task #42 - the growing nazi menace · francisco franco. tom wintringham fought against the german...
TRANSCRIPT
-
TA
SK
# 4
0 -
Ap
pe
ase
me
nt
The
mo
der
n in
terp
reta
tio
n o
f th
e w
ord
ap
pea
sem
ent
mea
ns
“giv
ing
in t
o a
bu
lly.”
C
on
seq
uen
tly,
man
y p
eop
le h
ave
crit
iciz
ed B
riti
sh P
rim
e M
inis
ter
Nev
ille
Ch
amb
erla
in f
or
app
easi
ng
Hit
ler.
Ho
wev
er, t
his
cri
tiq
ue
is
no
t en
tire
ly f
air
bec
ause
in t
he
19
30s,
th
e w
ord
ap
pea
sem
ent
mea
nt
wh
at w
e w
ou
ld t
od
ay c
all n
ego
tiat
ion
. Th
ere
wer
e m
any
reas
on
s w
hy
Bri
tain
'ap
pea
sed
' Hit
ler
in t
he
1930
s.
His
tori
ans
hav
e as
crib
ed e
very
po
ssib
le
mo
tive
to
Ch
amb
erla
in -
sh
eer
abje
ct c
ow
ard
ice,
th
at h
e w
as d
up
ed b
y H
itle
r, t
hat
it w
as a
no
ble
att
emp
t to
p
reve
nt
blo
od
shed
, th
at h
e w
as b
uyi
ng
tim
e fo
r B
rita
in t
o r
e-a
rm...
an
d m
any
oth
ers!
In t
he
1930
s, t
her
e w
ere
som
e p
eop
le –
mo
st n
ota
bly
fu
ture
Bri
tish
Pri
me
Min
iste
r W
inst
on
Ch
urc
hill
– w
ho
o
pp
ose
d h
is p
olic
y. B
elo
w is
a p
olit
ical
car
too
n b
y B
riti
sh c
arto
on
ist
Dav
id L
ow
ap
pea
red
in t
he
Eve
nin
g
Sta
nd
ard
new
spap
er.
This
car
too
n o
f Fe
bru
ary
1938
by
the
Bri
tish
car
too
nis
t D
avid
Lo
w s
ho
ws
Ger
man
y cr
ush
ing
Au
stri
a. N
ext
in
line
is C
zech
osl
ova
kia.
At
the
bac
k, B
rita
in s
ays
to F
ran
ce, w
ho
is n
ext-
to-l
ast:
‘Wh
y sh
ou
ld w
e ta
ke a
sta
nd
ab
ou
t so
meo
ne
pu
shin
g so
meo
ne
else
wh
en it
’s a
ll so
far
aw
ay?’
Th
is c
arto
on
is a
n a
ttem
pt
to p
ersu
ade
the
Bri
tish
go
vern
men
t th
at it
nee
ds
to s
tan
d u
p t
o H
itle
r.
A N
azi
sold
ier
lean
s o
n A
ust
ria,
wh
ich
imp
lies
that
Hit
ler
is b
ully
ing
Au
stri
a, f
orc
ing
Sch
usc
hn
igg
to a
ccep
t N
azis
into
h
is g
ove
rnm
ent.
Oth
er c
ou
ntr
ies
are
in li
ne
be
hin
d A
ust
ria,
dem
on
stra
tin
g Lo
w's
(ac
cura
te)
bel
ief
that
Hit
ler
wo
uld
no
t st
op
, an
d t
hat
-
wh
en h
e h
ad c
on
qu
ered
A
ust
ria
- h
e w
ou
ld m
ove
on
to
b
ully
ing
Cze
cho
slo
vaki
a.
Bri
tain
an
d F
ran
ce s
tan
d a
t th
e b
ack,
rea
ssu
rin
g ea
ch
oth
er t
hat
th
ey d
o n
ot
nee
d t
o
do
an
yth
ing
bec
ause
it is
all
hap
pen
ing
so f
ar a
way
= t
his
is
dir
ectl
y co
ntr
ary
to t
he
mes
sage
of
the
cart
oo
n, w
hic
h
clea
rly
sho
ws
that
th
ey A
RE
affe
cted
, an
d t
hat
th
eir
turn
w
ill c
om
e ev
entu
ally
. Man
y o
f Lo
w's
car
too
ns
are
bu
ilt
aro
un
d a
th
eme
that
ap
pea
sem
en
t w
ill n
ot
sto
p
Hit
ler,
wh
o w
ill ju
st g
o o
n
dem
and
ing
mo
re u
nti
l he
is s
top
ped
.
1.
Ho
w w
as t
he
mea
nin
g o
f th
e w
ord
ap
pea
sem
ent
chan
ged
? __
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___
2.
Wh
y d
o s
om
e h
isto
rian
s th
ink
Ch
amb
erla
in a
pp
ease
d H
itle
r?
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_ __
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_ __
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___
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____
_ 3
. W
hat
do
es D
avid
Lo
w d
epic
t in
th
e p
olit
ical
car
too
n o
n t
he
left
? __
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____
_ 4
. W
hat
are
so
me
way
s Lo
w m
ake
it c
lear
h
is n
egat
ive
op
inio
n o
f ap
pea
sem
ent?
P
leas
e re
fere
nce
sp
ecif
ic im
ages
an
d t
ext
fro
m t
he
cart
oo
n.
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40
-
TA
SK
#4
2 -
Th
e G
row
ing
Na
zi M
en
ace
H
itle
r an
d t
he
Naz
is w
ere
no
t al
way
s re
gard
ed b
y th
e w
orl
d a
s a
grea
t m
enac
e; i
n f
act,
Hit
ler
was
qu
ite
po
pu
lar
for
a ti
me.
H
e w
as a
ided
by
pu
blic
op
inio
n in
th
e w
est,
wh
ich
bro
adly
reg
ard
ed t
he
Trea
ty o
f V
ersa
illes
as
flaw
ed a
nd
hel
d t
he
bel
ief
that
Co
mm
un
ism
rat
her
th
an F
asci
sm p
ose
d t
he
grea
ter
thre
at t
o w
este
rn d
emo
crac
ies.
In t
his
co
nte
xt m
any
wel
com
ed a
re
arm
ed G
erm
any
as a
saf
egu
ard
aga
inst
th
e So
viet
Un
ion
. Co
nse
qu
entl
y, H
itle
r en
joye
d a
larg
ely
po
siti
ve p
ress
in t
he
wes
t th
rou
gho
ut
the
per
iod
19
33
-19
38
, as
evid
ence
d b
y th
e h
ost
ing
of
the
19
36
Oly
mp
ics
in B
erlin
. H
avin
g o
ccu
pie
d A
ust
ria
in M
arch
19
38
, Ad
olf
Hit
ler
turn
ed h
is a
tten
tio
n t
o t
he
eth
nic
ally
Ger
man
Su
det
enla
nd
reg
ion
of
Cze
cho
slo
vaki
a. S
ince
its
form
atio
n a
t th
e en
d o
f W
orl
d W
ar I,
Cze
cho
slo
vaki
a h
ad b
een
war
y o
f p
oss
ible
Ger
man
ad
van
ces.
Th
e lo
ss o
f th
e Su
det
enla
nd
was
str
on
gly
op
po
sed
by
the
Cze
cho
slo
vak
gove
rnm
ent
as t
he
regi
on
co
nta
ined
a v
ast
arra
y o
f n
atu
ral r
eso
urc
es, a
s w
ell a
s a
sign
ific
ant
amo
un
t o
f th
e n
atio
n's
ind
ust
ry a
nd
ban
ks. I
n a
dd
itio
n, a
s C
zech
osl
ova
kia
was
a
po
lygl
ot
cou
ntr
y, t
her
e w
ere
con
cern
s ab
ou
t o
ther
min
ori
ties
see
kin
g in
dep
end
ence
. Lo
ng
con
cern
ed a
bo
ut
Ger
man
in
ten
tio
ns,
th
e C
zech
osl
ova
ks h
ad c
on
stru
cted
th
e b
ulk
of
thei
r b
ord
er d
efen
ses
in t
he
mo
un
tain
s o
f th
e Su
det
enla
nd
. Als
o,
they
wer
e ab
le t
o s
ecu
re m
ilita
ry a
llian
ces
wit
h F
ran
ce a
nd
th
e So
viet
Un
ion
. Th
ou
gh H
itle
r w
as w
illin
g to
ris
k w
ar, h
e so
on
fo
un
d t
hat
th
e G
erm
an p
eop
le w
ere
no
t. A
s a
resu
lt, h
e st
epth
ped
bac
k fr
om
th
e b
rin
k an
d s
ent
Ch
amb
erla
in a
lett
er g
uar
ante
ein
g th
e sa
fety
of
Cze
cho
slo
vaki
a if
th
e Su
det
enla
nd
wer
e ce
ded
to
G
erm
any.
Eag
er t
o p
reve
nt
war
, Ch
amb
erla
in r
eplie
d t
hat
he
was
will
ing
to c
on
tin
ue
talk
s an
d a
sked
Ital
ian
lead
er B
enit
o
Mu
sso
lini t
o a
id in
per
suad
ing
Hit
ler.
In r
esp
on
se, M
uss
olin
i pro
po
sed
a f
ou
r-p
ow
er s
um
mit
bet
we
en G
erm
any,
Bri
tain
, Fr
ance
, an
d It
aly
to d
iscu
ss t
he
situ
atio
n. T
he
Cze
cho
slo
vaks
wer
e n
ot
invi
ted
to
tak
e p
art.
G
ath
erin
g in
Mu
nic
h o
n S
epte
mb
er 2
9, C
ham
ber
lain
, Hit
ler,
an
d M
uss
olin
i wer
e jo
ined
by
Fren
ch P
rim
e M
inis
ter
Édo
uar
d
Dal
adie
r. T
alks
pro
gres
sed
th
rou
gh t
he
day
an
d in
to t
he
nig
ht
wit
h a
Cze
cho
slo
vak
del
egat
ion
fo
rced
to
wai
t o
uts
ide.
In t
he
neg
oti
atio
ns,
Mu
sso
lini p
rese
nte
d a
pla
n w
hic
h c
alle
d f
or
the
Sud
eten
lan
d t
o b
e ce
ded
to
Ger
man
y in
exc
han
ge f
or
guar
ante
es t
hat
it w
ou
ld m
ark
the
end
of
Ger
man
ter
rito
rial
exp
ansi
on
. Th
ou
gh p
rese
nte
d b
y th
e It
alia
n le
ader
, th
e p
lan
h
ad b
een
pro
du
ced
by
the
Ger
man
go
vern
men
t an
d it
s te
rms
wer
e si
mila
r to
Hit
ler'
s la
test
ult
imat
um
. D
esir
ing
to a
void
war
, Ch
amb
erla
in a
nd
Dal
adie
r w
ere
will
ing
to a
gree
to
th
is "
Ital
ian
pla
n."
As
a re
sult
, th
e M
un
ich
A
gree
men
t w
as s
ign
ed s
ho
rtly
aft
er 1
:00
AM
on
Sep
tem
ber
30
. Th
is c
alle
d f
or
Ger
man
tro
op
s to
en
ter
the
Sud
eten
lan
d o
n
Oct
ob
er 1
wit
h t
he
mo
vem
ent
to b
e co
mp
lete
d b
y th
e 1
0th
. Aro
un
d 1
:30
AM
, th
e C
zech
osl
ova
k d
eleg
atio
n w
as in
form
ed o
f th
e te
rms
by
Ch
amb
erla
in a
nd
Dal
adie
r. T
ho
ugh
init
ially
un
will
ing
to a
gree
, th
e C
zech
osl
ova
ks w
ere
forc
ed t
o s
ub
mit
wh
en
info
rmed
th
at s
ho
uld
a w
ar o
ccu
r th
ey w
ou
ld b
e h
eld
res
po
nsi
ble
. “A
gre
em
en
t co
ncl
ud
ed
at
Mu
nic
h,
Se
pte
mb
er
29
, 1
93
8,
be
twe
en
Ge
rma
ny
, G
rea
t B
rita
in,
Fra
nce
an
d I
taly
GE
RM
AN
Y,
the
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
m,
Fra
nce
an
d I
taly
, ta
kin
g i
nto
co
nsi
de
rati
on
th
e a
gre
em
en
t, w
hic
h h
as
be
en
alr
ea
dy
rea
che
d i
n p
rin
cip
le f
or
the
ce
ssio
n t
o G
erm
an
y o
f th
e S
ud
ete
n G
erm
an
te
rrit
ory
, h
av
e a
gre
ed
on
th
e f
oll
ow
ing
term
s a
nd
co
nd
itio
ns…
(6)
Th
e f
ina
l d
ete
rmin
ati
on
of
the
fro
nti
ers
wil
l b
e c
arr
ied
ou
t b
y t
he
in
tern
ati
on
al
com
mis
sio
n…
“ Th
e p
osi
tive
clim
ate
of
Euro
pe
end
ed in
Mar
ch 1
93
9. H
itle
r, e
mb
old
ened
by
his
ear
lier
succ
esse
s, o
rder
ed t
he
Ger
man
o
ccu
pat
ion
of
the
wh
ole
of
Cze
cho
slo
vaki
a H
itle
r's
ann
exat
ion
of
Cze
cho
slo
vaki
a b
reac
hed
th
e w
ritt
en g
uar
ante
e h
e h
ad
issu
ed t
o C
ham
ber
lain
in M
un
ich
in 1
93
8, s
tati
ng
that
he
had
no
fu
rth
er t
erri
tori
al d
eman
ds
to m
ake
in E
uro
pe.
Th
eref
ore
, o
n M
arch
31
, 19
39
, Ch
amb
erla
in is
sued
a f
orm
al g
uar
ante
e o
f P
ola
nd
's b
ord
ers
and
sai
d t
hat
he
exp
ecte
d H
itle
r to
m
od
erat
e h
is d
eman
ds.
Hit
ler
was
no
t d
eter
red
, an
d o
n A
pri
l 3, h
e o
rder
ed t
he
arm
y to
pre
par
e fo
r th
e in
vasi
on
of
Po
lan
d
on
Sep
tem
ber
1. H
itle
r w
as c
on
vin
ced
th
at C
ham
ber
lain
wo
uld
no
t go
to
war
to
def
end
Po
lan
d a
nd
th
at F
ran
ce w
ou
ld la
ck
the
will
to
act
alo
ne.
1.
Ho
w d
id t
he
wes
t fe
el a
bo
ut
the
Trea
ty o
f V
ersa
ille
s?
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2. H
ow
did
th
e w
est
fe
el a
bo
ut
fasc
ism
vs.
co
mm
un
ism
?
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_
3.
Ho
w w
as H
itle
r re
gard
ed b
y th
e w
est
fro
m 1
93
3-1
93
8?
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4
. A
fter
Au
stri
a, w
hat
was
Hit
ler’
s n
ext
targ
et?
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____
____
_
5. H
ow
did
th
e C
zech
s fe
el a
bo
ut
this
an
d w
hy?
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
6
. Wh
y d
id H
itle
r ag
ree
to d
iplo
mat
ic t
alks
? __
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
7
. W
hat
hap
pen
ed t
o t
he
Cze
cho
slo
vak
del
egat
ion
? __
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
8
. Ple
ase
sum
mar
ize
the
exce
rpt
fro
m t
he
Mu
nic
h
Agr
eem
ent
. ___
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
9
. W
hat
cau
sed
th
e w
est
to
tu
rn a
gain
st H
itle
r? _
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
10
. W
hat
act
ion
by
Hit
ler
bre
ach
ed h
is a
gre
emen
t w
ith
C
ham
ber
lain
at
Mu
nic
h?
___
___
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____
____
____
____
__
____
____
____
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____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
1
1.
Wh
y d
id H
itle
r th
ink
he
wo
uld
get
aw
ay w
ith
his
in
vasi
on
of
Po
lan
d?
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
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____
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____
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___
42
-
TA
SK
# 4
3 -
Hit
ler’
s B
litz
kri
eg
Th
e G
erm
an m
ilita
ry s
trat
egy
of
usi
ng
fast
-mo
vin
g ta
nks
, wit
h m
oto
rize
d in
fan
try
and
art
iller
y su
pp
ort
ed
by
div
e-b
om
ber
s, a
nd
co
nce
ntr
atin
g o
n o
ne
par
t o
f th
e en
emy
sect
or,
bec
ame
kno
wn
as
Blit
zkri
eg
(lig
htn
ing
war
). T
he
stra
tegy
was
fir
st p
ut
forw
ard
by
Co
lon
el J
oh
n F
ulle
r, t
he
chie
f o
f st
aff
of
the
Bri
tish
Ta
nk
Co
rps.
Fu
ller
was
dis
app
oin
ted
wit
h t
he
way
tan
ks w
ere
use
d d
uri
ng
the
Firs
t W
orl
d W
ar a
nd
af
terw
ard
s p
rod
uce
d P
lan
191
9. T
his
incl
ud
ed a
cal
l fo
r lo
ng-
ran
ge m
ass
tan
k at
tack
s w
ith
str
on
g ai
r,
mo
tori
zed
an
d a
rtill
ery
sup
po
rt.
Fulle
r's
idea
s w
ere
ign
ore
d b
y th
e B
riti
sh A
rmy
bu
t w
ere
stu
die
d in
Ger
man
y an
d in
192
6 le
ader
s o
f th
e
Ger
man
Arm
y as
ked
th
e go
vern
men
t to
co
mm
issi
on
th
e p
rod
uct
ion
of
new
tan
ks t
hat
wo
uld
en
able
th
em
to u
se B
litzk
rieg
tac
tics
in a
ny
futu
re c
on
flic
ts. A
s a
resu
lt o
f th
e te
rms
of
the
Ver
saill
es T
reat
y th
ese
new
ex
per
imen
tal t
anks
wer
e ca
lled
tra
cto
rs.
Aft
er A
do
lf H
itle
r o
bta
ined
po
wer
in 1
933
, th
e G
erm
an
gove
rnm
ent
was
op
en a
bo
ut
its
tan
k p
rod
uct
ion
. In
th
e sp
rin
g o
f 19
34
th
e G
erm
an A
rmy
beg
an d
evel
op
ing
the
Pan
zer
tan
k. H
itle
r w
as a
ble
to
tes
t th
e ab
ility
of
thes
e ta
nks
an
d t
he
enti
re b
litzk
rieg
str
ateg
y d
uri
ng
the
Span
ish
Civ
il W
ar w
hen
he
cam
e to
th
e ai
d o
f h
is a
lly a
nd
fel
low
Fas
cist
, Fr
anci
sco
Fra
nco
. To
m W
intr
ingh
am f
ou
ght
agai
nst
th
e G
erm
an A
rmy
du
rin
g th
e Sp
anis
h C
ivil
War
. He
wro
te a
bo
ut
Ger
man
m
ilita
ry t
acti
cs in
his
bo
ok
Ne
w W
ays
of
Wa
r (1
940)
: “B
litzk
rieg
tac
tics
an
d s
trat
egy
are
alm
ost
en
tire
ly
dev
elo
ped
wit
h t
he
idea
of
esca
pin
g fr
om
th
e tr
ench
dea
dlo
ck t
hat
hel
d t
he
arm
ies
bet
wee
n A
ugu
st 1
914
an
d M
arch
191
8...
O
ne
thin
g ad
mit
ted
by
all o
bse
rver
s o
f th
e G
erm
an a
ttac
ks is
th
at t
hey
use
mo
st o
f th
eir
bo
mb
ers
as a
fl
yin
g ar
tille
ry. T
he
seco
nd
th
ing
that
en
ters
into
th
e G
erm
an f
orm
ula
of
war
fare
, all
ob
serv
ers
agre
e, is
th
e u
se o
f h
eavy
tan
ks, s
o p
ow
erfu
lly a
rmo
ure
d t
hat
th
ey a
re n
ot
vuln
erab
le t
o li
ght
anti
-tan
k w
eap
on
s.
The
thir
d m
ain
fac
tor
in t
he
succ
ess
of
the
Ger
man
tac
tics
an
d s
trat
egy
is t
hat
th
ey h
ave
emp
loye
d a
nd
d
evel
op
ed t
he
tact
ics
kno
wn
as
"dee
p in
filt
rati
on
." T
his
mea
ns
that
th
eir
arm
y d
oes
no
t at
tack
str
un
g b
ut
in a
lin
e, a
nd
mai
nta
inin
g co
nta
ct a
ll th
e ti
me
bet
wee
n it
s ad
van
ced
un
its
and
its
mai
n f
orc
es. I
t d
oe
s n
ot
hit
like
a f
ist,
bu
t lik
e lo
ng
pro
bin
g fi
nge
rs w
ith
arm
ou
red
fin
ger-
nai
ls. E
ach
sep
arat
e cl
aw s
eeks
a w
eak
spo
t; if
it c
an d
rive
th
rou
gh t
his
wea
k sp
ot,
it d
oes
no
t w
orr
y ab
ou
t it
s fl
anks
, or
abo
ut
con
tin
uo
us
com
mu
nic
atio
ns
wit
h t
he
forc
es f
ollo
win
g it
. It
relie
s fo
r sa
fety
up
on
su
rpri
se, u
po
n t
he
dis
org
anis
atio
n o
f it
s o
pp
on
ents
du
e to
th
e fa
ct t
hat
it h
as b
roke
n t
hro
ugh
to
th
e re
ar o
f th
eir
po
siti
on
.”
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
- S
ou
rce
mo
dif
ied
fro
m:
htt
p:/
/sp
art
acu
s-e
du
cati
on
al.
com
/2W
Wb
litz
kre
ig.h
tm
1.
Wh
at w
as B
litzk
rieg
? __
____
____
____
____
_ __
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_ __
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
2.
Wh
o f
irst
dev
elo
ped
th
e id
ea o
f B
litzk
rieg
? __
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_ 3
. W
hat
imp
act
did
th
e Tr
eaty
of
Ver
saill
es h
ave
on
Ger
man
y’s
mili
tary
cap
abili
ties
? __
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_ __
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_ 4
. H
ow
did
Hit
ler
reac
t to
th
is li
mit
atio
n?
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_ __
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_ __
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
5.
Acc
ord
ing
to T
om
Win
trin
gham
, wh
o
exp
erie
nce
Blit
zkri
eg f
irst
han
d in
th
e Sp
anis
h
Civ
il W
ar, w
hy
was
th
is s
trat
egy
dev
elo
ped
? __
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_ __
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_ 6
. W
hat
wer
e th
e th
ree
mai
n a
dva
nta
ges
to t
his
st
rate
gy?
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_ __
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_ __
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_ __
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_ __
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_ __
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_ __
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
43
-
TA
SK
#4
6 -
Na
zi-S
ov
iet
No
n-A
gg
ress
ion
Pa
ct
On
ce H
itle
r su
cce
ssfu
lly t
oo
k o
ver
Cze
cho
slo
vaki
a w
ith
min
imal
ob
ject
ion
s, h
e se
t h
is s
igh
ts o
n P
ola
nd
. Hit
ler'
s o
nly
re
al c
on
cern
was
th
at a
su
dd
en G
erm
an in
vasi
on
of
Po
lan
d m
igh
t al
arm
Sta
lin a
nd
tri
gger
a w
ar w
ith
th
e So
viet
U
nio
n. S
talin
fea
red
a G
erm
an in
vasi
on
an
d h
ad b
een
see
kin
g an
an
ti-N
azi '
colle
ctiv
e se
curi
ty' a
llian
ce w
ith
th
e w
est
ern
po
we
rs f
or
man
y ye
ars,
bu
t b
y Ju
ly 1
93
9 B
rita
in a
nd
Fra
nce
had
sti
ll n
ot
agre
ed t
erm
s. H
itle
r sa
w h
is
op
po
rtu
nit
y, a
nd
en
tere
d in
to s
ecre
t n
ego
tiat
ion
s w
ith
th
e So
viet
Un
ion
. Th
e re
sult
was
th
e si
gnin
g o
f th
e N
azi-
Sovi
et N
on
-Agg
ress
ion
Pac
t o
n A
ugu
st 2
3, 1
93
9. B
oth
Hit
ler
and
Sta
lin s
et
asid
e th
eir
mu
tual
an
tip
ath
y fo
r n
atio
nal
gai
n a
nd
in p
arti
cula
r th
e re
sto
rati
on
of
thei
r p
re-1
91
9 b
ord
ers.
Th
is a
llian
ce w
as a
sh
ock
to
th
e w
orl
d b
ecau
se t
rad
itio
nal
ly
Co
mm
un
ists
an
d F
asci
sts
wer
e m
ort
al e
ne
mie
s. H
ow
eve
r, t
his
ar
ran
gem
ent
pro
vid
ed m
utu
al
ben
efit
s. T
his
pac
t al
low
ed
Ger
man
y to
inva
de
Po
lan
d
wit
ho
ut
Sovi
et o
pp
osi
tio
n.
Hit
ler
lear
ned
a v
alu
able
le
sso
n f
rom
WW
I in
th
at h
e kn
ew h
e d
id n
ot
wan
t to
fig
ht
a tw
o-f
ron
t w
ar.
This
pac
t w
ou
ld e
nsu
re t
hat
Hit
ler
cou
ld
con
cen
trat
e h
is f
orc
es.
The
Sovi
et U
nio
n a
gree
d t
o
this
pac
t in
ord
er t
o p
rote
ct
the
Sovi
et U
nio
n f
rom
th
e th
reat
of
war
wit
h G
erm
any.
St
alin
kn
ew w
ar w
ith
Ger
man
y w
as in
evi
tab
le.
In a
sp
eec
h
fro
m 1
93
1, S
talin
sta
ted
: “W
e
are
fift
y o
r a
hu
nd
red
yea
rs
beh
ind
th
e ad
van
ced
co
un
trie
s. W
e m
ust
mak
e go
od
th
is d
ista
nce
in t
en y
ears
. Ei
ther
we
do
it, o
r th
ey w
ill
cru
sh u
s.”
Th
us,
by
agre
ein
g to
th
is p
act,
Sta
lin g
ain
s m
ore
ti
me
to p
rep
are
his
co
un
try
for
war
.
1
. W
hat
was
Hit
ler’
s co
nce
rn a
bo
ut
his
pla
nn
ed
inva
sio
n o
f P
ola
nd
? __
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
2
. W
hat
did
Sta
lin f
ear
and
ho
w d
id h
e tr
y to
alle
viat
e th
ose
fea
rs?
___
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
3.
Wh
at h
app
ened
on
Au
gust
23
, 19
39
? __
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
4.
Wh
at d
id G
erm
any
gain
fro
m t
his
pac
t?
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
5.
Wh
at d
id t
he
Sovi
et U
nio
n g
ain
fro
m t
his
pac
t?
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
6.
Ple
ase
des
crib
e th
is p
olit
ical
car
too
n &
exp
lain
ho
w
it is
a v
isu
al r
epre
sen
tati
on
of
this
pac
t. (
10
pts
) __
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
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___
__
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____
___
__
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____
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___
__
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___
__
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46
-
TA
SK
#4
7 -
Th
e I
nv
asi
on
of
Po
lan
d
On
ce t
he
thre
at o
f So
viet
inte
rfer
ence
was
elim
inat
ed w
ith
th
e N
avi-
Sovi
et N
on
-Agg
ress
ion
Pac
t, H
itle
r m
ove
d
forw
ard
wit
h h
is p
lan
to
inva
de
Po
lan
d.
At
6 a
m o
n S
epte
mb
er 1
, War
saw
(th
e ca
pit
al o
f P
ola
nd
) w
as s
tru
ck b
y th
e fi
rst
of
a su
cce
ssio
n o
f b
om
bin
g ra
ids,
wh
ile t
wo
maj
or
Ge
rman
arm
y gr
ou
ps
inva
ded
Po
lan
d f
rom
Pru
ssia
in t
he
no
rth
an
d S
lova
kia
in t
he
sou
th. I
n a
dva
nce
of
the
line
of
atta
ck t
he
Luft
waf
fe (
the
Ger
man
air
fo
rce)
hea
vily
b
om
bed
all
road
an
d r
ail j
un
ctio
ns,
an
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
s o
f P
olis
h t
roo
ps.
To
wn
s an
d v
illag
es
wer
e d
elib
erat
ely
bo
mb
ed t
o c
reat
e a
flee
ing
mas
s o
f te
rro
r-st
rick
en c
ivili
ans
to b
lock
th
e ro
ads
and
ham
per
th
e fl
ow
of
rein
forc
emen
ts t
o t
he
fro
nt.
Th
e su
rpri
se G
erm
an s
trat
egy
of
blit
zkri
eg (
“lig
htn
ing
war
”)
was
bas
ed u
po
n c
on
tin
uo
us
adva
nce
an
d t
he
pre
ven
tio
n o
f a
stat
ic f
ron
tlin
e th
at w
ou
ld p
erm
it P
olis
h f
orc
es t
ime
to r
egro
up
. A
t 8
am
on
Sep
tem
ber
1, P
ola
nd
req
ues
ted
imm
edia
te m
ilita
ry a
ssis
tan
ce f
rom
Fra
nce
an
d B
rita
in, b
ut
it w
as n
ot
un
til n
oo
n o
n S
epte
mb
er 3
rd t
hat
Bri
tain
dec
lare
d w
ar o
n G
erm
any,
fo
llow
ed b
y Fr
ance
's d
ecla
rati
on
at
5 p
m. T
he
del
ay r
efle
cted
Bri
tish
ho
pes
th
at H
itle
r w
ou
ld r
esp
on
d t
o d
eman
ds
and
en
d t
he
inva
sio
n.
This
inva
sio
n m
arks
th
e o
ffic
ial b
egi
nn
ing
of
Wo
rld
War
II.
The
Bri
tish
New
spap
er, t
he
Man
ches
ter
Gu
ard
ian
rep
ort
ed t
he
new
s o
f th
e in
vasi
on
on
Sep
tem
be
r 2
, 19
39
: “G
erm
an
y's
su
dd
en
att
ack
on
Po
lan
d y
est
erd
ay m
orn
ing
ha
s b
ee
n f
oll
ow
ed
by a
n u
ltim
atu
m t
o G
erm
an
y b
y G
rea
t
Bri
tain
an
d F
ran
ce.
Ge
rma
ny i
s w
arn
ed
th
at
un
less
th
e G
erm
an
tro
op
s a
re i
mm
ed
iate
ly w
ith
dra
wn
Bri
tain
an
d
Fra
nce
wil
l w
ith
ou
t h
esi
tati
on
fu
lfil
l th
eir
ob
lig
ati
on
s to
Po
lan
d.
Th
is a
nn
ou
nce
me
nt
wa
s m
ad
e b
y t
he
Pre
mie
r la
st
nig
ht
in a
cro
wd
ed
Ho
use
of
Co
mm
on
s. M
r. C
ha
mb
erl
ain
sa
id:
‘If
the
re
ply
to
th
is l
ast
wa
rnin
g i
s u
nfa
vo
ura
ble
- a
nd
I d
o n
ot
sug
ge
st t
ha
t it
is
lik
ely
to
be
oth
erw
ise
- h
is M
aje
sty's
Am
ba
ssa
do
r is
in
stru
cte
d t
o a
sk f
or
his
pa
ssp
ort
. W
e
sha
ll s
tan
d a
t th
e b
ar
of
his
tory
kn
ow
ing
th
at
the
re
spo
nsi
bil
ity f
or
this
te
rrib
le c
ata
stro
ph
e l
ies
on
th
e s
ho
uld
ers
of
on
e m
an
- t
he
Ge
rma
n C
ha
nce
llo
r. H
e h
as
no
t h
esi
tate
d t
o p
lun
ge
th
e w
orl
d i
nto
mis
ery
in
ord
er
to s
erv
e h
is o
wn
sen
sele
ss a
mb
itio
ns.
E
igh
tee
n m
on
ths
ag
o I
pra
ye
d t
ha
t th
e r
esp
on
sib
ilit
y m
igh
t n
ot
fall
on
me
to
ask
th
e c
ou
ntr
y t
o a
cce
pt
the
aw
ful
arb
itra
me
nt
of
wa
r. I
fe
ar
I a
m n
ot
ab
le t
o a
vo
id t
ha
t re
spo
nsi
bil
ity.
It o
nly
re
ma
ins
to s
et
ou
r te
eth
an
d e
nte
r u
po
n
this
str
ug
gle
, w
hic
h w
e s
o e
arn
est
ly e
nd
ea
vo
ure
d t
o a
vo
id,
wit
h a
de
term
ina
tio
n t
o s
ee
it
thro
ug
h t
o t
he
en
d.
We
sha
ll e
nte
r it
wit
h a
cle
ar
con
scie
nce
an
d w
ith
th
e s
up
po
rt o
f th
e D
om
inio
ns
an
d t
he
Bri
tish
Em
pir
e a
nd
th
e m
ora
l
ap
pro
va
l o
f th
e g
rea
ter
pa
rt o
f th
e w
orl
d.
We
ha
ve
no
qu
arr
el
wit
h t
he
Ge
rma
n p
eo
ple
exce
pt
tha
t th
ey a
llo
we
d t
he
mse
lve
s to
be
go
ve
rne
d b
y a
Na
zi
Go
ve
rnm
en
t. A
s lo
ng
as
tha
t g
ove
rnm
en
t p
urs
ue
s th
e m
eth
od
wh
ich
it
ha
s so
pe
rsis
ten
tly f
oll
ow
ed
du
rin
g t
he
la
st
two
ye
ars
th
ere
wil
l b
e n
o p
ea
ce i
n E
uro
pe
.’”
The
Naz
i in
vasi
on
was
so
su
cces
sfu
l th
anks
to
Ger
man
y’s
wel
l-p
rep
ared
air
fo
rce,
th
e Lu
ftw
affe
. U
nd
er t
he
term
s o
f th
e V
ersa
ille
s Tr
eaty
Ger
man
y w
as f
orb
idd
en t
o o
wn
mili
tary
air
craf
t. A
fter
Hit
ler
cam
e to
po
wer
he
mad
e it
cl
ear
that
he
was
un
will
ing
to k
eep
to
th
e te
rms
of
the
pea
ce t
reat
ies
and
in 1
93
5 H
erm
ann
Go
erin
g an
no
un
ced
th
e es
tab
lish
men
t o
f th
e Lu
ftw
affe
in M
arch
, 19
35
. Ove
r th
e n
ext
few
yea
rs G
oer
ing,
th
e co
mm
and
er-i
n-c
hie
f o
f th
e Lu
ftw
affe
, ord
ered
th
e p
rod
uct
ion
of
a la
rge
nu
mb
er o
f fi
ghte
r p
lan
es. B
y 1
93
8 G
erm
any
was
pro
du
cin
g 1
,10
0
airp
lan
es a
yea
r. D
uri
ng
the
inva
sio
n o
f P
ola
nd
th
e Lu
ftw
affe
use
d 1
,75
0 b
om
ber
s an
d 1
,20
0 f
igh
ters
.
1.
Wh
at a
llow
ed H
itle
r to
inva
de
Po
lan
d?
___
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__
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____
____
___
2
. W
hat
is t
he
cap
ital
of
Po
lan
d?
___
____
____
____
__
3.
Wh
at h
app
ened
on
Sep
tem
be
r 1
, 19
39
? __
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__
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____
____
____
____
_
____
____
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____
____
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____
____
____
____
____
_
4.
Wh
en d
id B
rita
in d
ecla
re w
ar o
n G
erm
any
and
w
hat
did
th
is in
dic
ate?
__
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___
__
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____
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____
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___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
5
. P
leas
e su
mm
ariz
e th
e m
ain
mes
sage
of
Mr.
C
ham
ber
lain
as
it w
as r
epo
rte
d b
y th
e M
anch
este
r G
uar
dia
n. _
____
____
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___
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
6.
Wh
at w
as t
he
Luft
waf
fe?
___
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
7.
Wh
at w
as t
he
blit
zkri
eg a
nd
its
imp
act?
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
8
. W
hat
did
th
e Tr
eaty
of
Ver
saill
es a
llow
wit
h r
ega
rd
to G
erm
an m
ilita
ry a
ircr
aft?
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
9
. W
hat
did
Hit
ler
pu
t H
erm
ann
Go
erin
g in
ch
arge
of?
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
1
0.
Ho
w w
as t
he
Luft
waf
fe u
sed
in P
ola
nd
? __
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
47
-
TA
SK
#4
8 -
Win
sto
n C
hu
rch
ill,
Pri
me
Min
iste
r o
f G
rea
t B
rita
in
Wh
en W
WII
bro
ke o
ut,
Bri
tish
Pri
me
Min
iste
r N
evi
lle C
ham
ber
lain
ask
ed W
inst
on
Ch
urc
hill
to
bec
om
e a
me
mb
er o
f h
is w
ar c
abin
et. H
e w
as m
ade
fir
st lo
rd o
f th
e ad
mir
alty
an
d im
med
iate
ly b
egan
eff
ort
s to
bo
lste
r th
e R
oya
l Nav
y,
par
ticu
larl
y in
th
e ar
ea o
f an
tisu
bm
arin
e w
arfa
re. P
ub
lic c
on
fid
ence
in C
ham
ber
lain
beg
an t
o f
ade
wit
h t
he
Ger
man
in
vasi
on
of
No
rway
, an
d h
e re
sign
ed o
n M
ay 1
0, 1
94
0, t
he
day
Ger
man
s in
vad
ed t
he
Net
her
lan
ds
and
Bel
giu
m. K
ing
Geo
rge
VI a
sked
Ch
urc
hill
to
be
pri
me
min
iste
r.
Bel
ow
is a
n e
xcer
pt
fro
m W
inst
on
Ch
urc
hill
’s "
Blo
od
, Sw
eat,
To
il, a
nd
Tea
rs"
spe
ech
on
May
13
, 19
40
wh
ere
he
add
ress
es P
arlia
men
t fo
r th
e fi
rst
tim
e af
ter
bei
ng
nam
ed P
rim
e M
inis
ter.
--
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
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----
----
----
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----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
----
-
Re
me
mb
er
to m
ark
th
e t
ex
t: (c
ircl
e a
nd
de
fin
e u
nk
no
wn
wo
rds,
un
de
rlin
e p
att
ern
s, d
raw
co
nn
ect
ion
s, a
sk q
ue
stio
ns,
ma
ke
ob
serv
ati
on
s, s
tar
the
au
tho
r’s
cla
im,
an
d m
ark
th
e e
vid
en
ce o
f th
at
cla
im)
“On
Fri
day
eve
nin
g la
st I
rece
ived
fro
m H
is M
ajes
ty t
he
mis
sio
n t
o f
orm
a n
ew a
dm
inis
trat
ion
…
To f
orm
an
ad
min
istr
atio
n o
f th
is s
cale
an
d c
om
ple
xity
is a
ser
iou
s u
nd
erta
kin
g in
itse
lf. B
ut
we
are
in t
he
pre
limin
ary
ph
ase
of
on
e o
f th
e gr
eate
st b
attl
es
in h
isto
ry. W
e ar
e in
act
ion
at
man
y o
ther
po
ints
-in
No
rway
an
d in
Ho
llan
d-a
nd
we
hav
e to
be
pre
par
ed in
th
e M
edit
erra
nea
n. T
he
air
bat
tle
is c
on
tin
uin
g, a
nd
man
y p
rep
arat
ion
s h
ave
to b
e m
ade
her
e at
ho
me
…
I say
to
th
e H
ou
se a
s I s
aid
to
min
iste
rs w
ho
hav
e jo
ined
th
is g
ove
rnm
ent,
I h
ave
no
thin
g to
off
er
bu
t b
loo
d, t
oil,
tea
rs, a
nd
sw
eat
. We
hav
e b
efo
re u
s an
ord
eal o
f th
e m
ost
gri
evo
us
kin
d. W
e h
ave
bef
ore
us
man
y, m
any
mo
nth
s o
f st
rugg
le a
nd
su
ffer
ing.
Yo
u a
sk, w
hat
is o
ur
po
licy?
I sa
y it
is t
o w
age
war
by
lan
d, s
ea, a
nd
air
. War
wit
h a
ll o
ur
mig
ht
and
wit
h a
ll th
e st
ren
gth
Go
d h
as g
iven
us,
an
d t
o w
age
war
aga
inst
a m
on
stro
us
tyra
nn
y n
ever
su
rpas
sed
in t
he
dar
k an
d la
men
tab
le c
atal
ogu
e o
f h
um
an c
rim
e. T
hat
is o
ur
po
licy.
Yo
u a
sk, w
hat
is o
ur
aim
? I c
an a
nsw
er in
on
e w
ord
. It
is v
icto
ry. V
icto
ry a
t al
l co
sts
- V
icto
ry in
sp
ite
of
all t
erro
rs -
Vic
tory
, ho
we
ver
lon
g an
d h
ard
th
e ro
ad m
ay b
e, f
or
wit
ho
ut
vict
ory
th
ere
is
no
su
rviv
al…
I t
ake
up
my
task
in b
uo
yan
cy a
nd
ho
pe.
I fe
el s
ure
th
at o
ur
cau
se w
ill n
ot
be
suff
ered
to
fai
l am
on
g m
en. I
fee
l en
titl
ed a
t th
is ju
nct
ure
, at
this
tim
e, t
o c
laim
th
e ai
d o
f al
l an
d t
o s
ay, "
Co
me
then
, let
us
go f
orw
ard
to
geth
er w
ith
ou
r u
nit
ed s
tren
gth
.”
Ch
urc
hill
qu
ickl
y p
rove
d t
o b
e a
skill
ful p
rim
e m
inis
ter.
As
com
man
der
in c
hie
f, h
e h
ad d
irec
t co
ntr
ol o
ver
the
form
ula
tio
n o
f p
olic
y an
d t
he
con
du
ct o
f m
ilita
ry o
per
atio
ns.
He
and
his
sta
ff s
up
ervi
sed
vir
tual
ly e
very
asp
ect
of
the
war
eff
ort
, wo
rkin
g cl
ose
ly w
ith
th
e w
ar c
abin
et s
ecre
tari
at. T
hro
ugh
Ch
urc
hill
's e
ffo
rts,
Gre
at B
rita
in w
as a
ble
to
arm
it
self
an
d p
rep
are
for
war
wit
h r
emar
kab
le s
pee
d.
Ch
urc
hill
ass
um
ed p
ow
er ju
st a
s th
e G
erm
ans
wer
e in
vad
ing
Fran
ce. T
he
Fren
ch b
egge
d h
im t
o s
end
fig
hte
r sq
uad
ron
s, b
ut
he
qu
ickl
y re
aliz
ed t
hat
th
ere
was
litt
le B
rita
in c
ou
ld d
o t
o s
top
th
e G
erm
an w
ar m
ach
ine
in F
ran
ce. I
n
on
e o
f h
is m
ost
dif
ficu
lt d
ecis
ion
s, h
e d
eclin
ed F
ran
ce's
req
ues
t. G
reat
Bri
tain
's p
lan
es, h
e kn
ew, w
ou
ld b
e n
eed
ed f
or
his
nat
ion
's o
wn
air
def
ense
.
1
. W
hat
was
Ch
urc
hill
’s r
ole
wh
en
WW
II f
irst
bro
ke
ou
t? _
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
2
. W
hat
hap
pen
ed t
o C
ham
ber
lain
? __
____
____
____
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
3.
Ho
w d
id C
hu
rch
ill b
eco
me
Pri
me
Min
iste
r? _
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
4
. In
his
"B
loo
d, S
wea
t, T
oil,
an
d T
ears
" sp
eech
, wh
at
do
es C
hu
rch
ill s
ugg
est
as
a p
olic
y?
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
5
. W
hat
is C
hu
rch
ill’s
pri
mar
y ai
m r
egar
din
g th
e w
ar?
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
6
. H
ow
did
he
wo
rk a
s co
mm
and
er in
ch
ief?
__
____
_
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
48
-
TA
SK
#4
9 -
Mir
acl
e a
t D
un
kir
k
On
May
12
, 194
0, A
do
lf H
itle
r o
rder
ed t
he
inva
sio
n o
f Fr
ance
. Th
e G
erm
an A
rmy
emp
loye
d 1
36
d
ivis
ion
s an
d 2
,500
tan
ks in
its
inva
sio
n o
f Fr
ance
. Th
e Fr
ench
, su
pp
ort
ed b
y B
elgi
an a
nd
Bri
tish
tro
op
s,
had
a t
ota
l of
125
div
isio
ns
and
3,6
00
tan
ks. T
he
Ger
man
s w
ere
do
min
ant
in t
he
air
wit
h 3
,00
0 ai
rcra
ft
agai
nst
th
e al
lies
1,4
00
. B y
May
14
, 194
0, t
he
Ger
man
tan
ks h
ad c
ross
ed t
he
Meu
se a
nd
had
op
ened
u
p a
fif
ty-m
ile g
ap in
th
e A
llied
fro
nt.
Six
day
s la
ter
they
rea
ched
th
e En
glis
h C
han
nel
. Th
e ad
van
cin
g G
erm
an A
rmy
trap
ped
th
e B
riti
sh a
nd
Fre
nch
arm
ies
on
th
e b
each
es a
rou
nd
Du
nki
rk.
330
,00
0 m
en w
ere
trap
ped
her
e an
d t
hey
wer
e a
sitt
ing
targ
et f
or
the
Ger
man
s. W
hen
he
hea
rd t
he
new
s, B
riti
sh P
rim
e M
inis
ter
Win
sto
n C
hu
rch
ill o
rde
red
th
e im
ple
men
tati
on
of
Op
erat
ion
Dyn
amo
, a
pla
n t
o e
vacu
ate
of
tro
op
s an
d e
qu
ipm
ent
fro
m t
he
Fren
ch p
ort
of
Du
nki
rk.
The
bea
ch a
t D
un
kirk
was
on
a s
hal
low
slo
pe
so n
o la
rge
bo
at c
ou
ld g
et n
ear
to t
he
actu
al b
each
es
wh
ere
the
men
wer
e. T
her
efo
re, s
mal
ler
bo
ats
wer
e n
eed
ed t
o t
ake
on
bo
ard
men
wh
o w
ou
ld t
hen
be
tran
sfer
red
to
a la
rger
bo
at b
ased
fu
rth
er o
ff s
ho
re. 8
00 o
f th
ese
lege
nd
ary
"lit
tle
ship
s" w
ere
use
d. I
t is
th
ou
ght
that
th
e sm
alle
st b
oat
to
mak
e th
e jo
urn
ey a
cro
ss t
he
Ch
ann
el w
as t
he
Tam
zin
e -
an 1
8 f
eet
op
en t
op
ped
fis
hin
g b
oat
no
w o
n d
isp
lay
at t
he
Imp
eri
al W
ar M
use
um
, Lo
nd
on
. B
etw
een
May
27
an
d
Jun
e 4
, 194
0, a
to
tal o
f 69
3 sh
ips
(39
Des
tro
yers
, 36
Min
esw
eep
ers,
77
traw
lers
, 26
Yac
hts
an
d a
va
riet
y o
f o
ther
sm
all c
raft
) b
rou
ght
bac
k 33
8,2
26 p
eop
le b
ack
to B
rita
in. O
f th
ese
140
,000
wer
e m
emb
ers
of
the
Fren
ch A
rmy.
All
hea
vy e
qu
ipm
ent
was
ab
and
on
ed a
nd
left
in F
ran
ce.
A B
riti
sh a
rtill
ery
off
icer
pro
du
ced
an
an
on
ymo
us
acco
un
t o
f w
hat
it w
as li
ke w
aiti
ng
on
th
e b
each
es a
t D
un
kirk
on
30
th M
ay, 1
940.
Bel
ow
is a
n e
xcer
pt
fro
m t
hat
acc
ou
nt:
“T
he