task force trident phase 1 training · 2020. 8. 10. · tft phase 1 created by rage infest...

Task Force TridentPhase 1 Training

TFT Phase 1 Created by Rage InfestPresentation Author(s): {TFT} Dancer License: CC BY-NC-SA

Task Force Trident

Lesson 1: Getting startedTFT Phase 1 Training


Task Force Trident

Contents

▪ Using view options in training

▪ TF-51D: Controls setup and key binds

▪ TF-51D: Start-up, taxi, take-off, shutdown

▪ Airfield communications


Task Force Trident

View options

▪ The eventual goal is to be able to fly the aircraft without using external views or seeing your position on the F10 map.

▪ In training, however…▪ Use labels to help you locate aircraft.

▪ Use the F10 map liberally to find your group or destination if lost.

▪ Use the external views to verify positions or avoid accidents (e.g while taxiing). If you are in the correct position, take note of how it looks from inside the cockpit.

Task Force TridentTFT Phase 1 Created by Rage Infest

Presentation Author(s): {TFT} Dancer License: CC BY-NC-SA

TF-51D: Setting up controls

Assign axis commands to

▪ Pitch

▪ Roll

▪ Throttle (manifold pressure)

▪ Engine RPM setting (if an axis is available), alternatively use PgUp/PgDown or mouse

Assign easy to reach switches to

▪ Flaps up, flaps down (no toggle)

▪ Gear (toggle switch or use separate switches for up/down)

▪ Wheel brakes left, right (for differential braking, not needed if using toe brakes)

▪ Trim: pitch, roll, rudder



TF-51D: Useful key binds

▪ Open canopy: LShift+C (hold until closed)

▪ Close canopy: RShift+C (hold until open)

▪ Starter: Home (hold)

▪ Mixture control (rotate through settings): M

▪ Mixture to „run“: LCtrl+M

▪ Switch to left tank: LAlt+T

▪ Switch to right tank: RAlt+T

Task Force TridentTFT Phase 1 Created by Rage Infest Presentation Author(s): {TFT} Dancer License: CC BY-NC-SA

TF-51D: Startup Checklist

▪ Left cockpit and floor gauges

▪ Set flaps to full up (flaps will not move yet – no hydraulics)

▪ Set carburetor ram air: Ram Air (forward) [Unrammed filtered air in dust/ice conditions]

▪ Set/verify carburetor hot air: Normal (forward) [Hot air in cold conditions]

▪ Set/verify elevator trim: 2° down

▪ Set/verify oil radiator: Auto

▪ Set/verify coolant radiator: Auto

▪ Set/verify mixture lever: Idle cut-off

▪ Set engine RPM lever: Full forward

▪ Verify supercharger: Auto (guarded)

▪ Check fuel levels (left and right floor gauges)



▪ Prepare engine start

▪ Battery: On

▪ Generator: On

▪ Set position lights: Bright

▪ Set cockpit light, left/right instrument lights: As desired

▪ [If used] Radio frequency: As required

▪ Tank select: Left wing tank

▪ Fuel shutoff valve: On

▪ Fuel boost pump: On

▪ Engine primer: Hold 1 second [3-4 seconds in cold conditions]

▪ [Oil dilute: Hold 5 seconds only in cold conditions]

▪ Set throttle: Just forward of idle




▪ Engine start

▪ Unguard: Starter ([Home])

▪ Set and hold: Starter ([Home])

▪ (After six blades have passed) Set ignition: Both magnetos

▪ Set mixture lever: Run ([LCtrl+M])



TF-51D: Taxiing

▪ Uncage and set ADI (artificial horizon)

▪ Set landing gear light: As desired

▪ Set/verify parking brake: Released(both wheel brakes: full, then release)

▪ Keep throttle below 1500 RPM

▪ Tight turns require differential braking using the wheel brakes;optionally, unlock tail wheel (stick forward)



TF-51D: Before take-off

▪ Canopy: Close

▪ Rudder trim: 6° right (clockwise)

▪ Set/verify engine RPM lever: full forward

▪ Set/verify flaps: Full up [For short take-off, use 1-2 stages of flaps down]

▪ Set pitot tube heating: As required

▪ The only thing you need to delay until just before take-off is pitot tube heating (to avoid overheating).


TF-51D: Take-off

▪ On runway

▪ Set wheel brakes

▪ Advance throttle to 25‘‘ manifold pressure

▪ Release brakes

▪ Advance throttle smoothly to 50‘‘-61‘‘ manifold pressure(lower manifold pressure is more controllable)

▪ When tail lifts up: Stick slightly aft

▪ Airborne

▪ Compensate for roll once wheels leave the ground

▪ (When positive climb achieved) Gear: Up [Raise flaps if used for take-off]

▪ Airspeed above 160 mph

▪ Set engine RPM lever to read 2500-2700 on the RPM gauge

▪ Re-trim aircraft (bring rudder trim back from 6° right)


TF-51D: After landing

▪ Set/verify: Engine RPM lever: Full forward

▪ Set/verify pitot tube heating: Off

▪ Flaps: Full up

▪ Trim: Nose 2° down, others neutral

▪ Canopy: Open



TF-51D: Shutdown Checklist

▪ Stop the engine

▪ Parking brakes: Set

▪ ADI: Cage

▪ Fuel boost pump: Off

▪ Advance throttle until RPM gauge reads 1500 RPM

▪ Set mixture lever: Idle cut-off

▪ When below 700 RPM: Advance throttle to full forward



TF-51D: Shutdown Checklist

▪ Propeller stopped

▪ Ignition: Both magnetos off

▪ Fuel shutoff valve: Off

▪ Set/verify landing gear light: Off

▪ Set/verify position lights: Off

▪ Generator: Off

▪ Battery: Off

▪ Hydraulic system: Release pressure (pull emergency handle out, push back in when pressure reads zero)

▪ Controls: Lock



Communications and situational awareness

▪ In radio communications, state the recipient first, then your own callsign▪ If no callsign assigned for the mission, use your nickname

▪ For airfield calls, the recipient is▪ tower – to address the tower/ATC (on controlled airfield)

▪ traffic – to address all traffic at the location

▪ On controlled airfields, you have to obtain permission from the tower/ATC before executing your course of action

▪ On uncontrolled airfields, you have to monitor traffic announcements to build your situational awareness and also look around your aircraft to determine if you desired course of action can be safely executed



Communications for uncontrolled airfields:Taxi to take-off

▪ " traffic, ...

▪ ...taxiing to runway .“

▪ [Optionally, state “…using taxiways .”, e.g. “…using taxiways Charlie and Echo.”]

▪ ...holding short of runway ."

▪ ...entering runway ."

▪ ...crossing runway ."

▪ ...clear of runway .“

▪ [Alternatives: "...clear of active runway", "...runway vacated."]

▪ ...airborne, wheels up." [In the air with gear raised]



The problem with taxiway IDs

▪ Taxiway IDs are not consistent between kneeboard maps and the „signs“ found in DCS (at least for the Caucasus map)

▪ Some taxiways have no signs at all

▪ No need to use taxiway IDs if traffic is low

▪ If you do use taxiway IDs, use the ones on the kneeboard map▪ Kneeboard maps have IDs for all taxiways

▪ Kneeboard map IDs match tools like LotATC

▪ Avoids confusion



Landing:Procedures and Communications

TFT Phase 1 Training


Task Force Trident

Contents

▪ Straight-in vs. pattern landings

▪ Airfield circuits

▪ TF-51D landing parameters

▪ Communications: landing


Task Force Trident

Types of landings

▪ Straight-in landing: You approach upwind in runway direction and go for the landing directly

▪ Can be used if there is no other traffic at the airfield

▪ Can be used if there is an ATC controlling and arranging inbound traffic

▪ Can be used in an emergency

▪ Pattern landing▪ Should be used if any appreciable traffic at an uncontrolled airfield

▪ Should be used if required to recover large numbers of aircraft quickly

▪ Generally safer



Airfield circuits: Terminology

▪ Air operations at an airfield are conducted “into the wind” to take advantage of the additional relative airspeed for take-off and landing

▪ Aircraft carriers, for example, will turn into the wind for air operations

▪ This is where the terminology comes from:▪ The active take-off and landing direction is called “upwind” (even if there is no

wind)

▪ Conversely, the opposite direction is called “downwind”



Diagram of a left-hand circuit



Ingredients of a left-hand circuitApproach and break

▪ Four legs: Upwind, crosswind, downwind, base leg

▪ Inbound headed for the upwind leg▪ Target altitude 1500-2000ft AGL

▪ Upwind leg▪ Fly the leg offset to the right of the runway, maintain altitude

▪ Observe traffic in the circuit and on the runway, monitor traffic comms

▪ When safe, break into the pattern

▪ Divide airspeed in knots by 100 – Gs for the break turn

▪ Descend to reach 1000 ft AGL (circuit altitude) when on the downwind

▪ By default, break occurs at or just past the end of the runway



Ingredients of a left-hand circuitSetting up for the landing

▪ Downwind leg

▪ Reduce speed to safe speeds for flaps/gear

▪ [TF-51D] Decide on two-point or three-point landing

▪ Extend flaps as required

▪ Extend landing gear

▪ Verify trim settings

▪ Turning on finals▪ Start your descent

▪ Smoothly turn so that your nose or flight path is aimed at the runway threshold[Tbilisi 31R – just past the taxiway from the right]

▪ Monitor your airspeed



Ingredients of a left-hand circuitLanding

▪ Landing

▪ Maintain smooth descent

▪ [TF-51D] Do not round out your aircraft too early, once you pull up, your view of the runway is obstructed by the nose of the aircraft

▪ [TF-51D] Round out aircraft to reduce speed and rate of descent when close to the runway threshold

▪ Aborted landing

▪ Smoothly advance throttle

▪ Flaps/gear as desired (monitor airspeed if down)

▪ Climb to 600 ft AGL

▪ Fly circuit at 600 ft AGL (do not pull into traffic above you)



Communications: Landing

▪ traffic, ...

▪ ...inbound from the .[Sent about 10nm from airfield. Alternative: "inbound from ."]

▪ ...initials on the , for .[Leg can be “downwind” or “upwind” (preferred). Intentions can be "touch and go" or "a full-stop landing".]

▪ …on the break. [into circuit]

▪ ...on the downwind.

▪ ...on finals, for .[Call when turning finals (from downwind). Restate intentions.]

▪ (If landing aborted) ...going around.

▪ ...taxiing to parking area.[Optionally, state “…using taxiways .”, e.g. “…using taxiways Alpha and November.”]

▪ …(re-)joining the pattern (on the upwind/downwind).[If climbing back into the pattern.]



Further reading

▪ A good write-up with examples can be found here:https://wiki.hoggitworld.com/view/ATC_and_Airfield_Communications



https://wiki.hoggitworld.com/view/ATC_and_Airfield_Communications

Landing the TF-51DTFT Phase 1 Training



Landing: Parameters for the TF-51D

▪ Circuit airspeed: 200 mph

▪ Safe flaps speeds: See placard in the cockpit

▪ Safe gear speed: 165 mph

▪ Two-point landing: Flaps 1-2 steps down

▪ Three-point landing: Flaps 3-5 steps down

▪ For crosswind landings, less flaps is better

▪ Roll trim neutral, rudder trim neutral or 1° left, pitch trim nose-heavy

▪ Touch-down speeds:

▪ 120 mph for two-point landing

▪ 90 mph for three-point landing

▪ Avoid stalls. When in doubt, slightly higher touch-down speeds are safer.



Two-point landing: Touchdown

Center of gravity behind the wheels.



Two-point landing: Physics of the bounce

With center of gravity behind the wheels, tail drops after wheels have made contact with the runway.

▪ Increased angle of attack -> increased lift.

▪ Result: The dreaded "bounce".



How to counter the bounce

▪ Stick forward?

▪ Not recommended, possible, but very hard to control

▪ The better option: Trim nose-heavy

▪ Not too much, but enough that you need to apply back stick to counter it

▪ Simplest option: When the aircraft is just about to touch down on the runway,let go of the stick.



Three-point landing: Basics

▪ Settle all wheels on the runway at the same time

▪ Less susceptible to bounce

▪ Compared to two-point landing:

▪ Requires higher pitch angle

▪ Requires lower speed due to the higher angle of attack



Three-point landing: Challenges

▪ Vision of the runway is obstructed by the nose▪ Round out (flare) as late as possible

▪ Correct pitch requires practice (no useful instruments)▪ To practice, use external views or replays to validate your pitch

▪ Controllability of speed and rate of descent▪ Use flaps for additional lift and drag



Three-point landing: Risks

▪ Tail strike above +20° pitch

▪ Loss of control when performing a touch-and-go landing or climbing out of an aborted landing, due to low speed combined with the use of flaps

▪ Use smooth throttle movement, adjust curve in DCS if required

▪ Stall

▪ Establish three-point pitch as late and as low as possible



Formation FlyingTFT Phase 1 Training


Presentation Author(s): {TFT} Rage, {TFT} Dancer License: CC BY-NC-SA

Contents

▪ Why fly in formation?

▪ Cruise formation

▪ Using references to maintain the bearing line

▪ Formations

▪ Finger four

▪ Echelon

▪ Line areast

▪ Close trail

▪ Combat spread

▪ Communications

▪ Formation break



Why fly in formation?

▪ Get to the target area as a group

▪ Be in a position to react as a situation develops

▪ Look cool



Other benefits of formation practice

▪ Develop better control of your aircraft

▪ Learn to fly straight while not looking directly forward

▪ Practice monitoring many parameters at the same time▪ Airspeed

▪ Climb/descent rate

▪ Attitude

▪ Distance and bearing to lead

▪ Other aircraft in close proximity



Cruise formation

▪ Each aircraft in a formation orients on the lead aircraft

▪ Join on the bearing line

▪ When moving into position, stay on the bearing line



Reference pointsor: How do I know that I am on the bearing line?

▪ To verify your position on the bearing line, you look at the lead aircraft

▪ You expect to see a certain profile of the lead aircraft

▪ Moving closer (or farther away) does not change the profile, the lead aircraft only grows (or shrinks)

▪ To help verify the correct profile, you look for certain characteristic reference points (dependent on the aircraft)… for the TF-51D, see next slide



Standard practices in formation flight

Task Force Trident

▪ In a turn, all rejoins on the formation occur on the inside of the turn

▪ Establish yourself on the bearing line first, then close in

▪ Always join on the outside position, regardless of your number

▪ To switch sides, cross under the formation

TFT Phase 1 Created by Rage InfestPresentation Author(s): {TFT} Rage, {TFT} Dancer License: CC BY-NC-SA

The "finger-four" formation

Task Force Trident

▪ Arranged like the fingertips on your hand(minus the thumb)

▪ Two variants:

▪ Finger-four left (diagram top left)

▪ Finger-four right (diagram bottom left)


The "echelon" formation

Task Force Trident

▪ Everyone to the right or left side of the lead aircraft

▪ "Left" and "right" is where you are in relation to the lead aircraft

▪ You fly off the lead aircraft

▪ Spacing (and therefore reference points) can be either "cruise" or "parade"[Luckily, parade formation is Phase 2.]


The "line abreast" formation

Task Force Trident

• Cruise formation distance

• Co-altitude and wings in line with

each other.

• A bit more difficult to maintain,

overshoots are common.


The "close trail" formation

Task Force Trident

▪ Orient on the aircraft in front of you.

▪ Stay between 150ft and 500ft of the aircraft in front of you. 150ft is about 10 plane lengths.

▪ Visual reference: Aircraft in front of you should fill the gunsight.[The TF-51D does not have a gunsight, so imagine the P-51D gunsight.]

▪ Good formation to initiate a formation break from


Combat spread

▪ Used for pairs of lead and wingman

▪ Fly abreast of each other

▪ Parameters: Distance and Step-up for wingman▪ As briefed by lead

▪ Dependent on aircraft and tactical intent

▪ Distance: As briefed, generally 0.5 to 1nm

▪ Step-up: As briefed, generally co-altitude to 1000ft

▪ Step-up in altitude provides better overview for wingman and energy to intervene if lead is attacked

▪ Combat spread is the basis for tactical maneuvers (-> Phase 2)

50TFT Phase 1 Created by Rage Infest


Communications

▪ Use own number instead of callsign, e.g. "Three, request rejoin."

▪ Retain original number unless numbers are re-assigned by formation lead.

▪ Lead should call manifold pressure, RPM, heading, altitude.

51TFT Phase 1 Created by Rage Infest


Communication patterns

", ..."

• ...copy." ["copy" is optional if acknowledging an instruction or information. Acknowledge in

order. If aircraft ahead in number does not answer in reasonable time, acknowledge anyway.]

• ...request rejoin." [Then, follow lead's instructions for the rejoin.]

• ...saddled." [In formation. Restate after completing any formation change.]

• ...unable to ." [Let lead know that you cannot do something. If lead is speeding

away, this would be "Three, unable to follow."]

• ...blind." [You do not know where you are. When flying formation, used to indicate you have

lost visual/situational awareness on formation.]



Hints

▪ Too fast?

▪ Do not yank the throttle back, smooth control does it

▪ 10 degrees of flaps is safe below 400kts

▪ The K-dot maneuver – step on the rudder and counter the roll with the stick –will slow you down fast

▪ Find the bearing line and move in – do not chase the formation from behind

▪ Do not be (too) afraid of an overshoot

▪ Dangerous situation?▪ Go low and slow (in that order)

▪ When safe, advise of your situation



Formation breaks: Carrier break

Task Force Trident

▪ Time-based break

▪ About 15 second intervals for a carrier landing

▪ About 5 second intervals for an airfield landing

▪ Alternative: Distance-based break1: half-runway2: three-quarter runway3: full runwayetc.


Formation breaks: Fan break

Task Force Trident

▪ Go on the break at the same time

▪ Turn radius▪ Tightest radius for lead aircraft

▪ Progressively wider for the following aircraft

▪ Watch other aircraft and maintain relative position


AerobaticsStall and Spin Recovery

TFT Phase 1 Training



Contents

▪ Aileron roll

▪ Loop

▪ Barrel roll

▪ Immelmann

▪ Split-S

▪ Stall recovery

▪ Spin recovery



Aileron roll

▪ 5 degrees nose up to compensate for nose drop

▪ Do a complete roll (full stick left or right)

▪ Elevators and rudder neutral



Loop

▪ Requires adequate speed to initiate (> 300 kts)

▪ Throttle▪ Advance throttle for the first half

▪ Retard throttle for the second half

▪ Keep wings level throughout the loop



Barrel roll

▪ Essentially, a combination of (up) pitch and roll

▪ In effect, the aircraft follows the outside of a barrel (or, rather, a tube)



Immelmann

▪ Requires reasonable speed (> 300 kts) to initiate

▪ Half loop until inverted, then do a half aileron roll

▪ Keep wings level throughout the half loop



Split-S

▪ Half aileron roll until inverted, then half loop

▪ Keep wings level throughout the half loop



Recovering from stalls

▪ Inducing stall (for practice)

▪ Throttle to idle (or slightly above)

▪ 30 degrees pitch up to initiate stall

▪ Stall recovery▪ Nose down (aerodynamically stable aircraft will do this on their own)

▪ Apply power (calmly – do not overdo it)

▪ When sufficient speed has been reached, pull out of the dive in a controlled fashion



Recovering from spins

▪ Inducing spin (for practice)

▪ Same as inducing stall

▪ Aircraft will yaw in one direction, initiate spin by applying rudder in the same direction

▪ Spin recovery▪ Apply rudder to counter the yaw

▪ Nose down, apply power

▪ When sufficient speed has been reached, pull out of the dive in a controlled fashion



VFR Navigation


Task Force Trident

Your tools for VFR navigation

▪ Map

▪ Compass

▪ Airspeed indicator and clock▪ Can be used to calculate distance

▪ Needs you to fly straight and level

▪ Geography and landmarks▪ Geography: Terrain, coastlines, rivers, elevation etc.

▪ Natural landmarks: High peaks, lakes with distinctive shape, islands with distinctive shape etc.

▪ Man-made landmarks: Roads, railways, airfields, power lines, dams, bridges, towns and cities, specific building


Task Force Trident

Map and compass navigation

Useful, but easy to drift off course (especially in older aircraft)

▪ Prefer a gyroscopic compass over a magnetic one

▪ If you use the magnetic compass, know the magnetic deviation at your location

▪ Pay constant attention to your heading and correct any drift immediately

▪ Cross-check your course against geography and landmarks


Task Force Trident

Speed calculation

100 knots is 100 nautical miles per hour

Not that useful for distance calculation, so let's apply a bit of math:

▪ 100 knots means that you travel 10nm in 6 minutes.



This should allow you to do quick estimates of the distance traveled without using a calculator.


Task Force Trident

Accuracy of a distance estimate

How is airspeed measured?

▪ Pitot tubes: Measure the pressure caused by the airflow around your aircraft.

▪ Indicated airspeed is calculated from that pressure.

▪ True airspeed is the speed at which you travel through the air.


Task Force Trident

Any distance estimate based on airspeedis necessarily inaccurate

▪ Unless calibrated for altitude and temperature, indicated airspeed is not even your true airspeed.

▪ If there is wind, even your true airspeed is not the same as your ground speed.

▪ If you do not fly straight and level, your true airspeed is not the same as your ground speed.

You need another source of orientation besides map, compass, airspeed indicator and clock.


Task Force Trident

Useful geography and landmarks

The most useful landmarks are distinctive or unique:

▪ "Turn left at the Eiffel Tower" works best if there is only one Eiffel Tower in the city.

▪ Following a rail line is harder if there are several parallel ones and rail lines that branch off "your" line.

If there is no unique single landmark, look for unique combinations of landmarks.


Task Force Trident

Distinctive geography and landmarks

▪ Look for things that are rare where you fly

▪ On the Caucasus map, rivers are common, but large rivers are easily identified.

▪ Rail lines, roads and waterways may be common on their own, but at combination of rail line, road and waterway might not be.

▪ There might be a mountain that is much higher than the other ones.

▪ In the desert, even a small river stands out.

▪ Look for properties that make something rare or unique▪ Is this the only road that runs north to south?

▪ Is this the only city with a reservoir to its east?

▪ Is this the only lake with three islands in it?


Task Force Trident

Caucasus map: Geography and landmarks

▪ Greater and lesser Caucasus (for general orientation)

▪ Coastline

▪ Kura (Mtkvari) and Rioni rivers

▪ Enguri dam

▪ Elbrus and Kazbegi mountains in the Greater Caucasus

▪ Elbrus is the highest peak in the Greater Caucasus by far

▪ There are higher peaks than Kazbegi in the Caucasus, but it is higher than any of the peaks around it

▪ The "runway cross" (old Kobuleti airfield)


Task Force Trident

Always plan for problems…

When preparing a VFR flight plan…

▪ Always include checks that tell you that you are still on course▪ "We should be seeing that lake by now."

▪ "We should generally be on headings 260 to 280 while following that river."

▪ "We should follow the river branching off to the right no later than 10 minutes from now. If we follow the river longer than that, we have probably missed it."

▪ Always have a recovery plan▪ "If we are not sure where we are over the ocean, we will fly eastwards to the

coast and follow it to the south until we find Batumi."

▪ If we missed the river branching off, we will fly back and try to find it."


Task Force Trident

"The End"TFT Phase 1 Training

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Task Force Trident
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task force trident phase 1 training · 2020. 8. 10. · tft phase 1 created by rage infest...

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