tax implications of inbound investments into russia
DESCRIPTION
Tax Implications of Inbound Investments into Russia. Boris Bruk , Of Counsel, Salans Moscow. Key questions. Form of presence: branch vs. subsidiary How to finance your activities in Russia Repatriation of profits Divestment (exit from the project). Branch vs. Subsidiary. Benefits : - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
April 20, 2023
Tax Implications of Inbound Investments into Russia
Boris Bruk,
Of Counsel,
Salans Moscow
2
Key questions
Form of presence: branch vs. subsidiary
How to finance your activities in Russia
Repatriation of profits
Divestment (exit from the project)
3
Branch vs. Subsidiary
Benefits:
No thin capitalization rules apply No taxation on profits distributable to
the head office Usually served by specially designated
“advanced” tax inspectors Sale of foreign companies having real
estate in Russia not subject to capital gains tax
Benefits:
Limited exposure of foreign investor to Russian commercial and legal risks (although limited liability may sometimes be removed)
Capital contribution of technological equipment free of customs duties available (however, no disposal of equipment allowed)
BRANCH SUBSIDIARY:
Drawbacks:
Accreditation procedure more expensive
No limited liability available Limited rights to clear the imported
goods at customs Additional currency control formalities
for the Russian customers dealing with branches
Drawbacks:
Dividend distributions subject to withholding tax (minimum treaty withholding tax – 5%)
Additional currency control formalities in dealing with foreign suppliers or customers
4
How to finance your activities
Capital contribution (including share premium)
Contribution to assets
Debt financing
5
Capital contribution
Tax free (special exemptions for imported technological equipment for VAT and customs duties); VAT exemption limited to the equipment listed by the Government
Share premium absorbs losses and provides additional cushion against negative net assets position
BUT the subsidiary may not be able to distribute charter capital and share premium at will
6
Contribution to assets Does not trigger increase of charter capital or share premium (treated as
profits for accounting purposes)
Tax free (provided the contributor has a more than 50% participation in the receiving Russian entity or the receiving Russian entity owns more than 50% in the capital of the contributor)
NB! Under latest legislative amendments additional exemption applies to transfer of assets and proprietory rights by shareholders to subsidiaries starting from January 1, 2007 aimed at increase of the net assets of the subsidiary (50% participation is no longer required)
BUT applies to Russian limited liability companies only
BUT input VAT recovery and deductibility risks (now remote)
BUT may be prohibited or may trigger negative tax implications in the country of the contributor (i.e. Cyprus?)
7
Debt financing Could be rather flexible as profit repatriation tool (where properly
structured)
BUT general limitations on interest deductibility (apply on loans from both Russian and foreign lenders)
- statutory safe harbor (also default interest rates): 1.8 * CBR refinancing rate (current CBR rate is 7.75%) for ruble denominated loans; 0.8 *
CBR refinancing rate - foreign currency denominated loans; OR
- average interest rate on similar loans (same currency, similar principal amount, similar terms of repayment, similar types of security etc.) received by the Russian borrower from Russian lenders in the same quarter +/- 20%
BUT thin capitalization rules apply to loans from related parties (will discuss in detail in a minute)
BUT general deductibility requirements: economic justifiability (connection with income generating activities; if the borrower has enough equity cash – unjustified tax benefit) and proper documentation
8
Thin capitalization rules Apply where
I. (A) debt financing is provided by a foreign legal entity which directly or indirectly owns more than 20% of the Russian entity financed;
OR
(B) debt financing is provided by a Russian affiliate of such foreign entity;
OR
(C) debt financing is provided by another person but repayment of the loan is guaranteed or secured in any other way by such foreign entity or its Russian affiliate (the "controlled debt“)
AND
II. The controlled debt/equity (equity = net assets + accrued tax liabilities) ratio of the borrower exceeds 3:1 (12.5:1 – for banks and lease companies) as of the last date of each reporting (tax) period
“Excessive” interest generally treated as dividend: non deductible, dividend withholding tax applies
RF Ministry of Finance: treaty dividend rate applies to “excessive” interest
9
Thin capitalization – inefficient structure
Russian borrower
Russia
Shareholder(Cyprus)
Loan Cyprus
10
Thin capitalization – inefficient structure
Russian borrower
Russia
Bank (Cyprus)
Shareholder(Cyprus)
Loan
Guarantee
Cyprus
11
Thin capitalization – inefficient structure
Russian borrower
RussiaBank (Russia)
Shareholder(Cyprus)
Loan
Guarantee
Cyprus
12
Thin capitalization – current circumvention structure
Shareholder
100%
FinancialCompany
Operating company
Loan
Loan
Russia
Foreign country
13
Thin capitalization – advanced circumvention structure
ShareholderFinancial company
Operating company
holding
loans
Russia
Foreign countries
Sub-holding
Operatingcompany
Operating company
Operating company
holding
14
Thin capitalization – fresh view Positive court practice developed:
- interest paid to a German resident lender (Federal Moscow District Arbitration Court, 2005)- interest paid to a Dutch resident lender (Federal North Western District Arbitration Court, 2007)- interest paid to a Finnish resident lender (Federal North Western District Arbitration Court, 2009)- interest paid to a Cyprus resident lender (Federal Moscow District Arbitration Court, 2009 and 2010) - interest paid to a Cyprus and a Hundarian resident lender (Federal Moscow District Arbitration Court, 2010)
Courts denied application of thin capitalization rules:
- reclassification of interest as dividend income for treaty purposes impossible as the treaties contain autonomous definitions of “dividends” and “interest”;
- reclassification of interest as dividend income and denial of deductibility of “excessive interest” does not comply with the treaty non-discrimination rules (should be deductible as if paid to or guaranteed by a Russian parent or an affiliate of a Russian parent)
Special circumstances: both Russia – Germany tax treaty and Russia – Netherlands tax treaty contain special “unlimited deductibility” clause
The tax authorities still try to argue with the above position of the courts
No “unlimited deductibility" clauses in Russia – Cyprus double tax treaty
Protocol to the Russia – Cyprus double tax treaty: interest reclassified into dividend income to be treated as dividend income for treaty purposes; non-discrimination rules will not change
15
Thin capitalization – non-discrimination in action
Russian borrower
Russia
Bank (Cyprus)
Shareholder(Cyprus)
Loan
Cyprus
Unsecured loan
Guarantee
Loan
16
Thin capitalization – non-discrimination in action
Russian borrower
Russia
Bank (Cyprus)
Shareholder(Russia)
Loan
Guarantee Cyprus
Unsecured loan
Loan
17
Thin capitalization – non-discrimination trap
Russian borrower
Russia
Bank (Cyprus)Shareholder(Cyprus)
Loan
Guarantee
Foreign countries
Unsecured loan
Shareholder (outside Russia)
18
Thin capitalization – non-discrimination trap in action
Russian borrower
Russia
Bank (Cyprus)
Shareholder(Russia)
Loan
Guarantee
Foreign countries
Unsecured loan
Shareholder (outside Russia)
19
Repatriation of profits
No withholding tax on repatriation of profits from the branch
Dividend distributions from Russian subsidiary generally subject to 15% domestic withholding tax
Domestic withholding tax may be reduced to 5% under the Russia – Cyprus treaty, if:
- beneficial owner of dividends is a tax resident in Cyprus;
- cumulative direct investment of at least USD 100 000 (EUR 100 000 under the Protocol)
Non-qualifying participations may still reduce withholding tax to 10%
Direct participations:
- contributions to the charter capital of Russian subsidiary in exchange for shares/ interest;
- Sale and purchase of shares/ interest in the Russian subsidiary from a third party
NB! Receiving stake in a Russian company as capital contribution will not qualify as direct investment
20
Beneficial ownership Cyprus – Russia DTT: dividend income, may also apply to interest and royalties
in the future
RF President and RF Ministry of Finance seek to use this concept to combat treaty shopping
This concept targets multilayer structures
How does it work? No treaty benefits (0% or reduced withholding tax rates) apply to income received by person not qualifying as beneficial owner
Who is beneficial owner of income (Russian approach)?
- person having formal title on income AND- person detemining «economic destiny of income»
Beneficial ownership concept does not apply to repatriation of profits from branches/ rep. offices
21
Beneficial Ownership: Impact on Treaty Application
If CypCo not considered beneficial owner of dividend income, benefits under Cyprus – Russia DTT will be denied;
If treaty benefits denied then
Russian domestic tax rules should apply;
May Israel – Russia DTT apply?
RusHoldCo
CypCo
RusCo
IsrHoldCo
100%; EUR 107 0005% WHT
9% WHT 15%/ 10% WHT
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What factors may indicate person is not beneficial owner of income?
- person has no presence in the residence state (no office, no personnel, no bank accounts, no financial reporting obligations etc);
- person has no activities other than those which treaty benefits are claimed for;
- person does not bear normal commercial risks (subsidies from parent company; no adequate margin);
- person assumes legal obligations to distribute income it receives;
- the terms of back - to - back operations are same or similar (e.g. for debt financing: principal amount, currency, interest rate, payment terms etc)
Beneficial Ownership: Impact of Treaty Application
23
How could we mitigate the risks? Case by case approach
General recommendations:
- simplify structures: do not use multilevel structures until necessary;
- substance and presence in residence state: office space, personnel, bank accounts, board and shareholders meetings, bookkeeping and
accounting,general overhead expenses etc;
- consolidation of business functions (group financing company; group IP holding company);
- multiple project vehicles;
- arm’s length remuneration (margin);
- sound economic reasons behind use of offshore companies (foreign markets, foreign investors and flexibility of foreign law, statutory requirements under
foreign law when making outbound investments)
Beneficial Owner: Impact of Treaty Application
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Basic Exit Structure: Onshore Sale
No VAT on share deals;
Capital gains generally subject to 20% Profit tax
0% Profit tax introduced on capital gains from alienation of stakes in the capital of Russian companies, provided:
- applies to both corporate and individual shareholders
- uninterrupted more than 5 year holding period by the date of alienation of stake in the capital
- if shares of joint stock companies (additionally): should be non-tradeable securities within the term of holding; or
if tradeable – should qualify as the high tech shares within the term of holdig; or
should be non-tradeable securities when acquired and tradeable high tech shares when disposed of
RusCo1
RusCo
CypCo 1 SPA
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Basic Exit Structure: Offshore Sale
No Russian wihtholding tax on capital gains unless RusCo is a qualifying real estate company (more than 50% of assets – immovable property in Russia);
Currently the Cyprus – Russia DTT protects sale of shares/ interest in qualifying real estate companies;
The Protocol to the treaty allows taxation of capital gains prom alienation of qualifying real estate companies;
No withholding mechanism when seller and purchaser – foreign companies, but could become an issue if purchaser is a Russian company or a foreign company with Russian PE
CypCo
RusCo
CypCo 1 SPA
26
Advanced Exit Structure
Russian domestic tax law currently does not target sale of shares/ interest in foreign companies;
Although the Protocol to the Cyprus – Russia DTT does not limit the scope of taxation to Russian real estate companies only, it is believed that Russia may not expand its taxing jurisdiction unless domestic law is changed
No withholding mechanism if sale preformed between two foreign companies
Still may become an issue if purchaser is a Russian company or a foreign company with Russian PE
CypCo
Cyp HoldCo
RusCo
CypCo1
SPA
27
Alternative Exit Structure: EU Cross Border Merger
CypCo owns Russian real estate company The Protocol to the Cyprus – Russia DTT: exemption of capital gains from sale of qualifying real estate companies is no longer available
Purchaser is hesitant to acquire shares of CypCo
Alternative solution: upstream merger of CypCo into LuxCo and sale of shares in Russian real estate company (still exempt from Russian withholding tax under many DTTs of Russia with EU states)
Transfer of shares by CypCo to LuxCo as part of merger should not be subject to tax in Russia (Art.251-3 of the RF Tax Code + no tax agent)
CypCo
RusCo
EU Co
sale
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Contact
Tax Practice, Salans Moscow [email protected]
Salans
Balchug Plaza,
Ul. Balchug, 7
115035 Moscow, Russia
Tel.: + 7 (495) 644 0500 (ext.4534)
Fax: + 7 (495) 644 0599
Boris Bruk, Of Counsel