task #68 - the marshall plan - phs world history · cartoon, both truman and stalin are portrayed...
TRANSCRIPT
-
TA
SK
#6
8 -
Th
e M
ars
ha
ll P
lan
O
n M
arc
h 1
2,
19
47
, U
.S.
Pre
sid
en
t H
arr
y S.
Tru
ma
n,
an
no
un
ced
de
tails
to
Co
ng
ress
of
wh
at
eve
ntu
ally
be
cam
e
kno
wn
as
the
Tru
ma
n D
oct
rin
e.
In h
is s
pe
ech
he
ple
dg
ed
Am
eri
can
su
pp
ort
fo
r "f
ree
pe
op
les
wh
o a
re r
esi
stin
g
att
em
pte
d s
ub
jug
ati
on
by
arm
ed
min
ori
tie
s o
r b
y o
uts
ide
pre
ssu
res"
. T
his
sp
ee
ch a
lso
incl
ud
ed
a r
eq
ue
st t
ha
t
Co
ng
ress
ag
ree
to
giv
e m
ilita
ry a
nd
eco
no
mic
aid
to
Gre
ece
in
its
fig
ht
ag
ain
st c
om
mu
nis
m.
Th
ree
mo
nth
s la
ter
Ge
org
e C
. M
ars
ha
ll, T
rum
an
's
Secr
eta
ry o
f St
ate
, a
nn
ou
nce
d d
eta
ils o
f w
ha
t b
eca
me
kno
wn
as
the
Ma
rsh
all
Pla
n o
r th
e E
uro
pe
an
Re
cove
ry
Pro
gra
m (
ER
P).
Ma
rsh
all
off
ere
d A
me
rica
n f
ina
nci
al a
id f
or
a p
rog
ram
of
Eu
rop
ea
n e
con
om
ic r
eco
very
.
On
Ap
ril 3
, 1
94
8,
Ha
rry
S. T
rum
an
sig
ne
d t
he
fir
st
ap
pro
pri
ati
on
bill
au
tho
rizi
ng
$5
,30
0,0
00
,00
0 f
or
the
fir
st
yea
r o
f th
e E
RP
. P
au
l G.
Ho
ffm
an
wa
s a
pp
oin
ted
as
he
ad
of
the
Org
an
iza
tio
n f
or
Eco
no
mic
Co
op
era
tio
n (
OE
EC
)
ad
min
istr
ati
on
an
d b
y 1
95
1 w
as
ab
le t
o r
ep
ort
th
at
ind
ust
ria
l p
rod
uct
ion
in
We
ste
rn E
uro
pe
ha
d g
row
n 3
0%
sin
ce t
he
be
gin
nin
g o
f th
e S
eco
nd
Wo
rld
Wa
r.
Th
e E
uro
pe
an
Re
cove
ry P
rog
ram
ca
me
to
an
en
d o
n
De
cem
be
r 3
1,
19
51
. It
its
thre
e y
ea
r e
xist
en
ce,
the
ER
P
spe
nt
alm
ost
$1
2,5
00
,00
0,0
00
. It
wa
s su
cce
ed
ed
by
the
Mu
tua
l Se
curi
ty A
dm
inis
tra
tio
n.
1.
Wh
at
did
Tru
ma
n a
sk f
or
on
Ma
rch
12
,
19
47
? _
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_
2.
Wh
at
did
Ge
ne
ral G
eo
rge
Ma
rsh
all
pro
po
se?
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3.
Wh
at
did
th
e E
RP
co
nsi
st o
f?
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4.
Ho
w s
ucc
ess
ful
wa
s th
e E
RP
?
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T
his
is a
ca
rto
on
fro
m P
un
ch,
a B
riti
sh s
ati
rica
l ma
ga
zin
e.
It
wa
s p
ub
lish
ed
on
18
Jun
e 1
94
7,
ele
ven
da
ys a
fte
r M
ars
ha
ll m
ad
e t
he
sp
ee
ch a
nn
ou
nci
ng
his
Pla
n.
It
wa
s
dra
wn
by
EH
Sh
ep
ard
(w
ho
dre
w t
he
illu
stra
tio
ns
for
the
Win
nie
th
e P
oo
h b
oo
ks),
bu
t it
is a
ve
ry p
erc
ep
tive
ca
rto
on
. A
t a
tim
e o
f g
rea
t p
erc
eiv
ed
cri
sis,
MO
ST
pe
op
le r
eg
ard
ed
th
e M
ars
ha
ll P
lan
as
a
life
-lin
e f
or
surv
iva
l ag
ain
st S
ovi
et
exp
an
sio
nis
m.
Th
is c
art
oo
n -
as
be
fits
a
cyn
ica
l/sa
tiri
cal m
ag
azi
ne
- q
ue
stio
ns
the
mo
tive
s o
f th
e U
nit
ed
Sta
tes.
In
th
e
cart
oo
n,
BO
TH
Tru
ma
n a
nd
Sta
lin a
re p
ort
raye
d a
s se
eki
ng
'cu
sto
me
rs' =
se
eki
ng
to
exp
an
d t
he
ir in
flu
en
ce.
Tru
ma
n is
mo
re p
olit
e t
ha
n S
talin
(w
ho
is j
ust
sh
ovi
ng
th
em
into
his
bu
s b
y fo
rce
), b
ut
he
is a
fte
r a
llie
s ju
st a
s m
uch
as
the
So
vie
ts.
Th
e m
ess
ag
e o
f th
e c
art
oo
n is
th
at
Am
eri
ca a
nd
th
e U
SSR
are
invo
lve
d in
a
com
pe
titi
on
fo
r a
llie
s -
an
d t
hu
s th
is c
art
oo
n is
po
rtra
yin
g t
he
Ma
rsh
all
Pla
n,
no
t a
s a
ph
ilan
thro
pic
aid
-pa
cka
ge
, b
ut
as
a c
om
pe
tin
g s
tra
teg
y in
th
e C
old
Wa
r o
f
'co
mp
eti
tio
n-i
n-o
the
r-w
ays
-th
an
-fig
hti
ng
'. I
n t
his
, it
kin
d-o
f-su
pp
ort
s th
e R
uss
ian
pro
pa
ga
nd
a o
f th
e t
ime
, w
hic
h p
ort
raye
d t
he
Ma
rsh
all
Pla
n a
s a
n a
ct o
f w
ar
ag
ain
st
the
So
vie
t U
nio
n.
5. W
ha
t is
th
is c
art
oo
n’s
ma
in m
ess
ag
e?
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6. I
n y
ou
r o
pin
ion
, h
ow
eff
ect
ive
is t
his
ca
rto
on
? P
lea
se c
ite
exa
mp
les
fro
m t
he
ca
rto
on
. _
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T
his
ca
rto
on
by
the
te
am
of
Ru
ssia
n a
rtis
ts c
alle
d 'K
ukr
inik
sy'
sho
ws
Ma
rsh
all
ho
ldin
g h
arn
ess
es,
to
wh
ich
are
att
ach
ed
gu
ns
an
d h
elm
ets
. T
he
tit
le o
f th
e c
art
oo
n is
'Ma
rsh
all'
s P
lan
in p
ract
ice
'. I
t w
as
pu
blis
he
d in
Cze
cho
slo
vaki
a i
n 1
94
9 -
wh
ich
is in
tere
stin
g,
be
cau
se it
sh
ow
s h
ow
th
e S
ovi
et
Un
ion
wa
s a
ble
to
pu
blis
h it
s p
rop
ag
an
da
at
will
in I
ron
Cu
rta
in
cou
ntr
ies.
T
he
me
ssa
ge
of
the
ca
rto
on
is t
ha
t th
e A
me
rica
ns
are
off
eri
ng
mo
ne
y, b
ut
tha
t m
on
ey
wil
l no
t fr
ee
th
e n
ati
on
s o
f
Eu
rop
e,
bu
t w
ill b
ind
th
em
to
Am
eri
can
mili
tary
imp
eri
alis
m.
Wh
en
th
e M
ars
ha
ll P
lan
ha
d b
ee
n p
rop
ose
d i
n 1
94
7,
Cze
cho
slo
vaki
a h
ad
exp
ress
ed
inte
rest
, b
ut
ha
d b
ee
n
forb
idd
en
by
Sta
lin t
o j
oin
th
e P
lan
. A
s th
e f
irst
aid
be
ga
n t
o
flo
w in
19
49
, th
is c
art
oo
n is
de
sig
ne
d t
o r
ein
forc
e w
ith
th
e
Cze
cho
slo
vak
pu
blic
th
at
the
y h
ad
do
ne
th
e r
igh
t th
ing
refu
sin
g t
he
aid
.
7. W
ha
t is
th
is c
art
oo
n’s
ma
in m
ess
ag
e?
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__
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__
__
__
__
__
__
__
8. I
n y
ou
r o
pin
ion
, h
ow
eff
ect
ive
is t
his
ca
rto
on
?
Ple
ase
cit
e e
xam
ple
s fr
om
th
e c
art
oo
n.
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69
-
TA
SK
#7
0 -
Win
sto
n C
hu
rch
ill’
s Ir
on
Cu
rta
in
Win
sto
n C
hu
rch
ill
ga
ve
th
e s
pe
ech
be
low
at
We
stm
inst
er
Co
lle
ge
, in
Fu
lto
n,
Mis
sou
ri,
aft
er
rece
ivin
g a
n h
on
ora
ry d
eg
ree
. W
ith
typ
ica
l o
rato
rica
l sk
ills
, C
hu
rch
in
tro
du
ced
th
e p
hra
se "
Iro
n C
urt
ain
" to
de
scri
be
th
e d
ivis
ion
be
twe
en
We
ste
rn p
ow
ers
an
d t
he
are
a
con
tro
lle
d b
y t
he
So
vie
t U
nio
n.
As
such
th
e s
pe
ech
ma
rks
the
on
set
of
the
Co
ld W
ar.
Th
e s
pe
ech
wa
s ve
ry l
on
g,
an
d h
ere
exc
erp
ts
are
pre
sen
ted
:
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
Re
me
mb
er
to m
ark
th
e t
ex
t: c
ircl
e a
nd
de
fin
e u
nk
no
wn
wo
rds,
un
de
rlin
e p
att
ern
s, d
raw
co
nn
ect
ion
s, a
sk q
ue
stio
ns,
ma
ke
ob
serv
ati
on
s,
sta
r th
e a
uth
or’
s cl
aim
, a
nd
ma
rk t
he
ev
ide
nce
of
tha
t cl
aim
“T
he
re is
de
ep
sym
pa
thy
an
d g
oo
dw
ill in
Bri
tain
--
an
d I
do
ub
t n
ot
he
re a
lso
--
tow
ard
th
e p
eo
ple
s o
f a
ll th
e
Ru
ssia
s a
nd
a r
eso
lve
to
pe
rse
vere
th
rou
gh
ma
ny
dif
fere
nce
s a
nd
re
bu
ffs
in e
sta
blis
hin
g la
stin
g f
rie
nd
ship
s. I
t is
my
du
ty,
ho
we
ver,
to
pla
ce b
efo
re y
ou
ce
rta
in f
act
s a
bo
ut
the
pre
sen
t p
osi
tio
n in
Eu
rop
e.
Fro
m S
tett
in in
th
e
Ba
ltic
to
Tri
est
e in
th
e A
dri
ati
c a
n ir
on
cu
rta
in h
as
de
sce
nd
ed
acr
oss
th
e C
on
tin
en
t. B
eh
ind
th
at
line
lie
all
th
e
cap
ita
ls o
f th
e a
nci
en
t st
ate
s o
f C
en
tra
l an
d E
ast
ern
Eu
rop
e.
Wa
rsa
w,
Be
rlin
, P
rag
ue
, V
ien
na
, B
ud
ap
est
,
Be
lgra
de
, B
uch
are
st a
nd
So
fia
; a
ll th
ese
fa
mo
us
citi
es
an
d t
he
po
pu
lati
on
s a
rou
nd
th
em
lie
in w
ha
t I
mu
st c
all
the
So
vie
t sp
he
re,
an
d a
ll a
re s
ub
ject
, in
on
e f
orm
or
an
oth
er,
no
t o
nly
to
So
vie
t in
flu
en
ce b
ut
to a
ve
ry h
igh
an
d in
so
me
ca
ses
incr
ea
sin
g m
ea
sure
of
con
tro
l fro
m M
osc
ow
. T
he
sa
fety
of
the
wo
rld
, la
die
s a
nd
ge
ntl
em
en
,
req
uir
es
a u
nit
y in
Eu
rop
e,
fro
m w
hic
h n
o n
ati
on
sh
ou
ld b
e p
erm
an
en
tly
ou
tca
st.
It is
fro
m t
he
qu
arr
els
of
the
stro
ng
pa
ren
t ra
ces
in E
uro
pe
th
at
the
wo
rld
wa
rs w
e h
ave
wit
ne
sse
d,
or
wh
ich
occ
urr
ed
in f
orm
er
tim
es,
ha
ve
spru
ng
. T
wic
e t
he
Un
ite
d S
tate
s h
as
ha
d t
o s
en
d s
eve
ral m
illio
ns
of
its
you
ng
me
n a
cro
ss t
he
Atl
an
tic
to f
igh
t
the
wa
rs.
Bu
t n
ow
we
all
can
fin
d a
ny
na
tio
n,
wh
ere
ver
it m
ay
dw
ell,
be
twe
en
du
sk a
nd
da
wn
. Su
rely
we
sh
ou
ld
wo
rk w
ith
co
nsc
iou
s p
urp
ose
fo
r a
gra
nd
pa
cifi
cati
on
of
Eu
rop
e w
ith
in t
he
str
uct
ure
of
the
Un
ite
d N
ati
on
s a
nd
in a
cco
rda
nce
wit
h o
ur
Ch
art
er.
In
a g
rea
t n
um
be
r o
f co
un
trie
s, f
ar
fro
m t
he
Ru
ssia
n f
ron
tie
rs a
nd
th
rou
gh
ou
t
the
wo
rld
, C
om
mu
nis
t fi
fth
co
lum
ns
are
est
ab
lish
ed
an
d w
ork
in c
om
ple
te u
nit
y a
nd
ab
solu
te o
be
die
nce
to
th
e
dir
ect
ion
s th
ey
rece
ive
fro
m t
he
Co
mm
un
ist
cen
ter.
Exc
ep
t in
th
e B
riti
sh C
om
mo
nw
ea
lth
an
d in
th
e U
nit
ed
Sta
tes
wh
ere
Co
mm
un
ism
is in
its
infa
ncy
, th
e C
om
mu
nis
t p
art
ies
or
fift
h c
olu
mn
s co
nst
itu
te a
gro
win
g
cha
llen
ge
an
d p
eri
l to
Ch
rist
ian
civ
iliza
tio
n.”
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T
his
ca
rto
on
fro
m 1
94
6 b
y th
e B
riti
sh c
art
oo
nis
t Il
ling
wo
rth
wa
s p
ub
lish
ed
in t
he
Da
ily M
ail
on
6 M
arc
h 1
94
6 (
the
da
y a
fte
r C
hu
rch
ill's
Fu
lto
n s
pe
ech
).
It s
ho
ws
Ch
urc
hill
ha
vin
g 'a
pe
ep
un
de
r th
e I
ron
Cu
rta
in'.
‘J
oe
’ is
Jo
sep
h
Sta
lin.
In
fa
ct,
the
‘ir
on
cu
rta
in’
wa
s a
2,0
00
-km
. lin
e o
f b
arb
ed
wir
e,
loo
k-
ou
t p
ost
s a
nd
ro
ad
blo
cks.
Th
is c
art
oo
n -
pu
blis
he
d in
a r
igh
t-w
ing
Bri
tish
ne
wsp
ap
er
the
da
y a
fte
r C
hu
rch
ill's
Fu
lto
n s
pe
ech
(se
e a
bo
ve)-
sh
ow
s
Ch
urc
hill
pe
ep
ing
un
de
r th
e I
ron
Cu
rta
in.
On
th
is s
ide
(th
e d
em
ocr
ati
c si
de
),
the
ca
rto
on
sh
ow
s p
ost
-19
45
Eu
rop
e,
po
or
an
d d
eva
sta
ted
by
the
wa
r.
Co
ntr
ary
to
late
r d
ep
icti
on
s o
f Ir
on
Cu
rta
in c
ou
ntr
ies,
th
e c
art
oo
nis
t sh
ow
s
Ea
ste
rn E
uro
pe
as
- ye
s, d
ark
an
d u
nd
er
the
he
el o
f th
e t
yra
nt
- b
ut
bri
stlin
g
wit
h in
du
stry
an
d a
rma
me
nts
. E
ast
ern
Eu
rop
e is
sh
ow
n a
s a
ve
ry
frig
hte
nin
g a
nd
da
ng
ero
us
po
we
r, a
nd
ove
r it
all
pre
sid
es
Sta
lin
, b
raze
nly
ha
ng
ing
ove
r th
e c
urt
ain
in t
he
ba
ckg
rou
nd
. T
he
me
ssa
ge
of
the
ca
rto
on
is
tha
t C
hu
rch
ill in
his
sp
ee
ch h
as
giv
en
TH
E B
RIT
ISH
PU
BLI
C 'a
pe
ep
un
de
r th
e
curt
ain
' - a
n id
ea
of
wh
at
is g
oin
g o
n in
ea
ste
rn E
uro
pe
- a
nd
th
at
he
ha
s
sho
wn
th
em
de
velo
pm
en
ts o
f w
hic
h t
he
y n
ee
d t
o b
e a
fra
id.
Co
nte
xt
1.
Wh
o w
as
the
so
urc
e o
f th
is s
pe
ech
?
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2.
Wh
at
occ
asi
on
insp
ire
d t
his
sp
ee
ch?
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__
_
Co
nte
nt
3.
Wh
at
is t
he
sp
ea
ker
refe
rrin
g t
o w
ith
th
e p
hra
se “
Sovi
et
Sph
ere
?”
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_
4.
Wh
at
is t
he
sp
ea
ker
refe
rrin
g t
o w
ith
th
e p
hra
se “
Iro
n
Cu
rta
in?
” _
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__
_
5.
Wh
at
wa
s th
e s
pe
ake
r’s
ma
in c
laim
in t
his
sp
ee
ch?
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__
_
Cri
tica
l C
on
clu
sio
ns
6.
Wh
at
wa
s th
e s
pe
ake
r tr
yin
g t
o a
cco
mp
lish
wit
h t
his
spe
ech
? _
__
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_
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__
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__
__
__
__
__
__
_
Co
nte
xt
7.
Wh
o w
as
the
so
urc
e o
f th
is c
art
oo
n?
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__
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__
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__
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__
_
8.
Wh
at
occ
asi
on
insp
ire
d t
his
ca
rto
on
?
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__
_
Co
nte
nt
9.
Wh
at
is t
his
ca
rto
on
de
pic
tin
g?
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_
10
. C
ircl
e im
po
rta
nt
sym
bo
ls i
n t
he
ca
rto
on
an
d e
xpla
in t
he
ir
sig
nif
ica
nce
be
low
. _
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_
Cri
tica
l C
on
clu
sio
ns
11
. W
ha
t w
as
the
art
ist
tryi
ng
to
acc
om
plis
h w
ith
th
is
cart
oo
n?
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_
72
-
TA
SK
#7
1 -
Be
rlin
Blo
cka
de
an
d A
irli
ft
Be
rlin
is
the
ca
pit
al o
f G
erm
an
y a
nd
wa
s th
e f
ina
l Na
zi s
tro
ng
ho
ld t
o f
all
in W
orl
d W
ar
II.
On
Ap
ril 2
1,
19
45
Be
rlin
wa
s e
nte
red
by
the
Re
d A
rmy
an
d b
y th
e e
nd
of
the
mo
nth
th
e S
ovi
ets
co
ntr
olle
d t
he
wh
ole
cit
y. I
n
acc
ord
an
ce w
ith
th
e a
gre
em
en
t re
ach
ed
at
Ya
lta
th
e t
hre
e w
est
ern
alli
es
(Un
ite
d S
tate
s, B
rita
in a
nd
Fra
nce
) w
ere
giv
en
zo
ne
s o
f o
ccu
pa
tio
n
in t
he
cit
y. T
he
y w
ere
als
o a
llow
ed
acc
ess
alo
ng
sp
eci
fic
corr
ido
rs t
o
We
st G
erm
an
y.
Jose
ph
Sta
lin w
as
de
term
ine
d t
o m
ake
Ge
rma
ny
pa
y fo
r th
e d
am
ag
e
infl
icte
d o
n t
he
So
vie
t U
nio
n.
Aft
er
the
wa
r h
e t
oo
k re
pa
rati
on
s fr
om
Ea
st G
erm
an
y a
nd
Ea
st B
erl
in.
Th
e m
ain
co
nce
rn o
f th
e U
nit
ed
Sta
tes
wa
s to
en
sure
th
at
We
st G
erm
an
y d
id n
ot
be
com
e a
co
mm
un
ist
sta
te.
To
sto
p t
his
ha
pp
en
ing
it
ma
de
str
en
uo
us
att
em
pts
to
bu
ild
up
its
eco
no
my.
On
Ma
rch
12
, 1
94
7,
Ha
rry
S. T
rum
an
, a
nn
ou
nce
d d
eta
ils
to C
on
gre
ss o
f
wh
at
eve
ntu
ally
be
cam
e k
no
wn
as
the
Tru
ma
n D
oct
rin
e.
In h
is s
pe
ech
he
ple
dg
ed
Am
eri
can
su
pp
ort
fo
r "f
ree
pe
op
les
wh
o a
re r
esi
stin
g
att
em
pte
d s
ub
jug
ati
on
by
arm
ed
min
ori
tie
s o
r b
y o
uts
ide
pre
ssu
res"
.
Th
ree
mo
nth
s la
ter
Ge
org
e C
. M
ars
ha
ll, T
rum
an
's S
ecr
eta
ry o
f St
ate
,
an
no
un
ced
de
tails
of
wh
at
be
cam
e k
no
wn
as
the
Ma
rsh
all
Pla
n.
Ma
rsh
all
off
ere
d A
me
rica
n f
ina
nci
al a
id f
or
a p
rog
ram
of
Eu
rop
ea
n
eco
no
mic
re
cove
ry.
At
the
be
gin
nin
g o
f 1
94
8 B
erl
in's
th
ree
we
ste
rn z
on
es
we
re m
erg
ed
to
fo
rm a
sin
gle
zo
ne
. W
ith
th
e h
elp
of
the
Ma
rsh
all
Pla
n
We
st B
erl
in b
eca
me
ve
ry p
rosp
ero
us.
Th
is w
as
in d
ire
ct c
on
tra
st t
o
Ea
st B
erl
in t
ha
t w
as
stil
l be
ing
dra
ine
d o
f re
sou
rce
s b
y th
e S
ovi
et
Un
ion
. Jo
sep
h S
tali
n b
eca
me
incr
ea
sin
gly
co
nce
rne
d a
bo
ut
the
de
velo
pm
en
ts i
n W
est
Be
rlin
.
Em
ba
rra
sse
d b
y th
e c
on
tra
st b
etw
ee
n t
he
pro
spe
rity
of
We
st
Be
rlin
an
d t
he
po
vert
y o
f E
ast
Be
rlin
, St
ali
n d
eci
de
d t
o t
ake
act
ion
.
On
Ap
ril 1
, 1
94
8,
the
So
vie
t m
ilit
ary
go
vern
me
nt
in B
erl
in b
eg
an
to
a la
nd
blo
cka
de
of
the
alli
ed
are
as
of
the
cit
y b
y re
fusi
ng
to
pe
rmit
Am
eri
can
an
d B
riti
sh s
up
ply
tra
ins
to p
ass
th
rou
gh
th
e z
on
e.
It
see
me
d t
ha
t St
alin
's m
ain
ob
ject
ive
wa
s to
fo
rce
th
e w
est
ern
all
ies
to le
ave
We
st B
erl
in.
Ove
r th
e n
ext
te
n m
on
ths
an
est
ima
ted
2,2
45
,31
5 t
on
s o
f su
pp
lies
we
re a
irlif
ted
to
th
e b
lock
ad
ed
cit
y. T
his
en
ab
led
th
e a
llie
s to
pro
vid
e e
no
ug
h f
oo
d a
nd
fu
el t
o t
he
2.5
mill
ion
pe
op
le li
vin
g in
We
st B
erl
in.
On
th
e M
ay
12
, 1
94
9 S
talin
ad
mit
ted
de
fea
t a
nd
lif
ted
the
blo
cka
de
.
1. W
hic
h c
ou
ntr
y lib
era
ted
Be
rlin
in W
orl
d W
ar
II?
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2. W
ha
t h
ap
pe
ne
d t
o B
erl
in a
s a
re
sult
of
the
ne
go
tia
tio
ns
at
the
Ya
lta
Co
nfe
ren
ce?
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__
3. W
ha
t d
id S
talin
wa
nt
fro
m G
erm
an
y? _
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4. W
ha
t w
as
the
ma
in c
on
cern
of
the
U.S
.? _
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__
5. W
ha
t w
as
the
Tru
ma
n D
oct
rin
e?
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_
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__
6. W
ha
t w
as
the
Ma
rsh
all
Pla
n?
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__
7. H
ow
did
Ea
st B
erl
in d
iffe
r fr
om
We
st B
erl
in?
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8.
Wh
at
act
ion
did
Sta
lin t
ake
? _
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__
__
9.
Wh
at
wa
s St
alin
’s m
ain
ob
ject
ive
? _
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
10
. W
ha
t d
id t
he
oth
er
Alli
ed
po
we
rs d
o in
re
spo
nse
?
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__
__
__
__
__
__
11
. H
ow
ma
ny
ton
s o
f su
pp
lies
did
th
ey
air
lift?
__
__
__
__
__
__
12
. H
ow
ma
ny
pe
op
le d
id t
he
y su
pp
ly?
__
__
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__
__
__
__
13
. W
he
n d
id S
talin
lift
th
e b
lock
ad
e?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
14
. D
esc
rib
e t
he
me
ssa
ge
inte
nd
ed
by
the
fir
st p
olit
ica
l
cart
oo
n.
__
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_
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__
15
. D
esc
rib
e t
he
me
ssa
ge
inte
nd
ed
by
the
se
con
d p
olit
ica
l
cart
oo
n.
__
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_
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73
-
TA
SK
#7
6 -
Th
e N
ucl
ea
r A
rms
Ra
ce
Th
e n
ucl
ea
r a
rms
race
wa
s ce
ntr
al t
o t
he
Co
ld W
ar.
Ma
ny
fea
red
wh
ere
th
e C
old
Wa
r w
as
go
ing
wit
h t
he
be
lie
f
tha
t th
e m
ore
nu
cle
ar
we
ap
on
s yo
u h
ad
, th
e m
ore
po
we
rfu
l yo
u w
ere
. B
oth
Am
eri
ca a
nd
th
e S
ovi
et
Un
ion
ma
ssiv
ely
bu
ilt u
p t
he
ir s
tock
pile
s o
f n
ucl
ea
r w
ea
po
ns.
Th
e w
orl
d g
rea
tly
cha
ng
ed
wh
en
USA
exp
lod
ed
th
e H
-bo
mb
in 1
95
2.
Th
is o
ne
bo
mb
wa
s sm
alle
r in
siz
e t
ha
n t
he
Hir
osh
ima
ato
mic
bo
mb
bu
t 2
50
0 t
ime
s m
ore
po
we
rfu
l. T
he
Ru
ssia
ns
pro
du
ced
an
H-b
om
b in
19
53
an
d t
he
wo
rld
be
cam
e a
mu
ch m
ore
da
ng
ero
us
pla
ce.
Ho
we
ver,
it is
po
ssib
le t
ha
t th
e s
he
er
po
we
r o
f th
ese
we
ap
on
s a
nd
th
e f
ea
r th
at
the
y e
voke
d m
ay
ha
ve s
top
pe
d a
nu
cle
ar
wa
r.
USA
pro
du
ced
a b
om
be
r -
the
B5
2 -
th
at
cou
ld f
ly 6
,00
0 m
ile
s a
nd
de
live
r a
nu
cle
ar
pa
y-lo
ad
. Su
ch a
de
velo
pm
en
t
req
uir
ed
ma
ssiv
e f
ina
nci
al b
ack
ing
fro
m t
he
go
vern
me
nt
- so
me
thin
g w
hic
h A
me
rica
co
uld
aff
ord
to
do
an
d w
hic
h
Ru
ssia
co
uld
no
t. R
uss
ia c
on
cen
tra
ted
on
pro
du
cin
g b
igg
er
bo
mb
s -
a f
ar
mo
re c
ost
eff
ect
ive
pro
ced
ure
.
In O
cto
be
r 1
95
7,
the
wo
rld
wa
s in
tro
du
ced
to
th
e f
ea
r o
f a
mis
sile
att
ack
wh
en
Sp
utn
ik,
the
fir
st a
rtif
icia
l sa
telli
te,
wa
s la
un
che
d.
Th
is w
as
to le
ad
to
IC
BM
’s :
In
ter-
con
tin
en
tal b
alli
stic
mis
sile
s. A
s a
re
sult
, A
me
rica
bu
ilt t
he
DE
W
line
aro
un
d t
he
Art
ic-D
efe
nse
an
d E
arl
y W
arn
ing
sys
tem
. A
t th
e e
nd
of
the
19
50
’s,
Am
eri
can
In
telli
ge
nce
est
ima
ted
th
at
in a
So
vie
t m
issi
le a
tta
ck,
20
mill
ion
Am
eri
can
s w
ou
ld d
ie a
nd
22
mill
ion
wo
uld
be
inju
red
. D
uri
ng
th
e 1
96
0’s
, th
e R
uss
ian
s p
ut
the
ir m
on
ey
into
pro
du
cin
g m
ore
mis
sile
s re
ga
rdle
ss o
f q
ua
lity
wh
ile
Am
eri
ca
bu
ilt f
ew
er
bu
t b
ett
er
qu
alit
y m
issi
les
- th
e A
tla
s co
uld
go
5,0
00
mil
es
at
a s
pe
ed
of
16
,00
0 m
ph
. B
y 1
96
1,
the
re
we
re e
no
ug
h b
om
bs
to d
est
roy
the
wo
rld
. D
esp
ite
th
is,
gre
at
em
ph
asi
s w
as
pu
t o
n n
ew
we
ap
on
sys
tem
s -
mo
bile
mis
sile
lau
nch
ers
we
re b
uilt
, m
issi
les
we
re h
ou
sed
un
de
rgro
un
d in
silo
s a
nd
in 1
96
0 t
he
fir
st P
ola
ris
sub
ma
rin
e w
as
lau
nch
ed
ca
rryi
ng
16
nu
cle
ar
mis
sile
s. E
ach
mis
sile
ca
rrie
d f
ou
r w
arh
ea
ds
wh
ich
co
uld
ta
rge
ted
on
dif
fere
nt
citi
es;
he
nce
on
e s
ub
ma
rin
e e
ffe
ctiv
ely
ca
rrie
d 6
4 n
ucl
ea
r w
arh
ea
ds.
In
19
67
, C
hin
a e
xplo
de
d a
n H
-bo
mb
. C
hin
a w
as
a c
om
mu
nis
t co
un
try.
In
th
e w
est
, N
AT
O f
elt
ou
tnu
mb
ere
d a
s th
e
sta
tist
ics
be
low
sh
ow
s a
nd
so
ha
d t
o p
lace
its
fait
h in
nu
cle
ar
mis
sile
s:
Tro
op
s :
N
AT
O =
2.6
mill
ion
.
Wa
rsa
w P
act
= 4
mill
ion
Ta
nks
:
N
AT
O =
13
,00
0.
Wa
rsa
w P
act
=-4
2,5
00
Art
ille
ry :
N
AT
O =
10
,75
0.
Wa
rsa
w P
act
= 3
1,5
00
0
Du
rin
g t
he
19
60
’s t
he
th
eo
ry o
f M
AD
de
velo
pe
d -
Mu
tua
lly A
ssu
red
De
stru
ctio
n.
Th
is m
ea
nt
tha
t if
th
e S
ovi
et
Un
ion
att
ack
ed
th
e w
est
, th
e w
est
wo
uld
ma
ke s
ure
th
at
the
y w
ou
ld s
uit
ab
ly r
eta
liate
i.e
. th
ere
wo
uld
be
no
win
ne
rs.
By
19
86
, it
is e
stim
ate
d t
ha
t th
rou
gh
ou
t th
e w
orl
d t
he
re w
ere
40
,00
0 n
ucl
ea
r w
arh
ea
ds
- th
e e
qu
iva
len
t o
f o
ne
mill
ion
Hir
osh
ima
bo
mb
s. B
riti
sh I
nte
llig
en
ce e
stim
ate
d t
ha
t ju
st o
ne
me
diu
m s
ize
d H
-bo
mb
on
Lo
nd
on
wo
uld
ess
en
tia
lly d
est
roy
an
yth
ing
livi
ng
up
to
30
mile
s a
wa
y.
Co
nfr
on
ted
by
such
aw
eso
me
sta
tist
ics,
wo
rld
lea
de
rs h
ad
to
mo
ve t
o a
po
siti
on
wh
ere
th
ey
tru
ste
d e
ach
oth
er
mo
re.
Th
rou
gh
ou
t th
e 1
96
0's
an
d 1
97
0's
"d
ete
nte
" h
ad
be
en
use
d t
o e
ase
ba
d r
ela
tio
ns
be
twe
en
th
e
sup
erp
ow
ers
. T
his
wa
s to
cu
lmin
ate
in t
he
Re
ykja
vik
me
eti
ng
be
twe
en
pre
sid
en
ts R
ea
ga
n a
nd
Go
rba
che
v th
at
sta
rte
d r
ea
l pro
gre
ss in
th
e c
ut
in n
ucl
ea
r w
ea
po
nry
in f
utu
re m
ee
tin
gs.
1. W
hy
did
Am
eri
ca a
nd
th
e S
ovi
et
Un
ion
sto
ckp
ile n
ucl
ea
r
we
ap
on
s? _
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
__
__
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__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
2. H
ow
did
th
e H
-bo
mb
of
19
52
co
mp
are
to
th
e e
arl
ier
Hir
osh
ima
ato
mic
bo
mb
? _
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
3. W
he
n d
id t
he
Ru
ssia
ns
pro
du
ce a
n H
-bo
mb
? _
__
__
__
__
_
4. W
ha
t m
ay
ha
ve s
top
pe
d n
ucl
ea
r w
ar?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
5. W
ha
t co
uld
th
e A
me
rica
n a
ffo
rd t
ha
t th
e S
ovi
ets
co
uld
no
t? _
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
6. W
ha
t is
an
IC
BM
? _
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
7. B
y th
e 1
95
0s,
wh
at
wa
s th
e e
stim
ate
d im
pa
ct o
f a
So
vie
t
mis
sile
att
ack
? _
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
8. H
ow
did
Am
eri
ca’s
an
d t
he
So
vie
t’s
ap
pro
ach
to
nu
cle
ar
we
ap
on
s d
iffe
r in
th
e 1
96
0s?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
9. W
ha
t is
Po
lari
s a
nd
wh
at
cou
ld it
do
? _
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
10
. W
hy
did
NA
TO
fe
el o
utn
um
be
red
? _
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
11
. W
ha
t d
oe
s M
.A.D
. st
an
d f
or
an
d w
ha
t d
oe
s it
me
an
? _
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
12
. B
y 1
98
6,
ho
w m
an
y n
ucl
ea
r w
arh
ea
ds
we
re t
he
re
an
d w
ha
t d
id t
his
me
an
? _
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
13
. W
ha
t is
de
ten
te?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
14
. W
ho
me
t a
t R
eyk
javi
k?
__
__
__
__
__
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15
. W
ha
t d
id t
he
y a
gre
e t
o?
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78
-
TA
SK
#8
1 -
Ko
rea
n W
ar:
Co
mm
un
ism
vs.
De
mo
cra
cy
Ko
rea
n W
ar,
co
nfl
ict
be
twe
en
Co
mm
un
ist
an
d n
on
-Co
mm
un
ist
forc
es
in K
ore
a f
rom
Ju
ne
25
, 1
95
0,
to J
uly
27
,
19
53
. A
t th
e e
nd
of
Wo
rld
Wa
r II
, K
ore
a w
as
div
ide
d a
t th
e 3
8th
pa
ralle
l in
to S
ovi
et
(No
rth
Ko
rea
n)
an
d U
.S.
(So
uth
Ko
rea
n)
zon
es
of
occ
up
ati
on
. In
19
48
riv
al g
ove
rnm
en
ts w
ere
est
ab
lish
ed
: T
he
Re
pu
blic
of
Ko
rea
wa
s p
rocl
aim
ed
in
the
So
uth
an
d t
he
Pe
op
le's
De
mo
cra
tic
Re
pu
blic
of
Ko
rea
in t
he
No
rth
.
Re
lati
on
s b
etw
ee
n t
he
m b
eca
me
incr
ea
sin
gly
str
ain
ed
, a
nd
on
Ju
ne
25
, 1
95
0,
No
rth
Ko
rea
n f
orc
es
inva
de
d S
ou
th
Ko
rea
. T
he
Un
ite
d N
ati
on
s q
uic
kly
con
de
mn
ed
th
e in
vasi
on
as
an
act
of
ag
gre
ssio
n,
de
ma
nd
ed
th
e w
ith
dra
wa
l of
No
rth
Ko
rea
n t
roo
ps
fro
m t
he
So
uth
, a
nd
ca
lled
up
on
its
me
mb
ers
to
aid
So
uth
Ko
rea
. O
n J
un
e 2
7,
U.S
. P
resi
de
nt
Tru
ma
n a
uth
ori
zed
th
e u
se o
f A
me
rica
n la
nd
, se
a,
an
d a
ir f
orc
es
in K
ore
a;
a w
ee
k la
ter,
th
e U
nit
ed
Na
tio
ns
pla
ced
the
fo
rce
s o
f 1
5 o
the
r m
em
be
r n
ati
on
s u
nd
er
U.S
. co
mm
an
d,
an
d T
rum
an
ap
po
inte
d G
en
. D
ou
gla
s M
acA
rth
ur
sup
rem
e c
om
ma
nd
er.
In t
he
fir
st w
ee
ks
of
the
co
nfl
ict
the
No
rth
Ko
rea
n f
orc
es
me
t lit
tle
re
sist
an
ce a
nd
ad
van
ced
ra
pid
ly.
By
Sep
t. 1
0
the
y h
ad
dri
ven
th
e S
ou
th K
ore
an
arm
y a
nd
a s
ma
ll A
me
rica
n f
orc
e t
o t
he
Bu
san
(P
usa
n)
are
a a
t th
e s
ou
the
ast
tip
of
Ko
rea
. A
co
un
tero
ffe
nsi
ve b
eg
an
on
Se
pt.
15
, w
he
n U
N f
orc
es
ma
de
a d
ari
ng
lan
din
g a
t In
che
on
(In
cho
n)
on
th
e
we
st c
oa
st.
No
rth
Ko
rea
n f
orc
es
fell
ba
ck a
nd
Ma
cArt
hu
r re
ceiv
ed
ord
ers
to
pu
rsu
e t
he
m i
nto
No
rth
Ko
rea
.
On
Oct
. 1
9,
the
No
rth
Ko
rea
n c
ap
ita
l of
Pyo
ng
yan
g w
as
cap
ture
d;
by
No
v. 2
4,
No
rth
Ko
rea
n f
orc
es
we
re d
rive
n b
y
the
8th
Arm
y, u
nd
er
Ge
n.
Wa
lto
n W
alk
er,
an
d t
he
X C
orp
, u
nd
er
Ge
n.
Ed
wa
rd A
lmo
nd
, a
lmo
st t
o t
he
Ya
lu R
ive
r,
wh
ich
ma
rke
d t
he
bo
rde
r o
f C
om
mu
nis
t C
hin
a.
As
Ma
cArt
hu
r p
rep
are
d f
or
a f
ina
l off
en
sive
, th
e C
hin
ese
Co
mm
un
ists
jo
ine
d w
ith
th
e N
ort
h K
ore
an
s to
lau
nch
(N
ov.
26
) a
su
cce
ssfu
l co
un
tera
tta
ck.
Th
e U
N t
roo
ps
we
re
forc
ed
ba
ck,
an
d in
Ja
n.,
19
51
, th
e C
om
mu
nis
ts a
ga
in a
dva
nce
d in
to t
he
So
uth
, re
cap
turi
ng
Se
ou
l, t
he
So
uth
Ko
rea
n c
ap
ita
l.
Aft
er
mo
nth
s o
f h
ea
vy f
igh
tin
g,
the
ce
nte
r o
f th
e c
on
flic
t w
as
retu
rne
d t
o t
he
38
th p
ara
llel,
wh
ere
it r
em
ain
ed
fo
r
the
re
st o
f th
e w
ar.
Ma
cArt
hu
r, h
ow
eve
r, w
ish
ed
to
mo
un
t a
no
the
r in
vasi
on
of
No
rth
Ko
rea
. W
he
n M
acA
rth
ur
pe
rsis
ted
in p
ub
licly
cri
tici
zin
g U
.S.
po
licy,
Tru
ma
n,
on
th
e r
eco
mm
en
da
tio
n o
f th
e J
oin
t C
hie
fs o
f St
aff
re
mo
ved
(Ap
r. 1
0,
19
51
) h
im f
rom
co
mm
an
d a
nd
inst
alle
d G
en
. M
att
he
w B
. R
idg
wa
y a
s co
mm
an
de
r in
ch
ief.
Ge
n.
Jam
es
Va
n F
lee
t th
en
to
ok
com
ma
nd
of
the
8th
Arm
y. R
idg
wa
y b
eg
an
(Ju
ly 1
0,
19
51
) tr
uce
ne
go
tia
tio
ns
wit
h t
he
No
rth
Ko
rea
ns
an
d C
hin
ese
, w
hil
e s
ma
ll u
nit
act
ion
s, b
itte
r b
ut
ind
eci
sive
, co
nti
nu
ed
. G
en
. V
an
Fle
et
wa
s d
en
ied
pe
rmis
sio
n t
o g
o o
n t
he
off
en
sive
an
d e
nd
th
e “
me
at
gri
nd
er”
wa
r.
Th
e w
ar'
s u
np
op
ula
rity
pla
yed
an
imp
ort
an
t ro
le in
th
e p
resi
de
nti
al v
icto
ry o
f D
wig
ht
D.
Eis
en
ho
we
r, w
ho
ha
d
ple
dg
ed
to
go
to
Ko
rea
to
en
d t
he
wa
r. N
eg
oti
ati
on
s b
roke
do
wn
fo
ur
dif
fere
nt
tim
es,
bu
t a
fte
r m
uch
dif
ficu
lty
an
d
nu
cle
ar
thre
ats
by
Eis
en
ho
we
r, a
n a
rmis
tice
ag
ree
me
nt
wa
s si
gn
ed
(Ju
ly 2
7,
19
53
). C
asu
alt
ies
in t
he
wa
r w
ere
he
avy
. U
.S.
loss
es
we
re p
lace
d a
t o
ver
54
,00
0 d
ea
d a
nd
10
3,0
00
wo
un
de
d,
wh
ile C
hin
ese
an
d K
ore
an
ca
sua
ltie
s
we
re e
ach
at
lea
st 1
0 t
ime
s a
s h
igh
. K
ore
an
fo
rce
s o
n b
oth
sid
es
exe
cute
d m
an
y a
lleg
ed
civ
ilia
n e
ne
my
sym
pa
thiz
ers
, e
spe
cia
lly in
th
e e
arl
y m
on
ths
of
the
wa
r.
1.
Wh
at
are
th
e n
am
es
of
the
tw
o K
ore
as?
Wh
at
ma
kes
the
m d
iffe
ren
t a
nd
wh
o d
o t
he
y re
ceiv
e
sup
po
rt f
rom
? _
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2.
In a
co
mp
lete
se
nte
nce
, id
en
tify
wh
at
ha
pp
en
ed
on
th
e d
ate
s &
wh
y th
ey
are
sig
nif
ica
nt.
Jun
e 2
5,
19
50
: _
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Sep
tem
be
r 1
0,
19
50
: _
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Sep
tem
be
r 1
5,
19
50
: _
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Oct
ob
er
19
, 1
95
0:
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July
10
, 1
95
1:
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July
27
, 1
95
3:
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3.
Wh
o w
as
mo
re s
ucc
ess
ful a
t th
e b
eg
inn
ing
of
the
wa
r? W
hy
do
yo
u t
hin
k th
at
is t
he
ca
se?
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4.
Wh
at
is t
he
sig
nif
ica
nce
of
the