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Anaerobic Digestion of Tannery Wastes  By Salman Zafar | September 21, 2015 ‐ 4:05 pm |

The conventional leather tanning technology is

highly polluting as it produces large amounts of 

organic and chemical pollutants. Wastes generated

by the leather processing industries pose a major

challenge to the environment. According to

conservative estimates, more than 600,000 tons per

year of solid waste are generated worldwide by

leather industry and approximately 40–50% of the

hides are lost to shavings and trimmings.

Everyday a huge quantity of solid waste, including trimmings of finished leather, shaving dusts, hair, fleshing,

trimming of raw hides and skins, are being produced from the industries. Chromium, sulphur, oils and

noxious gas methane, ammonia, and hydrogen sulphide  are the elements of liquid, gas and solid waste of 

tannery industries.

Biogas from Tannery WastesAnaerobic digestion or biomethanation  systems are mature and proven processes that have the potential

to convert tannery wastes into energy efficiently, and achieve the goals of pollution prevention/reduction,

elimination of uncontrolled methane emissions and odour, recovery of bio‐energy potential as biogas,

production of stabilized residue for use as low grade fertilizer.

Anaerobic digestion of tannery wastes is an attractive method to recover energy from tannery wastes. This

method degrades a substantial part of the organic matter contained in the sludge and tannery solid wastes,

generating valuable biogas, contributing to alleviate the environmental problem, giving time to set‐up more

sustainable treatment and disposal routes. Digested solid waste is biologically stabilized and can be reused in

agriculture.

Until now, biogas generation from tannery wastewater was considered that the complexity of the waste

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water stream originating from tanneries in combination with the presence of chroming would result in the

poisoning of the process in a high loaded anaerobic reactor.

When the locally available industrial wastewater treatment plant is not provided by anaerobic digester, a

large scale digestion can be planned in regions accommodating a big cluster of tanneries, if there is enough

waste to make the facility economically attractive. In this circumstance, an anaerobic co‐digestion plant based

on sludge and tanneries may be a recommendable option, which reduces the quantity of landfilled waste and

recovers its energy potential. It can also incorporate any other domestic, industrial or agricultural wastes.

Chrome‐free digested tannery sludge also has a definite value as a fertilizer based on its nutrient content.

Potential Applications of BiogasBiogas produced in anaerobic digesters consists of methane 50%–80% , carbon dioxide 20%–50% , and

trace levels of other gases such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen sulfide.

Biogas can be used for producing electricity and heat, as a natural gas substitute and also a transportation

fuel. A combined heat and power plant system CHP  not only generates power but also produces heat for in‐

house requirements to maintain desired temperature level in the digester during cold season.

CHP systems cover a range of technologies but indicative energy outputs per m of biogas are

approximately 1.7 kWh electricity and 2.5kWh heat. The combined production of electricity and heat is highly

desirable because it displaces non‐renewable energy demand elsewhere and therefore reduces the amount

of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere.

AD Plant at ECCO’s Tannery Netherlands A highly advanced wastewater treatment plant and biogas system became fully operational in 2012 at

ECCO’s tannery in the Netherlands. A large percentage of the waste is piped directly into the wastewater

plant to be converted into biogas. This biogas digester provides a source of renewable fuel and also helps to

dispose of waste materials by converting waste from both the leather‐making processes, and the wastewater

treatment plant, into biogas. All excess organic material from the hides is also converted into biogas.

This project enables ECCO Tannery to reduce waste and to substitute virtually all of its consumption of non‐

renewable natural gas with renewable biogas. The aim is to use more than 40% of the total tannery waste

and replace up to 60% of the total natural gas consumption with biogas.

Tagged Anaerobic digestion, Anaerobic Digestion of Tannery Wastes, Biogas, biogas from tannery wastes, CETP, CHP,

Chrome recovery, ECCO, industrial waste management, Industrial Wastewater, leather industry wastes, Netherlands,

sludge, tanneries, tannery waste management, waste management in tanneries, waste to energy in tannery, Wastes,

wastewater

Wastes Generation in Tanneries

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1 Comment By Salman Zafar | January 27, 2015 ‐ 4:22 pm |

Wastes originate from all stages of leather making,

such as fine leather particles, residues from various

chemical discharges and reagents from different

waste liquors comprising of large pieces of leather

cuttings, trimmings and gross shavings, fleshing

residues, solid hair debris and remnants of paper

bags.

Tanning refers to the process by which collagen

fibers in a hide react with a chemical agent tannin, alum or other chemicals . However, the term leather

tanning also commonly refers to the entire leather‐making process. Hides and skins have the ability to

absorb tannic acid and other chemical substances that prevent them from decaying, make them resistant to

wetting, and keep them supple and durable. The flesh side of the hide or skin is much thicker and softer. The

three types of hides and skins most often used in leather manufacture are from cattle, sheep, and pigs.

Out of 1000 kg of raw hide, nearly 850 kg is generated as solid wastes in leather processing. Only 150 Kg of 

the raw material is converted in to leather. A typical tannery generate huge amount of waste:

Fleshing: 56‐60%

Chrome shaving, chrome splits and buffing dust: 35‐40%

Skin trimming: 5‐7%

Hair: 2‐5%

Over 80 per cent of the organic pollution load in BOD terms emanates from the beamhouse  pre‐tanning ;

much of this comes from degraded hide/skin and hair matter. During the tanning process at least 300 kg of 

chemicals lime, salt etc.  are added per ton of hides. Excess of non‐used salts will appear in the wastewater.

Because of the changing pH, these compounds can precipitate and contribute to the amount of solid waste

or suspended solids. Every tanning process step, with the exception of finishing operations, produces

wastewater. An average of 35 m is produced per ton of raw hide. The wastewater is made up of high

concentration of salts, chromium, ammonia, dye and solvent chemicals etc.

A large amount of waste generated by tanneries is discharged in natural water bodies directly or indirectly

through two open drains without any treatment. The water in the low lying areas in developing countries, like

India and Bangladesh, is polluted in such a degree that it has become unsuitable for public uses. In summer

when the rate of decomposition of the waste is higher, serious air pollution is caused in residential areas by

producing intolerable obnoxious odours.

Tannery wastewater and solid wastes often find their way into surface water, where toxins are carried

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downstream and contaminate water used for bathing, cooking, swimming, and irrigation. Chromium waste

can also seep into the soil and contaminate groundwater systems that provide drinking water for nearby

communities. In addition, contamination in water can build up in aquatic animals, which are a common

source of food.

Tagged chromium waste, environment, India, industrial waste management, Industrial Wastes, leather industry,Pollution, Raw hide, tanneries, tannery waste management, tannery wastes, tannery wastewater, tanning process,

waste to energy in tannery, Wastes, wastewater

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