taxonomy c17 learning targets evolution underlies the classification of life’s diversity. c17.1...
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Taxonomy
C17 Learning TargetsEvolution underlies the classification
of life’s diversity.
C17.1 The History of Classification
17.1 – Biologists use a system of classification to organize information about the diversity of living things.
TAXONOMY:
the science of classification
Classification- the grouping of objects or information based on similarities.
ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)First taxonomist (“Father of Classification”)
“Mine is the first step and therefore a small one, though worked out with much thought and hard labor. You, my readers or hearers of my lectures, if you think I have done as much as can fairly be expected of an initial start … will acknowledge what I have achieved and will pardon what I have left for others to accomplish.”
Aristotle created:TWO KINGDOMS
In Water
In the Air
On Land
Trees
Shrubs
Herbs
PLANTS ANIMALS
Carolus Linnaeus / Carl von Linne` The Father of Modern Taxonomy
1707-1778
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Two word naming systemGenus - first wordSpecies - second wordDescribes a characteristic of the organismLatin is the language used (some Greek)(Also called “Linneaus’s system”)
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
0RDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
“Species”: organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION:
C17.1 Objective Review Questions
1. Compare Aristotle’s and Linnaeus’s methods of classifying organisms.
2. Explain how to write a scientific name using binomial nomenclature.
3. Summarize the categories used in biological classification.
Classification systems have changed over time as information has increased.
C17.2 Modern Classification
HOW ORGANISMS ARE CLASSIFIED:
PROKARYOTEOR
EUKARYOTE
MODE OF NUTRITION
CLADISTICSThe Cladistic Method
Cladograms
PHYLOGENYEvolutionary Tree
BIOCHEMISTRY SIMILAR DNA
CHROMOSOME COMPARISONS
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
BREEDING BEHAVIOR
STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES
Theory of Evolution: the change in populations over time
Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) Proposed that species changed over time by natural selection
Natural selection – organisms with traits suited to their environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than others less suited
Homologous structures – similar structures of common ancestors
Research was conducted on the Galapagos Islands
17.3 Domains and Kingdoms
The Three Domains of Life
The most widely used biological classification system has six kingdoms
within three domains.
THE SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE
PLANTS
ANIMALS
FUNGI
PROTISTS
EUBACTERIA
ARCHAEBACTERIA
Glencoe textbook link
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Multicellular
Eukaryotes
Autotrophs/ photosynthesis
Cell walls (made of cellulose)
Sexual reproduction (most) by seeds or spores
Found on all types of land
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
MulticellularEukaryotesIngestive heterotrophsCell membranesSpecialized cellsSexual reproduction (most) by eggs & spermFound everywhere
KINGDOM FUNGIMulticellular (most)
Eukaryotes
Absorptive heterotrophs (extracellular digestion)
Cell walls (made of chitin)
Sexual and/or asexual reproduction – by spores
Found in damp, dark environments
KINGDOM PROTISTAUnicellular or multicellular
Eukaryotes
Heterotrophs (protozoans) and/or autotrophs (algae)
Plantlike (algae), animal-like (protozoans) or funguslike
Sexual and/or asexual reproduction
Found in aquatic habitats
KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
UnicellularProkaryotesCell wallsReproduce asexually
(binary fission) and/or sexually (conjugation)
Live in extreme habitats:1. Oxygen-free (Methanogens)2. Salty brines (Halophiles)3. Hot, acidic H20 (Acidophiles)
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
UnicellularProkaryotesCell wallsBinary fission and/or conjugationSome are:1. Parasites2. Saprophytes (saprobes)3. AutotrophsLive everywhere
C17.3 Objective Review Questions
1. Compare the major characteristics of the three domains.
2. Explain four of the characteristics used to
organize organisms into the six kingdoms.
THE END!