task 9 kajang local plan

7/25/2019 TASK 9 Kajang Local Plan

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TASK 9: PROPOSED KAJANG LOCAL PLAN

FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTFor Sustainable Urban Development (KKKH 4284)

Lecturers:

Dr. Muhamad Nazri Bin Borhan

Prof. Dato Ir. Dr. Riza Atiq Abdullah Bin O.K Rahmat

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURALENGINEERINGFACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND BUILTENVIRONMENT

GROUP MEMBERS:

KHAIRUSSAADAH BINTI MISNAN

(A137116)

NURHANIS NABILAH BINTI MOHAMAD HALIM

(A141576)

NUR ASILAH BINTI ZAKARIA(A141479)

FAZIRAH NURHA BINTI MOHAMAD SAAD

(A141464)


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PROPOSED KAJANG LOCAL PLAN FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The plan shall address four broad sustainable development objectives:

1. Maintenance of high and stable levels of economic growth and employment

2. Social progress which recognises the needs of everyone

3. Effective protection of the environment

4. Prudent use of natural resources

The plan shall include the Sustainable Development Principles as follows:

1. Quality of Development

2. Integrating Transport and Development

3. Minimum environmental impact due to surge in travel demands

4. Development Access: Pedestrians, disabled people, cyclists, public transport, private

transport

5. Parking

6. Urban Design Principles

7. Context: compatible with existing landforms and natural features, retain, and where

possible enhance important existing urban spaces, townscape, parkland, natural or

historical features; respect the existing layout of buildings within the street space,

integrate into the local community

8. Safety and Security

9. Landscape and Biodiversity

10.Renewable Energy

11.

Air Quality

12.Water Quality and Drainage

You are encouraged to use drawings, sketches and pictures and video links to enhance your

report.


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QUALITY OF DEVELOPMENT

Studying development is about measuring how developed one country is compared to other

countries, or to the same country in the past. Development measures how economically, socially,

culturally or technologically advanced a country is. The two most important ways of measuring

development are economic development and social development. Economic development is ameasure of a country's wealth and how it is generated (for example agriculture base or industrial

base). Social development measures the access the population has to wealth, jobs, education,

nutrition, health, leisure and safety as well as political and cultural freedom. Material elements,

such as wealth and nutrition, are described as the standard of living. Health and leisure are often

referred to as quality of life. Government continued to implement measures and programmes to

increase income levels and improve the provision of and access to social services.

Establish more public service like health,education and food. The steady rise in income was

accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the incidence of poverty as well as continued

enhancement in health, education, transport and communications, working and family life as

well as public safety. The improvements were also made in the area of working life withreductions in the unemployment rate, provide more vacancies of job for community number of

industrial accidents as well as the number of work days lost due to industrial actions. The decline

in the industrial accident rate can be attributed to the effective enforcement of the Factories and

Machinery Act1967 and the Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1994. Education also improved

with increases in the literacy rate, participation rates at pre-school and tertiary levels and the

teacher student ratio.

The participation rate in secondary schools registered a mixed performance while the tertiary

level showed an improvement. These improvements were made possible with the construction of

additional classrooms, which improved the class-classroom ratio and implementation of

educational support programmes such as scholarships, textbook-on-loans and financialassistance. Implementation of the centralised school system, which facilitated the provision of

adequate teaching and learning facilities. The expansion of existing universities, the setting up of

new universities and the provision of financial assistance through the National Higher Education

Fund, enabled a larger number of qualified students from low-income families to gain access to

higher education, and further increased student intake and enrolment in the public universities.

Also, save living environment, provide a clean, pleasant to access to high quality will be

included in the quality of development.

Health promotion and disease prevention programmes continued to be accorded high priority.

The programmes took into account the increasing affluence of society and its sedentary and

stress-filled lifestyles and emphasised the promotion of a healthy lifestyle, better nutrition,

immunisation, safe drinking water supply as well as food quality and safety. As part of the

preventive and promotive health programme, the thematic lifestyle campaign focused on the

practice of healthy behaviour and food safety. The coverage and scope of the childhood

immunization programme was further improved. The National Food Safety Policy and a Plan of

Action were formulated to ensure the quality and safety of locally produced and imported food.


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The environmental health programme was also strengthened to ensure a safe and healthy

environment.

Different types of public transport also can be considered to have a better development such as

BRT system and cycling. Equitable access to health and educational facilities depends on their

location. Major hospitals should locate as close as possible to regional centres with a railwaystation or similar mass transit node, on public transport corridors servicing those centres from

more than one direction. Smaller medical facilities should be clustered along streets containing

public transport routes rather than in locations that are only accessible by car. Where major

hospitals are less accessible, the proposed development should show a net community benefit.

Best practice is achieved when new and upgraded arterial and orbital roads are designed to

provide for trunk public transport services between centres. This includes providing for stops and

interchange with feeder services.

New public transport routes link two or more primary attractors such as railway stations and

town centres with secondary attractors such as schools, hospitals, post offices and

leisure/entertainment centres located along the route. A mix of trip purposes at nodes or stopssuch as shops, childcare centres, post offices and homes provides two way passenger loads on

public transport services, maximising asset utilisation and reducing empty return trips. Priority is

given to improving services to major centres containing employment opportunities and

community facilities. A balance is achieved between fast, direct services to major centres and

frequent stopping services that provide local access. Bus stops are located to maximise the

patronage catchment and to consider personal safety, lighting and traffic management.

Innovative servicing strategies are provided, such as hail and ride/demand responsive bus

services, which best meet local needs.


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INTEGRATING TRANSPORT AND DEVELOPMENT

The community is increasingly aware of the social, environmental and economic costs of

growing car use in urban areas. Traffic congestion is increasing, air quality is under threat, and

time, land and money are being consumed at ever increasing rates as people carry out their daily

activities predominantly via car trips. Roads play a critical role in meeting the transport needs ofNSW residents and the states economy. However, urban areas dominated by road infrastructure

to accommodate high car usage generally suffer poor amenity and congestion. Allowing high

dependency on private cars for travel often reduces accessibility and significantly impacts on the

environment.

More sustainable modes walking, cycling and public transport can be more effective and

efficient ways of moving people in urban areas, especially when all costs are considered. For

example, public transport can make more efficient use of space and energy, and be more cost

effective than private cars. It also provides mobility for a wider range of people, including young

and older people without cars. To improve transport choice, we need to create an environment

that is friendly to pedestrians, cyclists and public transport users, including people withdisabilities. We need to make land use and development decisions that encourage people to use

sustainable modes of transport for one or more trips per day. We must also ensure that people

can reduce their travel needs by allowing several purposes to be served by one trip.

Concentrate on Centre

When employment, housing, retail and leisure activities and services are concentrated in

accessible centres, there is much more use of public transport than in areas where these facilities

and activities are dispersed. Within and close to these centres, people are more likely to walk or

cycle for short trips and to use public transport for longer journeys. Concentrating activities lets

people make a single trip for a range of purposes. Walking or public transport become moreattractive options and reduce distances travelled by car.

Mix Uses in Centre

Activities need to be located to meet the needs of the economy and peoples lifestyle choices.

Compatible uses should be mixed vertically within the same building or horizontally on adjacent

sites, and be within walking distance of each other. If a mix of uses is not appropriate, buildings

can be designed for easy conversion to alternative uses in the future (e.g. warehouse to

residential use or vice versa). The co-location of many compatible uses will reduce car travel and

increase walking, cycling and public transport use. Locally, traffic congestion will be reduced,

air quality improved and accessibility maximised. Vibrant centres will attract more business and

employment, along with leisure, recreational and entertainment facilities. A widerange of uses

will support the better provision of services, such as 24hour public transport. Duplication can be

avoided if, for example, one public transport service can cater to two markets, such as daytime

commuters and people undertaking evening leisure pursuits.


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Align Centres within Corridors

Centres should include major and neighbourhood centres on railway and transit way stations and

key bus stops. Major public transport corridors should include heavy and light rail links, transit

ways and trunk bus routes. Ensuring that centres and other concentrations of activities locate

along major public transport corridors will support high frequency public transport services andfurther boost the effectiveness of centres and corridors. Encourage more origins and destinations

within the corridors. Make transport services more attractive to operators and users.

Link Public Transport with Land use Strategies

Correct location and design of new transport infrastructure road, rail, transit ways, bus and other

forms of transit, walkways and cycle ways should help achieve the goals of maximising transport

choice and managing travel demand by minimising the need for, and distance of, travel. Planning

for new infrastructure should be integrated into corridor and regional land use strategies. These

will influence housing and employment location, densities and other factors that maximise the

infrastructure catchment. Similarly, planning for new public transport services, on new and

existing infrastructure, should be closely aligned with land use planning, corridor development

and new development projects. In particular, services should facilitate access to transport nodes

and centres in major corridors.

Connect Streets

An interconnected street system provides pedestrians and cyclists with more direct and safer

links to public transport stops and nodes. It is also more legible (i.e. more easily understood)

permeable(i.e. allows for a choice of routes) and flexible, allowing for maximum choice of land

use and future movement options. An interconnected street network is easier to provide with

frequent bus services. Conventional suburban development is often characterised bycircuitous

roads, many culsdesac and few footpaths. These require more dead running for buses, are oftentoo narrow, add to trip times, and increase walking distances.

More interconnected streets can be opened or closed over time to manage traffic, unlike a

culdesac that cannot be reconnected to the surrounding street network without considerable cost.

A closed street in a connected street network provides the same level of safety for children and

property as culdesac. Bus only links can be provided between neighbourhoods where through

traffic isdiscouraged. Care should be exercised in planning the number of access points to major

arterial roads. Every access point reduces the efficiency of the arterial road and may adversely

affect public transport operations on that road.

The increase in the number of vehicles contributed to traffic congestion, particularly in highlyurbanized areas. Integrated transport planning is concerned with the development of broad plans

that address all aspects of the transportation system including benefits and impacts from

transport and impacts within the community. This plan sets the broad policy agenda required to

establish continuous improvement towards a sustainable transport system. To address the

congestion, measures were taken to continuously improve the transport system, with an emphasis

on making the system more integrated, efficient and reliable. Besides, the school authorities


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should provide a traffic guard in front of the school during peak hour to make sure the safety of

the school children.

If possible, the town council of Kajang should provide a bus station in the city so that the bus

would have a proper bus station and the level of services would be increased. Proper bus station

should be constructed along the way from out of Kajang to the city especially from Bangibecause there are a lot of potential visitors from here due to existing of educational institution

such as UKM. Furthermore, we have planned to provide the exclusive lanes for public transport

which the buses or taxi will be separate with private cars. Then, we will give the better

information for all transport users, the pedestrians in public or private transportation, to allow

them to make the better judgements. Traffic flows can be smooth and congestion will be reduced

with better information.

Proper bus station along the way Bicycle lane


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URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLE

Urban design occurs across all parts of a city, from the inner city to the suburbs and outer

metropolitan fringe. Urban design is relevant to developments, whatever their nature and size.

City-wide transport and infrastructure networks, urban infill projects, regional towns, new

suburban developments, shopping malls, streets, office blocks, university campuses and hospitalsare all the result of urban design. High quality urban design becomes even more important as we

increase the density of our cities and cater for a growing and changing population. It requires

excellent planning, design and management of our built environment and the supporting social

and economic infrastructure.

Car-Free Street

Pedestrian zones (also known as auto-free zones and car-free zones, and as pedestrian precincts

in British English) are areas of a city or town reserved for pedestrian-only use and in which some

or all automobile traffic may be prohibited. They are instituted by communities who feel that it is

desirable to have pedestrian-only areas. Pedestrian zones have a great variety of attitudes or rules

towards human-powered vehicles such as bicycles, inline skates, skateboards and kick scooters.

Some have a total ban on anything with wheels, others ban certain categories, others segregate

the human-powered wheels from foot traffic, and others still have no rules at all. Many of Middle

Eastern casbas have no wheeled traffic, but use donkey-driven or hand-driven carts for freight

transport.

Car-free developments are residential or mixed use developments which normally provide a

traffic free immediate environment, offer no parking or limited parking separated from the

residence and designed to enable residents to live without owning a car. Urban design principles

combine aspects of architecture, landscape architecture. Public works, transportation system and

public arts to create dynamic urban environment. However with increasing activities of thesedisciplines, it is better to conceptualized as a design practice that intersects all of the aspects.

The design principles seek to foster good development without inhibiting design creativity and

flexibility. The basic principles of the designs are contextual sitting, the importance of pedestrian

environment, architectural sensitivity, and respect for historic structures and durability of

building materials. These design principles should guides architects and developers and should

serve as a basis to design review committees. Urban Design is the practice of shaping the

physical features and to make high-quality connections between places and buildings for the

enjoyable and safe activity of people. While creating places for people, urban design must

respect and enhance the natural environment and use resources efficiently.


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The public space should be the great as the living room of the city which is the place where

people come together to enjoy the city and each other. Public spaces make high quality life in the

city possible. Public spaces ranges from grand central plazas and squares, to small and local

neighborhood parks. The parks design and management should take into account recreational

requirements of all target age-groups. Different age-groups have different motives to visit the

park and different interests in activities that they are going to undertake.

Besides, our Kajang city should provide street which is the connections between spaces and

places, as well as being spaces themselves. We defined the streets by their physical dimension

and character as well as the size, scale and character buildings that line them. The pattern of our

street network is part of what defines a city and makes city unique.

Proposed Public Space and Street


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Landscaping and Installation

The landscape or others installation must be provide like fountains, sculptures, water gardens

and special lighting to developed the best city or green part of the city that weaves throughout in

the form of urban parks, street trees, plants, flowers, and water in many forms. The landscape

helps define the character and beauty of a city and creates soft, contrasting spaces and elementsand also created an aesthetical value. The best city also must be provided with a high quality of

street lighting.

Landscape Installation


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MINIMUM ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DUE TO SURGE IN TRAVEL DEMANDS

Kajang already face many problems related to unmanaged urbanization such as pollution, weak

sewerage infrastructure, inadequate water supply, waste disposal, high crime rates, traffic

congestion and others We have to balance the development and environment when we develop

our city to make it sustain, healthy and safe. Travel demands in the city are related to transport.

Transport has significant effects on the built and natural environment, and then effects on

humans lives. The environmental aspects of transport sustainability are concerned with the

atmospheric and noice pollution, resource use, effects of waste disposal on the natural

environment and effects on human, flora also fauna.

Technology: New fuels and vehicles

The use of new technology is often as a way to continue our current travel demands while

reducing environmental impact. The focus is on to move from a system based on fossil fuels to

one based on hydrogen or fuel cells. The development of new generation of propulsion systems

for all vehicles and modes involves the introduction of better materials and better understanding

of combustion and flow phenomena. This can result in lower emissions and less fuel

consumption, as well as less vibration and external noise.

Therefore, electric bicycles and scooters can be proposed and used in the urban transport,

whether from users, general public or local authorities. It can be developed in Kajang town since

it gives less environmental impacts. Besides, the fully-automated personal rapid transit and

cybernetic transport systems offer significant direct energy savings and reduction of

environmental pollution. They can emit very low noice and vibration and no local emissions, in

addition of reducing the cars and conventional public transport.

Electric Bicycle Bus with Hybrid Technology

Changing Behavior: Supportive Measures

Continued use of integrated land-use and transport planning is required in order to encourage

development in a way that is most amenable to the use of public transport, walking and cycling.

Car sharing or car-pooling are amongst the most attractive options for better vehicle utilisation.

Car sharing is helping to reduce the number of cars on the road. This means fewer CO2

emissions are polluting the air, and youre reducing your personal carbon footprint. Car sharing


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also helps people make greener transportation choices, since being a member means you dont

have to keep a car in your driveway.

Car sharing is popular in cities around the world because it is cost-effective for members and it

benefits our environment. Sharing cars reduces demand for new cars and encourages more

sustainable travel patterns, as members use public transport and walk and cycle more than peoplewho don't share a car. Car share users are charged by time and distance, at a rate set by each

operator. Costs associated with fuel, vehicle maintenance and insurance are usually included in

the operator's hire fees. Car booking can be done through call or online system .Various mobile

points are available where the booked car can be collected from the nearest station.

It is important to improve access to public transport, provide enhanced safety and security,

introduce attractive integrated fares and ticketing systems and to create bus lanes, park and ride

facilities and improved multimodal nodes in order to improve public transport use. In addition,

public transport service quality must be constantly monitored and maintained. Information

offices, real-time public transport information systems and trip-planning tools on the web can all

help boost patronage, and marketing activities have been shown to be an effective way ofchanging peoples behaviour and encouraging them to choose public transport.

Integrated Ticketing System

Kajang Local Plan will introduce initiatives to make cycling an attractive alternative even over

longer distances, by marketing cycling, extending their cycling networks and equipping tram and

bus stops and metro stations with bike and ride facilities. Internet-based walking and cycling

route finders can be made available. Kajang Local Plan also includes implementation car-free

zones at the main area of Kajang which also encourage walking and cycling. There is considered

to be great potential for transfer of lessons learnt and best practice in many other cities.


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Car-Free-Zone

Recommendations of Kajang Local Plan include better cycle parking and security and insurance

arrangements and better promotion of walking and cycling, including the focusing of marketing

efforts on major employers and large establishments such as schools, colleges frequented by

younger people whose travel habits can be influenced for the longer term. Appointment of apedestrian and cycling officer is a useful way of advocating and promoting change, and

incentives such as Car-Free Days can be adopted. It may also be necessary to enforce reduced

car speed limits to encourage walking and cycling. Car sharing also can be used as a tool for

sustainable and energy efficient urban development. It is environmentally friendly modes of

transportation.

Car Sharing(Using one instead of owning one)


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DEVELOPMENT ACCESS: PEDESTRIANS, DISABLED PEOPLE, CYLISTS, PUBLIC

TRANSPORT, PRIVATE TRANSPORT

Collective Transport (Public Transport)

Easy interchange between different Public Transport modes

Buses

Bicycle

Taxi

a) CyclingIndividual Transport Modes

The bicycle is the ultimate zero-emission-vehicle

cycle streets with priority for cyclists

Provides layers, well defined signs for people with a visual impairment

Infrastructure

Cycle parking with good bicycle racks (decentralised~ 2500 racks inner city

On-street bike racks


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PARKING

Interlock concrete paver parking

An interlocking concrete paver is a type of paver. This special type of paver, also known as a

segmental paver, has emerged over the last couple of decades in the United States as a verypopular alternative to brick, clay or concrete.

Superior physical properties of pavers provide longer pavement life, reduced maintenance costs

and extend the replacement cycle while conserving the use of raw materials. Concrete pavers

improve the quality of life for an environment and its users and it provide sustainable ecological

solutions proven to last.

It also provides to effectively store and treat storm water runoff. The structure of a permeable

pavement system provides a base and sub base to store runoff. They effectively trap suspended

solids, process nutrients and oils and can immobilize heavy metals.

Interlock Concrete Paver Parking

Advantages of interlock parking

A large variety of paving styles

Multitude of color possibilities

Create your own design

Low cost, low maintenance

30 year + life expectancy

No cracking

3 times stronger than poured concrete

Pavers move with soil conditions


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Bike Parking

Bicycle parking involves the infrastructure and equipment (bike racks, bicycle locks etc.) to

enable secure and convenient parking of bicycles. Arrangements for this include lockers, racks,

manned or unmanned bicycle parking stations including automated facilities, roofs for

weatherproofing, as well as specific legal arrangements for ad hoc parking alongside railings andother street furniture.

Bicycle parking is an important part of cycling infrastructure and as such is studied in the

discipline of Bicycle transportation engineering. In most of the United States, bicycle parking

facilities are scarce, or are so inadequate that nearby trees or parking meters are used. The

Netherlands, where bicycles are much in use, has two-tiered bicycle racks giving high density

(the handlebars overlap, often causing damage) and security (the bicycle is held well and is easy

to lock).

Sections of existing car parks can often be retrofitted as cycle parking, offering

advantages of location, cover and security and parking for more people.

Town planning policies and regulations are increasingly requiring provision for bicycle

parking in new developments, in addition to car parking.

Secure bicycle parking is argued to be a key factor influencing the decision to cycle. To

be considered secure, the parking must be of a suitable design: allowing the bicycle to be

locked via the frame (see bicycle parking rack).

Storage rooms or bicycle lockers may also be provided. In some cases large

concentrations of bike parking may be more appropriate, sometimes being supervised and

sometimes charging a fee.

Bicycle Parking


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Solar Parking

Solar parking canopies are setting the standard for elevated solar power systems. Ideal for

parking lots or open areas adjacent to facilities, these solar PV parking structures generate on-site

solar electric power, reduce energy costs and provide premium shading with protection from the

weather. This product is adaptable by design, accommodating unique property lines and differingtopography contours. Each system is individually engineered to optimize energy output in

available space, thereby maximizing your return on investment.

Automated multi-level parking

A multi-storey car park (also called a parking garage, parking structure, parking ramp, parkade,

parking building, parking deck or indoor parking) is a building designed for car parking and

where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place. It is essentially a

stacked car park.

Advantages of multi-level parking

Optimal utilization of space

Lower maintenance and operational cost

Lower construction cost

Minimal land use

Secure and environmental-friendly nature


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OVERALL DESIGN CONTEXT

Relocation of Metro Kajang

In accordance to the old town concept, it was proposed that the existing metro Kajang shopping

mall to be relocated to the inner city and the original location is to be transformed into arecreational park. The location is fairly strategic as welcoming gateway to Kajang. Furthermore,

the park will be facing the Langat River and can be integrated to the proposed riverfront project

Transforming the Kajang Old Town

The plan is aimed to transform the dull Kajang Old Twon into more livable and cultural town. In

achieving that, few steps are proposed in the following section.

Transportation

The future Kajang old town aims to have limited number of transportation mode that only will

include mainly public transportation (busses) and bicycle with a small number of private vehiclesuch as motorcycle and cars. To encourage public in using bus as main mode of transportation to

and within the old town Kajang, a new plan of routes that provide best accessibility will be

introduced.

Naked Street concept

The practical application of a naked street involves the removal of all hard safety measures,

including safety barriers, traffic lights, warning signs, speed humps, pedestrian crossings and

road markings. These are all replaced with road surfaces that do not clearly distinguish between

vehicle and pedestrian space, ambiguity in defining traffic rules, and a street environment that

fosters eye contact and human interaction. This concept has proven to reduce traffic congestionand increase its safety. The replacement of existing asphalt pavement to permeable interlocking

pavers will in turn benefit the city in term of flood mitigation measures as well as increasing the

citys aesthetical values.

Naked Street shared space concept application in London


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Landscape

In addition to the proposed park to replace the existing Metro Kajang, the overall look of the city

needs to be improved by planting more trees especially along the street to provide shade and

cools down the ambience to provide public comfort and at the same time encourage public to

travel by foot within the city.

Riverfront Project

Kajang Old Town is strategically located facing the Langat River and that allow an increment in

the aesthetics value by including the river in its landscape. For that a riverfront enhancement is

proposed including construction of parks along the riverside ranging from location A to B (from

Figure 3). Some of its designated function is to provide a space for leisure activities as well as

connector of both locations. This project is believed to bring many other potential benefits tocome including improve in economical and tourism activities

Masjid Centered Concept

It was proposed that Masjid Jamek Kajang to be developed to cover wider range of activities.

The new proposed mosque shall serves as a place where Muslims can come together for prayer

as well as a centre for information, education and dispute settlement. Masjid Jamek Kajang will

be surrounded with new business center and planned residential areas so that it will stimulate a

more effective economic growth. Preserving its original architecture as it represent the identity of

Kajang, addition of water feature facing the mosque is proposed to increase its aesthetical values.

Centre of Trading and Economic Activities

Any future development involving office building, convention centers and modern facilities will

be located at this site. As the location offers wider available land, it can accommodate the growth

rate of the city without causing trouble to the existing activities going on in the city.

Use of shading trees in Serbia


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SAFETY AND SECURITY

Promote natural surveillance

In promoting natural surveillance, it is crucial to provide surroundings that facilitate the activity

to actually take place. For that the plan will include more open space and reduce as much private

or secluded area that allow unwanted event to happen. As for night time, most area will beprovided with proper street lighting and authorities will be responsible in maintaining the natural

surveillance-friendly atmosphere.

Safety Patrolling

Safety patrolling will include patrolling by police, authorities and the local (Rukun Tetangga).

The patrolling activity was intended to provide public soundness and reduce crime rate in the

city.

CCTV Installation at Crime-Prone Area

CCTV installation is one of the popular measure in increasing safety level in a particular place.As step to ensure the public safety, CCTVs will be installed in general and especially in areas

that are hard to be seen. A special set of rule of CCTV installation in premises according to its

situations will also be introduced.


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LANDSCAPE AND BIODIVERSITY

Muller et al. (2010) defines the urban biodiversity as the variety and richness of living

organisms including genetic variation and habitat diversity found in and on the edge of human

settlements.

Nonetheless, urbanization can bring negative ecological impact on environment such asfragmentation of open and natural areas, degradation of water resources, loss of free natural

services (Benedict & Macmahon 2002), alteration of habitat, loss and dismemberment of natural

vegetation and the creation of novel habitat types (Tratalos et al. 2007). These rapid changes

cause concerns about the future of life in Kajang city. Therefore, sustainable approach towards

use of the earths naturalresources and biodiversity in urban area become vital to ensure the next

generations life.

A landscape design for future Kajang is proposed to be implemented in a proper sequence

namely; (1) select land cover data and decide which land cover classes constitute unaltered or

altered land covers; (2) list the constraints on land use planning (e.g., economic, social) that exist

for the landscape; (3) maximize the total amount and diversity of unaltered land cover, especially

near water; (4) minimize human disturbance within altered land cover, especially near water; and

(5) aggregate altered land covers associated with high-intensity land uses, especially away from

water.

Aimed to achieve the goals mentioned above, the following approach is taken into

consideration:

Rising awareness of environmental issues and importance of urban biodiversity

Publics cooperation plays important role in achieving the goal of protecting the urban

biodiversity. Therefore awareness campaign will be a part of the actions to be taken in

order to ensure every member of the society is well-educated about the problem and howbig the role they play in protecting the environment.

Natural areas protection and management

An example of waterways in urban areas as

opportunity for promoting biodiversity


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The Langat rivers and other waterways as natural corridors in Kajang city are another

opportunities for promoting biodiversity. A special management scheme will be

implemented as it possess high potential to bring an improvement in biodiversity not only

in the habitats beside the land but also can have positive effects on the proliferation of

aquatic species.In addition to urban corridors, urban landscape consists of natural areas

covered by local species of plants. These plants constitute habitats for many other animalspecies. Therefore, protecting these natural areas inside the cities, results many benefits

especially those influencing biodiversity. They also help preservation of local habitats

and species that are in peril of extinction. Beyond supporting a variety of species and

habitats, other advantages of protecting natural areas in cities are contributing the

essential services including water filtration and absorption, nutrient cycling, air filtration

that can improve biodiversity indirectly.

Increase number of green open public areas

Open public areas inside the cities have potential for improving biodiversity as well by

providing life habitats for many plant and animal species. These areas includes; parks and

public gardens, outdoor sports activity areas, playground, squares, hobby gardens andurban farms are well-designed and managed.

Design a green garden for each residential area

According to Savard (1978), well vegetated residential areas can establish aerial corridors

through their tree canopy. These areas are beneficial for migrating birds which use them

extensively as they provide food and protection against aerial predators. Apart from

preserving and linking of existing green spaces, creating new green spaces inside the

cities is essential to complete green network and sustainable urban development (Hagen

& Stiles, 2010).

Utilize unused land and brownfields sites within Kajang

Unused land and brownfield sites are the other parts of urban landscape structure that can

have significant role on rehabilitating the urban natural biodiversity. One example for

unused land within Kajang city is its railways. Railway sidings with vegetation can

connect different green spaces within Kajang city and play as a network enhancing

Green garden in residential area


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habitat for biodiversity as well as improving its capacity to provide ecosystem services.

They also can connect Kajang city to the surroundings area and facilitate the movement

of different species of insects and animals depending to the plant species.

An example for brownfield is unused industrial areas. Therefore, identifying these areas

and investigating their potential for improving urban green space will have significant

role in increasing urban biodiversity (Haas & Schetke 2010). These areas can be turned toman-made parks that have positive impact on urban biodiversity as well as natural

vegetation.

Make use of the citys constructional elements

Constructional elements in cities can provide opportunities for promoting urbanbiodiversity. The identified constructional elements that can be utilized for this purpose

are:

o Wallsare one of these noticeable constructional elements in cities that can support

biodiversity and provide other environmental benefits as well. As a result of

population growth and decrease in land area available for urbanization, the

vertical dimension in urban areas expanded. In general three types of walls in

urban area can be observed; free standing (boundary) walls, buildings walls and

retaining walls. Different vascular plant species have the ability to grow on these

types of walls. Most of the studies on walls vegetation have focused on old walls

maintaining an interesting flora, sufficient to attract some initial botanicalattention. As a result, some walls are identified as worthy of conservation because

they have some biodiversity value as well as historical and cultural value

(Darlington, 1981; Gilbert, 1992; Jim and Chen, 2010; Francis 2010).

o Roofs can be utilized for this purpose by implementing the Green Roof concept.

Green roofs can sustain a variety of plants and invertebrates, and provide a habitat

for various bird species. By acting as a stepping stone habitat for migrating

species they can link species together that would otherwise be fragmented. Green

Example of industrial area transformation in

Duisburg, Germany


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roofs can also help reduce the distribution of dust and particulate matter

throughout the city, as well as the production of smog. This can play a role in

reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting Kajang urban areas to the

increasing effect of climate change.

The positive impact of the measures are:

Moderation of Urban Heat Island Effect

Through the daily dew and evaporation cycle, plants on vertical and horizontal surfaces

are able to cool Kajang city during the days and reduce the Urban Heat Island (UHI)effect. The light absorbed by vegetation would otherwise be converted into heat energy.

Increased Biodiversity

Increasing biodiversity can positively affect three realms:

o Ecosystem: Diverse ecosystems are better able to maintain high levels of

productivity during periods of environmental variation than those with fewer

species.

o Economic: Stabilized ecosystems ensure the delivery of ecological goods (e.g.

food, construction materials, and medicinal plants) and services (e.g. maintain

hydrological cycles, cleanse water and air, and store and cycle nutrients).

o

Social: Visual and environmental diversity can have positive impacts oncommunity and psychological well-being

Green wall and roof

Green wall and roof


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RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable energy is energy which can be obtained from natural resources that can be constantlyreplenished. Renewable energy generated from natural resources such as wind, sunlight, rain and

geothermal heat. In 2006, about only 18% of global find energy consumption comes from

renewable. Of course the new development of Kajang brings re-construct of a commercial and

residential buildings. The construction of the new buildings and houses in new Kajang city will

use the energy efficiency concept as in EU practices:

Large windows to let in sufficient daylight, high ceiling for better air circulation and

optimized layout to make the best use of available space.

Situate the house to take advantage of prevailing breezes. Not only these breezes valuable

for cross-ventilation in the house, but they can make screened-in rooms and porches more

comfortable.

Installation of solar panel in every new building constructed.

Example of large windows to let natural sunlight that can be implemented in residential houses.

Solar Energy will be installed at new commercial and residential buildings.


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Sustainable buildings improve lives by providing healthier environments to the use of energy

efficient mechanical systems. The construction of these buildings should also practice

sustainable working environment that minimize the effects of construction to the public.

Strategies include by using the materials and systems that simplify and reduce maintenancerequirements, require less water and energy, power saving energy bulb, minimal or toxic free,

cost-effective and reduce life-cycle costs.

For example we can use compact fluorescent lamp (CFLs) to replace the lamp for entire

building. CFLs use roughly 1/4 as much energy as incandescent bulbs. This means that you can

light a 60 watt fixture using as little as 13 watts of electricity. Lighting accounts for about 15%

of total residential energy consumption, and 23% of commercial consumption, so making some

updates can really reduce your energy consumption in a meaningful way. Roughly, 70% of

electricity is generated using fossil fuels (natural gas, coal, petroleum). Only 7% is generated

from renewable sources such as hydroelectric, wind, and solar. This means that your decision to

reduce consumption in your home or business has a real impact on the environment. It only takesone CFL in each Kajang household to save enough energy to light more than 50 thousands

homes for a year, save about $700 million in annual energy costs, and prevent 9 billion pounds

of greenhouse gas emissions per year, equivalent to the emissions of about 800,000 cars.

Example of CFLs


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AIR QUALITY

The term "air quality means the state of the air around us. Good air quality refers to clean, clear,

unpolluted air. Clean air is essential to maintaining the delicate balance of life on this planet. Not

just for humans, but wildlife, vegetation, water and soil. Poor air quality is a result of a numberof factors, including emissions from various sources, both natural and human-caused. Poor air

quality occurs when pollutants reach high enough concentrations to endanger human health

and/or the environment. Our everyday choices, such as driving cars and burning wood, can have

a significant impact on air quality. Reducing air pollution will improve the quality of life for

everyone. Reducing air pollution often means using less fuel and energy which indirectly save

money. The main source of pollution in the Kajang city centre is from road traffic. By using

public transportations, sustainable house system and providing more green areas, it could help in

improving the state of air quality in Kajang city centre.

Cycling in the town

Contrary to popular belief, indoor air quality can actually be more polluted than outdoors.

Pollutants range from toxins, such as asbestos and formaldehyde found in building materials to

allergens such as mold, mildew, fungus, bacteria, and dust mites. The negative effects of these

pollutants may cause health problems upon initial exposure or even many years later. However,

there are several measures that can be taken to improve the indoor air quality:

Choose ventilation system that removes dirt, dust, moisture, humidity, and pollutants.

Select materials, such as those without formaldehyde, limit off-gassing, have minimal or

no toxic properties and do not shed dust or fibre.

Use the exhaust fan over the stove to remove gases like carbon monoxide.

Use fans in the bathroom to remove water vapours that can cause molds to grow.


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Planting more trees around houses


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WATER QUALITY AND DRAINAGE

Storm water runoff is excess precipitation that flows into water bodies and local storm sewer

systems largely due to the prevalence of hard surfaces, such as impervious concrete. It is a large

quantity of water that would ordinarily be absorbed into the ground in the natural environment.

Storm water runoff collects pollutants, chemicals and debris as it flows over paved surfaces andinto water bodies. It also causes erosion, decreases groundwater recharge and alters aquatic

environments. By practicing rain water harvesting system for every house and offices, the storm

water can be used for flushing toilets and watering plant.

Integrate the infrastructure with green environment to reduce storm water run off

There will be no open channelled drainage in the proposed development. For landscaping

purposes, swale or Mulden Rigolen system will be used throughout the new development of

Kajang where the rainwater is channelled into the grassed-over hollow as in figure 17 and 18.The water seeps into the gravel-filled underground storage basin beneath. Furthermore, rain

garden is also proposed to be constructed at the intersection of every swale. A rain garden is a

garden which takes advantage of rainfall and storm water runoff in its design with selected types

of plants. Usually, it is a small garden which is designed to withstand the extremes of moisture

and concentrations of nutrients, particularly Nitrogen and Phosphorus that are usually found in

storm water runoff. Most of the examples of rain gardens that are available to review are

populated with either herbaceous perennials, woody shrubs or trees. This does not mean that

annuals are not a possible choice for such gardens rather it means that the gardens constructed

have been designed for habitat and low maintenance goals rather than purely seasonal aesthetics

and colour effects. Some annuals are good candidates for a higher maintenance version of a rain

garden


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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, in order for Kajang to be developed in a sustainable manner, there are many

factors should be taken into consideration. This include financial, national policies, environmenta

impacts, and last but most importantly, sensitivity of the local resident of Kajang. A

redevelopment of a city could be an extremely challenging process as a whole. But with adequate

measures and cooperation from each members of the community ranging from the residents to

the local government accompanied with positive thinking, a whole new Kajang that is liveable

and sustainable is merely an impossible idea.

task 9 kajang local plan

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