tao jua general construction of coordinatesslide 1 a general, geometric construction of coordinates...
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Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 1
A general, geometric construction of coordinates in any dimensions
A general, geometric construction of coordinates in any dimensions
Tao Ju
Washington University in St. Louis
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 2
CoordinatesCoordinates
• Homogeneous coordinates
– Given points
– Express a new point as affine combination of
– are called homogeneous coordinates
– Barycentric if all
},,,{ 1 ivvv
x v
1, iii bwherevbx 1, iii bwherevbx
0ibib
iv
x
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 3
ApplicationsApplications
• Value interpolation
– Color/Texture interpolation
• Mapping
– Shell texture
– “Cage-based” deformation
ii fbxf )( ii fbxf )(
iivbx '' iivbx ''
[Hormann 06]
[Porumbescu 05]
[Ju 05]
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 4
How to find coordinates?How to find coordinates?
iv
x
1, iii bwherevbx 1, iii bwherevbx
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 5
Coordinates In A PolytopeCoordinates In A Polytope
• Points form vertices of a closed polytope
– x lies inside the polytope
• Example: A 2D triangle
– Unique (barycentric):
– Can be extended to any N-D simplex
• A general polytope
– Non-unique
– The triangle-trick can not be applied.
v
321
32
1vvv
vvx
A
Ab
321
32
1vvv
vvx
A
Ab
1v
x
2v3v
x
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 6
Previous Work Previous Work
• 2D Polygons
– Wachspress [Wachspress 75][Loop 89][Meyer 02][Malsch 04]
• Barycentric within convex shapes
– Discrete harmonic [Desbrun 02][Floater 06]
• Homogeneous within convex shapes
– Mean value [Floater 03][Hormann 06]
• Barycentric within convex shapes, homogeneous within non-convex shapes
• 3D Polyhedrons and Beyond
– Wachspress [Warren 96][Ju 05a]
– Discrete harmonic [Meyer 02]
– Mean value [Floater 05][Ju 05b]
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 7
Previous WorkPrevious Work
• A general construction in 2D [Floater 06]
– Complete: a single scheme that can construct all possible homogeneous coordinates in a convex polygon
– Homogeneous coordinates parameterized by variable p
• Wachspress: p=-1
• Mean value: p=0
• Discrete harmonic: p=1
• What about 3D and beyond? (this talk)
– Tao Ju, Peter Liepa, Joe Warren, CAGD 2007
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 8
The Short AnswerThe Short Answer
• Yes, such general construction exists in N-D
– Complete: A single scheme constructing all possible homogeneous coordinates
• Applicable to any convex simplicial polytope
– 2D polygons, 3D triangular polyhedrons, etc.
– Geometric: The coordinates are parameterized by an auxiliary shape
• Wachspress: Polar dual
• Mean value: Unit sphere
• Discrete harmonic: Original polytope
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 9
The Longer Answer…The Longer Answer…
• We focus on an equivalent problem of finding weights such that
– Yields homogeneous coordinates by normalization
0)( xvw ii 0)( xvw ii
w
i
ii w
wb
i
ii w
wb
xiv
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 10
2D Mean Value Coordinates2D Mean Value Coordinates
• We start with a geometric construction of 2D MVC
1. Place a unit circle at . An edge projects to an arc on the circle.
2. Write the integral of outward unit normal of each arc, , using the two vectors:
3. The integral of outward unit normal over the whole circle is zero. So the following weights are homogeneous:
x },{ 21 vvT T
Tr
)()( 2211 xvuxvur TTT )()( 2211 xvuxvur TTT
TvT
Tii
i
uw:
TvT
Tii
i
uw:
v1v2
x
Tr T
T
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 11
2D Mean Value Coordinates2D Mean Value Coordinates
• To obtain :
– Apply Stoke’s Theorem
Tr
v1v2
x
Tr T
T
-n2T -n1
T
TTT nnr 21 TTT nnr 21
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 12
2D Mean Value Coordinates2D Mean Value Coordinates
• We start with a geometric construction of 2D MVC
1. Place a unit circle at . An edge projects to an arc on the circle.
2. Write the integral of outward unit normal of each arc, , using the two vectors:
3. The integral of outward unit normal over the whole circle is zero. So the following weights are homogeneous:
x },{ 21 vvT T
Tr
)()( 2211 xvuxvur TTT )()( 2211 xvuxvur TTT
TvT
Tii
i
uw:
TvT
Tii
i
uw:
v1v2
x
Tr T
T
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 13
Our General ConstructionOur General Construction
• Instead of a circle, pick any closed curve
1. Project each edge of the polygon onto a curve segment on .
2. Write the integral of outward unit normal of each arc, , using the two vectors:
3. The integral of outward unit normal over any closed curve is zero (Stoke’s Theorem). So the following weights are homogeneous:
},{ 21 vvT T
Tr
)()( 2211 xvuxvur TTT )()( 2211 xvuxvur TTT
TvT
Tii
i
uw:
TvT
Tii
i
uw:
v1v2
x
TrT
T
G
G
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 14
Our General ConstructionOur General Construction
• To obtain :
– Apply Stoke’s Theorem
Tr
TTT ndndr 2211 TTT ndndr 2211
v1
x
d1 d2
v2 v1
xd1
-d2
v2T T
T
T
Tr Tr
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 15
ExamplesExamples
• Some interesting result in known coordinates
– We call the generating curve
G
G
Wachspress(G is the polar dual)
Mean value(G is the unit circle)
Discrete harmonic(G is the original polygon)
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 16
General Construction in 3DGeneral Construction in 3D
• Pick any closed generating surface
1. Project each triangle of the polyhedron onto a surface patch on .
2. Write the integral of outward unit normal of each patch, , using three vectors:
3. The integral of outward unit normal over any closed surface is zero. So the following weights are homogeneous:
},,{ 321 vvvT T
Tr
3
1)(
i iTi
T xvur
3
1)(
i iTi
T xvur
TvT
Tii
i
uw:
TvT
Tii
i
uw:
G
G
v2
v3
v1
x
T TrT
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 17
-n3T
d1,2
General Construction in 3DGeneral Construction in 3D
• To obtain :
– Apply Stoke’s Theorem
Tr
3
11,1
i
Tiii
T ndr
3
11,1
i
Tiii
T ndr v2
v3
v1
x
T TrT
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 18
ExamplesExamples
Wachspress(G: polar dual)
Mean value(G: unit sphere)
Discrete harmonic(G: the polyhedron)
Voronoi(G: Voronoi cell)
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 19
An Equivalent Form – 2DAn Equivalent Form – 2D
• Same as in [Floater 06]
– Implies that our construction reproduces all homogeneous coordinates in a convex polygon
vi
vi-1 vi+1
x
Bi
vi
vi+1
x
Ai-1 Aivi-1ii
ii
i
i
i
ii AA
Bc
A
c
A
cw
1
1
1
1
ii
ii
i
i
i
ii AA
Bc
A
c
A
cw
1
1
1
1
where
2/|| xvdc iii 2/|| xvdc iii
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 20
An Equivalent Form – 3DAn Equivalent Form – 3D
• 3D extension of [Floater 06]
– We showed that our construction yields all homogeneous coordinates in a convex triangular polyhedron.
j jj
jji
j j
jji AA
Bc
A
cw
1
,1,
j jj
jji
j j
jji AA
Bc
A
cw
1
,1,
where
6/|)()(|,, xvxvdc jijiji 6/|)()(|,, xvxvdc jijiji
vi
vj-1 vj+1
vj
x
Aj-1 Aj
vi
vj-1 vj+1
vj
x
Bj
Cj
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 21
SummarySummary
• Homogenous coordinates construction in any dimensions
– Complete: Reproduces all homogeneous coordinates in a convex simplicial polytope
– Geometric: Each set of homogeneous coordinates is constructed from a closed generating shape (curve/surface/hyper-surface)
• Polar dual: Wachspress coordinates
• Unit sphere: Mean value coordinates
• Original polytope: Discrete harmonic coordinates
• Voronoi cell: Voronoi coordinates
Tao Ju A general construction of coordinates Slide 22
Open QuestionsOpen Questions
• What about continuous shapes?
– General constructions known [Schaefer 07][Belyaev 06]
– What is the link between continuous and discrete constructions?
• Discrete coordinates equivalent to continuous coordinates when applied to a piece-wise linear shape
• What about non-convex shapes?
– Are there coordinates well-defined for non-convex shapes, besides MVC?
• What about non-simplicial polytopes?
– Are there closed-form MVC for non-triangular meshes that agree with the continuous definition of MVC?
• What about on a sphere?
– Initial attempt by [Langer 06], yet limited to within a hemisphere.