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TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMFJapan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012 The views expressed herein are those of the author and should not be attributed to the IMF, its Executive Board, or its management.

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Page 1: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

TAXATION AND INEQUALITY

Michael KeenIMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference 

for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012

The views expressed herein are those of the author and should not be attributed to the IMF, its  Executive Board, or its management.

Page 2: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

• Fairness in taxation (and spending) a perennial issue—but especially to the fore now– Discontent with elites, consolidation pressures…

• Topic of recent ITD conference hosted by Ministry of Finance in Delhi

—Presentations at: http://www.itdweb.org/TaxInequalityConference/Pages/Home.aspx

Page 3: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

• Context

• Challenges (and options?) in dealing with high income/wealth individuals

• Need to consider all taxes…

• …And spending too

• Incidence (and unintended effects)

• Inequality has many dimensions

• Concluding remarks

Outline

Page 4: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

Context

Page 5: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

Experience has varied across countries…

Source: Ajay Chhibber (UN), presentation to 4th Global ITD conference, December 2011

Page 6: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

…and regions

Source: Ajay Chhibber (UN), presentation to 4th Global ITD conference, December 2011

Page 7: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

0

5

10

15

20

25

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Australia Canada Ireland

New Zealand United Kingdom United States

7

Big increase in income share of top 1%—in some countries

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

France Germany Japan

Netherlands Switzerland

1910‐2008 1900‐2006

Source: Alvaredo, Facundo, Anthony B. Atkinson, Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez, The World Top Incomes Database, http://g‐mond.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/topincomes, 01/12/2011.

Page 8: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

—though developments in base etc also matter for effective progressivity

At the same time…Top PIT rates have fallen

Page 9: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

—though bases have widened (except in much of Africa)

—and incidence issue (see below)

…and so have statutory rates of corporate tax

Page 10: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

Challenges (and options?) in dealing with high income/wealth individuals

Page 11: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

• What matters is responsive of tax base to tax changes: “elasticity of taxable income”

• HI/WIs have both means and (through high MTRs) incentive to avoid/evade

• Especially through mobility of capital income– Importance of information exchange (though ultimately not enough alone)

– Importance of international cooperation

Plenty of challenges!

Page 12: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

..and perhaps (e.g. soccer players), mobility of labor 

Source: “Taxation and International Mobility of Superstars: Evidence from the European Football Market”, Kleven, Landais and Saez, December 2009

Page 13: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

• Estimates of taxable income elasticities suggest top MTR in many cases below revenue‐maximizing

• Reverse demise of inheritance/wealth taxes?– Feasible in practice?

– Desirable in principle? Depends on motive:• “Accidental bequests” can be taxed at up to 100%

• “Warm glow” bequests should be subsidized!

• More effective property taxation?– A longer‐term challenge

Options?

Page 14: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

Need to consider all taxes…

Page 15: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

For instance, in the UK…

Removing zero‐rating of food makes poor worse off—but they can be protected, and substantial net revenue raised, by adjusting social benefits

-£30.00

-£25.00

-£20.00

-£15.00

-£10.00

-£5.00

£0.00

£5.00

£10.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Income deciles

Aver

age

Tax

Gai

ns/L

osse

s

(£'s

p.w

.)

-9.00%

-7.50%

-6.00%

-4.50%

-3.00%

-1.50%

0.00%

1.50%

3.00%

Aver

age

Tax

Gai

ns/L

osse

s

(% o

f dis

posa

ble

inco

me)

Average Tax Losses (£'s p.w.) Average Tax Losses (% of disposable income)

Page 16: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

…and spending too

Page 17: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

Much redistribution best done on the spending side

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

Percent of total subsidy Percent of income

0

5

10

15

20

25

• Developing safety nets (from basic support, to EITCs…) a priority

• But much can be done even where spending not tightly targeted: 

E.g. In this example of reduced VAT rate:Couldn’t $100 be spent so that more than $4 reachesthe lowest decile?

Page 18: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

18

Two‐thirds of fuel subsidies accrue to the top 40%

Though spending can be regressive too

Other Regions

Bottom Quintile Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Top Quintile

Latin AmericaAfrica

Distribution of Petroleum Product Subsidies by Income Group

Source: Arze del Granado, Coady, and Gillingham (forthcoming).Note: The countries covered are Bangladesh, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, El Salvador, Gabon, Ghana, Jordan, Mali, Peru, Republic of Congo, and Senegal. Welfare quintiles are based on per capita household consumption.

Poorest quintile

Richest quintile

Page 19: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

Incidence (and unintended effects)

Page 20: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

• Does labor bear the real burden on the CIT?– If capital is mobile, it can move to escape any tax

– Which must then be borne by immobile factors, like labor

• Wage subsidies can benefit employers

• Well‐intended exemptions can be exploited by better‐off– E.g. exemptions for agricultural land, mortgage relief,….

Things can be more complex than they seem

Page 21: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

Inequality has many dimensions

Page 22: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

There can be significant inequalities between:

• Urban and rural areas– VAT, for instance, will affect former more

• Formal and informal sectors– Differing payments of PIT, social contributions (and benefit entitlement)

• Ethnic/political groups? Little studied

• Genders?– Some sense at ITD that explicit discrimination now rare; and men are hit more by sin taxes!

Not just income inequality…

Page 23: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

Future generation

20- 30- 40- 50- 60-

E.g. For Japan, net transfers by age group (¥mn):

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

6060

Source: Cabinet Office (Japanese Government)

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

...and between generations (including thru’ govt. debt)

Page 24: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

• Beyond pension reform, health changes, should consolidation burden tilt towards the older?

• Higher VAT bears largely on older generations—effect mitigated by uprating benefits

• Greater age‐differentiation of income tax?

• Where pensions/health systems being developed, can/should problems from ‘first generation’ effect be avoided?

Redressing /avoiding intergenerational inequities?

Page 25: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

Concluding remarks

Page 26: Taxation and inequality · TAXATION AND INEQUALITY Michael Keen IMF‐Japan High Level Tax Conference for Asian and Pacific Countries February 1, 2012. The views expressed herein

• Practical problems abound—which further international cooperation could help address

• But in many cases ways to improve fairness and efficiency are clear—yet still don’t happen

• Can ways be found to smooth the political path?– Communication: Tax expenditure analysis etc– Experiences with earmarking?– Other?

Problems, practical and (even more?) political