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Taxi Procedures Taxi Procedures Operational Liaison Meeting FBW aircraft

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Page 1: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures

Operational Liaison Meeting FBW aircraft

Page 2: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 2

ContentsContents

Introduction

Safety Precautions

Powerpush

One-Engine Taxi (A340 Two-Engine Taxi)

Taxi with Deflated Tires

Taxiing the A340-500/600

Conclusion

Page 3: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 3

Introduction Introduction Taxi incidents are usually perceived to beless dangerous than incidents in flight …

Safety precautions specific to Airbus aircraftPushback and taxi techniques:

One-Engine Taxi (A340 Two Engines)PowerpushTaxi with Deflated Tires

Structuraldamageto the

landing gear

…but they may cost a lot of money!

Page 4: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4

Safety PrecautionsSafety Precautions

Conventional vs. Towbarless PushbackTowbar embodies a “torsion and traction fuse”No towbar ➜ No “excessive effort” protection

Nosewheel steering must not be pressurizedduring pushback.

Towbar shear pin breaking(conventional towing).Severe damage to the nose landinggear (towbarless towing).

Page 5: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 5

Safety Precautions ...Safety Precautions ...BRAKE HYD SEL FAULT / WHEEL HYD SEL VALVE

NWS remains available

DO NOT TOW WITH GREEN HYD!!!

ABNORMAL & EMERGENCYFCOM 3.02.32

A320 family: REV 33A330: REV 14A340: REV 22

Page 6: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 6

Safety Precautions ...Safety Precautions ...

ACCU PRESS…CHECKSOP Preliminary Cockpit PreparationRe-pressurize with electrical pump, if needed

NO REVERSE at low speedFODHot exhaust air re-ingestion ➜ Compressor stall

NO REVERSE forslowing down theaircraft during taxi

NO REVERSE for pushback

Page 7: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 7

Safety Precautions ...Safety Precautions ...

The Flight Control check to be done prior toautobrake arming:

If the spoilers are left in the extended position after landing...…the aircraft will suddenly brake at autobrake MAX arming!!!Recommendation introduced in the SOP.

Reduced efficiency at first brake application in wet conditions.

Page 8: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 8

ContentsContents

Introduction

Safety Precautions

Powerpush

One-Engine Taxi (A340 Two-Engine Taxi)

Taxi with Deflated Tires

Taxiing the A340-500/600

Conclusion

Page 9: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 9

PowerpushPowerpushOnly for the A320 family:

PUSHBACK WITH POWERPUSH BY THEMAIN LANDING GEAR (FCOM 3.04.80)

PPU (Power Push Unit) remotely operated by one person.The flight crew steers the aircraft, according to ground indications.Ground personnel has wingtip-to-wingtip visibility.

Page 10: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 10

Powerpush ...Powerpush ...PPU holds the Main Landing Gear

No forces exerted on the landing gear structure.The aircraft is not lifted from the ground.Why only the A320 family?Present PPU adapted to “diabolo” gear type.

Page 11: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 11

Powerpush Powerpush -- Airbus Recommends...Airbus Recommends...

ENG 2 is started prior to pushback.

Last actions on ground performed on theLEFT-hand side of the aircraft.Engine 2 pressurizes YELLOW HYD ➜ parking brake pressure.GREEN HYD (for steering) ensured via the PTU.

Page 12: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 12

Powerpush Powerpush -- Airbus Recommends...Airbus Recommends...

The PPU is placed on the left main landing gear.

CAPT, being in the left seat.ENG 2 start, on the right-hand side.

Page 13: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 13

Powerpush Powerpush -- Airbus Recommends...Airbus Recommends...

CAUTION: Do not use brakes during pushback, unless required due to an emergency.

Flight Crew in charge of aircraft steering(according to ground indications).

In case of an emergency, the PPU should be immediately removedNevertheless, the cabin evacuation is always possible with the PPU in place.

Page 14: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 14

Powerpush Powerpush -- Airbus Recommends...Airbus Recommends...After pushback is completed:

Ground operator disengages the PPU,and backs it away.PARKING BRK…ONENG 1…START

Page 15: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 15

Powerpush Powerpush -- With Engines OFFWith Engines OFF

Some airports may not allow engine startat the gate.Some conditions to be met for ensuringnosewheel steering:

– Towing lever in the normal position– PARK BRK...OFF– A/SKID & N/W STRG...ON– One ENG MASTER LEVER...ON– YELLOW ELECTRICAL PUMP...ON

Page 16: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 16

Powerpush Powerpush -- With Engines OFF ...With Engines OFF ...

AIRBUS does not give Powerpush with Engines OFF procedure.YELLOW ELECTRICAL PUMP pressurizes the YELLOW and GREEN HYD.

Risk of weakening hydraulic power ➜ NWS failureENG MASTER LEVER…ON

Risk of unwanted engine start.

DO NOT MOVE FLIGHT CONTROLS OR FLAPS/SLATS

DURING POWERPUSH!!! DO NOT SET THE ENGINE MODE SELECTOR OUT OF THE NORM

POSITION!!!

Page 17: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 17

ContentsContents

Introduction

Safety Precautions

Powerpush

One-Engine Taxi (A340 Two-Engine Taxi)

Taxi with Deflated Tires

Taxiing the A340-500/600

Conclusion

Page 18: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 18

OneOne--Engine Taxi (A340 TwoEngine Taxi (A340 Two--Engine Taxi)Engine Taxi)

Advantages and Drawbacks:

Fuel & engine life economyJet blast increase ➜ FOD riskReduced control on slippery taxiwaysCrew must consider which engine to use

Page 19: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 19

OneOne--Engine Taxi (A340 TwoEngine Taxi (A340 Two--Engine Taxi) ...Engine Taxi) ...

Which Engine to Use?A320 Family: ENG 1A330: ENG 1A340: Outer engines (ENG 1 + 4)

A320 Family:ENG 1 pressurizes GREEN HYD (NWS + NORM BRAKE)

PTU is not neededYELLOW HYD pressurized via ELEC PUMP

Page 20: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 20

OneOne--Engine Taxi (A340 TwoEngine Taxi (A340 Two--Engine Taxi) ...Engine Taxi) ...

A330:ENG 1 pressurizes GREEN + BLUE HYDHYD BLUE ensures ACCU PRESSELEC PUMP are not needed

A340:ENG 1 + 4 pressurize GREEN HYD (NWS + NORM BRAKE)

Check ACCU PRESS normal before ENG startELEC PUMP are not needed

Page 21: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 21

A340 TwoA340 Two--Engine TaxiEngine Taxi

A340 taxi on inner engines (ENG 2 + 3):Operational reasons may advise taxiingon inner engines...

ENG 2 + 3 does not pressurize GREEN HYDGREEN ELEC PUMP runs automatically

CREW MUST CHECK GREEN ELEC PUMP AVAILABILITY!!!

DO NOT MOVE FLAPS/SLATS DURING TAXI!!!

Page 22: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 22

ContentsContents

Introduction

Safety Precautions

Powerpush

One-Engine Taxi (A340 Two-Engine Taxi)

Taxi with Deflated Tires

Taxiing the A340-500/600

Conclusion

Page 23: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 23

Taxi with Deflated TiresTaxi with Deflated Tires

Tire deflated or severely damaged?Stop the aircraft and confirm the damage Contact gear-runway ➜ severe gear damage

JAR 25.511: The aircraft must be capable of taxiing with one deflated tire (no structural damage risk).Airbus: The aircraft can taxi with up to 3deflated tires (A340: 4 tires).

Affected tire monitoring is highly recommended.SPEED and TURN limitations apply.

DO NOT TAXI !!!

Page 24: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 24

Taxi with Deflated Tires ...Taxi with Deflated Tires ...

New Operating Limitation to cover TAXI WITH DEFLATED TIRES

OPERATING LIMITATIONS:

LANDING GEARFCOM 3.01.32

A320 family: REV 31A330: REV 15A340: REV 22

Page 25: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 25

ContentsContents

Introduction

Safety Precautions

Powerpush

One-Engine Taxi (A340 Two-Engine Taxi)

Taxi with Deflated Tires

Taxiing the A340-500/600

Conclusion

Page 26: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 26

Taxiing the A340Taxiing the A340--500/600500/600

Taxi Aid Camera System (TACS) for A340-500/600 ground operations

Page 27: Taxi ProceduresTaxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 4 3 Introduction zTaxi incidents are usually perceived to be less dangerous than incidents in flight … zSafety precautions specific

Taxi ProceduresTaxi Procedures 27

ConclusionConclusion

Safety Precautions

Powerpush

One (Two) Engine Taxi

Taxi with Deflated Tires

Steering HYD supplyNO REVERSE for taxiFlight control check

Steering HYD supplyNO REVERSE for taxiFlight control check

ENG OFF associated RISK:Unwanted ENG STARTNWS failure

ENG OFF associated RISK:Unwanted ENG STARTNWS failure

A320 taxi on ENG 2: PTU reliability impactA340 external / internal engines

A320 taxi on ENG 2: PTU reliability impactA340 external / internal engines

LimitationsContact gear-runway: DO NOT taxi!

LimitationsContact gear-runway: DO NOT taxi!


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