’s why we use a
scientific name, based on Latin!
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Binomial Nomenclature• a two part naming system for writing scientific
names.
• The genus name is written first (always
Capitalized)
• The species name is written second (never
capitalized).
• Both words are
– italicized if typed or underlined if hand
written.
FELIS CONCOLOR
– Felis concolor or F. concolor
– Apply: Which is the genus? The species?
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• Cladistics /Phylogeny- is a relatively
new system of classification that uses
shared derived traits to establish
evolutionary relationships.
• A derived trait is a feature that evolved
only within the group under
consideration.
• A phylogenetic tree based on a
cladistic analysis is called a cladogram.
• Out-group is the least related group, will
be found on the far left of our
diagrams!
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• Synapomorphies = derived
characteristics
• Clade = A group of organisms and
their common ancestor.
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Think – Pair - Share
• What is a shared derived trait that
humans have?
• Talk with the person next to you,
come up with a couple of ideas.
• Be ready to share!
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Who is the most derived? Who is the out-group?
What is a shared derived trait for pigeons?
What is a shared derived trait for mammals?
Where would you put monkeys?
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