tamu 10 aff iv rep dev 18-19may15 studentcopy
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Biodas Material Teaching UnsoedTRANSCRIPT
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AFF IV: Animal ReproductionAnimal Development
AFF IV: Animal ReproductionAnimal Development
Lecture 10 | 18/19 May 2015
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Kompetensi 74Kompetensi 74 -- 8282Kompetensi 74Kompetensi 74 -- 8282
K74 - Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan mekanismereproduksi aseksual hewanK75 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan fertilisasihewanK76 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur organreproduktif manusiaK77 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan transportspermatozoaK78 - Mahasiswa mampu menyebutkan tiga tahapperkembangan embrioK79 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan cleavageK80 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan gastrulasiK81 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan organogenesisK82 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan morfogenesis
K74 - Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan mekanismereproduksi aseksual hewanK75 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan fertilisasihewanK76 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur organreproduktif manusiaK77 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan transportspermatozoaK78 - Mahasiswa mampu menyebutkan tiga tahapperkembangan embrioK79 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan cleavageK80 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan gastrulasiK81 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan organogenesisK82 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan morfogenesis
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Animal ReproductionAnimal ReproductionNembrotha rutilans
Animal ReproductionAnimal Reproduction
The sea slugs, or nudibranchs (Nembrotha chamberlaini), in figure above aremating. If not disturbed, these marine molluscs may remain joined forhours. Sperm will be transferred and will fertilize eggs. A few weeks later,sexual reproduction will be complete. New individuals will hatch, butwhich parent is the mother? The answer is simple yet probablyunexpected: both. In fact, each sea slug produces eggs and sperm.
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Concept 1.Concept 1. Both asexual and sexualBoth asexual and sexual rreproductioneproductionoccur in the animal kingdomoccur in the animal kingdomConcept 1.Concept 1. Both asexual and sexualBoth asexual and sexual rreproductioneproductionoccur in the animal kingdomoccur in the animal kingdom
Sexual reproduction is the creation of an offspringby fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and femalegamete (egg) to form a zygote
Asexual reproduction is creation of offspringwithout the fusion of egg and sperm
Sexual reproduction is the creation of an offspringby fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and femalegamete (egg) to form a zygote
Asexual reproduction is creation of offspringwithout the fusion of egg and sperm
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Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by fission(separation of parent organism into two individuals of aproximatelyequal size)
Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction
Anthopleura elegantissima (sea anemone)K74: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan mekanisme reproduksi aseksual hewan
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Asexual reproduction can be a two-step process fragmentation, the breaking of the bodyinto several pieces, regeneration, regrowth of lost body parts certain annelid worms can split into severalfragments, each regenerating a complete worm inless than a week Numerous sponges, cnidarians, and tunicates alsoreproduce by fragmentation and regeneration.
Asexual reproduction can be a two-step process fragmentation, the breaking of the bodyinto several pieces, regeneration, regrowth of lost body parts certain annelid worms can split into severalfragments, each regenerating a complete worm inless than a week Numerous sponges, cnidarians, and tunicates alsoreproduce by fragmentation and regeneration.
K74: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan mekanisme reproduksi aseksual hewan
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In budding, newindividuals arise fromoutgrowths of existingones Hydra
BudParent
K74: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan mekanisme reproduksi aseksual hewan
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Parthenogenesis is the development of a newindividual from an unfertilized egg Several genera of fishes, amphibians, and lizards
reproduce only by a complex form of parthenogenesisthat involves the doubling of chromosomes aftermeiosis
Sexual reproduction is a special problem fororganisms that seldom encounter a mate One solution is hermaphroditism, in which each
individual has male and female reproductivesystems
Parthenogenesis is the development of a newindividual from an unfertilized egg Several genera of fishes, amphibians, and lizards
reproduce only by a complex form of parthenogenesisthat involves the doubling of chromosomes aftermeiosis
Sexual reproduction is a special problem fororganisms that seldom encounter a mate One solution is hermaphroditism, in which each
individual has male and female reproductivesystems
K74: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan mekanisme reproduksi aseksual hewan
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Concept 2: Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bringConcept 2: Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bringtogether sperm and eggs of the same speciestogether sperm and eggs of the same speciesConcept 2: Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bringConcept 2: Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bringtogether sperm and eggs of the same speciestogether sperm and eggs of the same species
In external fertilization, eggs shed by the female arefertilized by sperm in the external environment
K75: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan fertilisasi hewan
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In internal fertilization,sperm are deposited inor near the femalereproductive tract, andfertilization occurswithin the tract
Species with internalfertilization providegreater protection of theembryos and moreparental care
In internal fertilization,sperm are deposited inor near the femalereproductive tract, andfertilization occurswithin the tract
Species with internalfertilization providegreater protection of theembryos and moreparental care Belostoma
K75: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan fertilisasi hewan
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Concept 3.Concept 3. Reproductive organs produce andReproductive organs produce andtransport gametestransport gametesConcept 3.Concept 3. Reproductive organs produce andReproductive organs produce andtransport gametestransport gametesHuman MalereproductiveAnatomy The male gonads, ortestes produce spermin highly coiled tubescalled seminiferoustubules
Human MalereproductiveAnatomy The male gonads, ortestes produce spermin highly coiled tubescalled seminiferoustubules
K76: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur organ reproduktif manusia
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Human Female Reproductive AnatomyHuman Female Reproductive Anatomy
Ovaries Oviduct
FolliclesCorpus luteumUterine wallUterus
CervixEndometrium
Vagina
K76: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur organ reproduktif manusia
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Each ovary contains many follicles, which consist of apartially developed egg, called an oocyte, surrounded bysupport cells
Once a month, an oocyte develops into an ovum (egg) bythe process of oogenesis
Human Female Reproductive AnatomyHuman Female Reproductive AnatomyEach ovary contains many follicles, which consist of apartially developed egg, called an oocyte, surrounded bysupport cells
Once a month, an oocyte develops into an ovum (egg) bythe process of oogenesis
K76: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur organ reproduktif manusia
Ovaries Oviduct
FolliclesCorpus luteumUterine wallUterus
Cervix
Endometrium
Vagina
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Ovulation expels an egg cell from the follicle The remaining follicular tissue grows within the ovary,
forming a mass called the corpus luteum The corpus luteum secretes hormones that help to
maintain pregnancy If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
degenerates
Ovulation expels an egg cell from the follicle The remaining follicular tissue grows within the ovary,
forming a mass called the corpus luteum The corpus luteum secretes hormones that help to
maintain pregnancy If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
degenerates
K76: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur organ reproduktif manusia
Ovaries Oviduct
FolliclesCorpus luteumUterine wallUterus
Cervix
Endometrium
Vagina
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HumanGametogenesisHumanGametogenesis
Gametogenesis, theproduction ofgametes by meiosis,differs in femalesand males
Spermatogenesis isproduction ofmature sperm
Epididymis Seminiferous tubule
Testis
Cross section of seminiferous tubule
Sertoli cellnucleus
Primordial germ cell in embryo
Mitotic divisionsSpermatogonial
stem cellMitotic divisions
Mitotic divisionsSpermatogonium
2n
2n
Gametogenesis, theproduction ofgametes by meiosis,differs in femalesand males
Spermatogenesis isproduction ofmature sperm
Primary spermatocyte
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Secondary spermatocyteLumen ofseminiferous tubule
Plasma membraneTail
Neck
Midpiece Head
MitochondriaNucleus
Acrosome
Spermatids(at two stages ofdifferentiation)
EarlyspermatidDifferentiation(Sertoli cellsprovide nutrients)
Sperm
2n
n n
n n n n
n n n n
K76: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur organ reproduktif manusia
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Ovary
In embryoPrimordial germ cell
Mitotic divisions
Oogonium
Mitotic divisions
Primaryoocytewithinfollicle
Growingfollicle
2n
Eggs contain storednutrients and are muchlarger
Oogenesis isdevelopment of matureoocytes (eggs) and cantake many years
Mitotic divisions
Primary oocyte(present at birth), arrestedin prophase of meiosis I
Firstpolarbody
Completion of meiosis I and onsetof meiosis II
Secondary oocyte,arrested at metaphase of meiosis II
Ovulation, sperm entry
Completion of meiosis IISecondpolarbody
Fertilized egg
Mature follicle
Rupturedfollicle
Ovulatedsecondary oocyte
Corpus luteum
Degeneratingcorpus luteum
2n
n n
nn
Eggs contain storednutrients and are muchlarger
Oogenesis isdevelopment of matureoocytes (eggs) and cantake many years
K76: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan strukturorgan reproduktif manusia
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Animal DevelopmentAnimal DevelopmentAnimal DevelopmentAnimal Development
How did a single cell develop into this intricatelydetailed embryo?
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Important events regulating development occur duringfertilization and the three stages that build the animalsbody Cleavage: cell division creates a hollow ball of cellscalled a blastula
Gastrulation: cells are rearranged into a three-layered gastrula
Organogenesis: the three layers interact and moveto give rise to organs
Important events regulating development occur duringfertilization and the three stages that build the animalsbody Cleavage: cell division creates a hollow ball of cellscalled a blastula
Gastrulation: cells are rearranged into a three-layered gastrula
Organogenesis: the three layers interact and moveto give rise to organs
K78: Mahasiswa mampu membedakan tiga tahap perkembangan embrio
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Concept 4.Concept 4. Fertilization and cleavage initiateFertilization and cleavage initiate embryonicembryonicdevelopmentdevelopmentConcept 4.Concept 4. Fertilization and cleavage initiateFertilization and cleavage initiate embryonicembryonicdevelopmentdevelopment
CleavageCleavage Cleavage partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into
many smaller cells called blastomeres
K79: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan cleavage
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Concept 5.Concept 5. Morphogenesis in animals involvesMorphogenesis in animals involvesspecific changes in cell shape, position, and survivalspecific changes in cell shape, position, and survivalConcept 5.Concept 5. Morphogenesis in animals involvesMorphogenesis in animals involvesspecific changes in cell shape, position, and survivalspecific changes in cell shape, position, and survivalGastrulation Gastrulation rearranges the cells of a blastulainto a three-layered embryo Embryonic germ layers
Gastrulation Gastrulation rearranges the cells of a blastulainto a three-layered embryo Embryonic germ layers
K80: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan gastrulasi
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OrganogenesisOrganogenesisOrganogenesisOrganogenesis During organogenesis, various regions of the germ
layers develop into rudimentary organs During organogenesis, various regions of the germ
layers develop into rudimentary organs
K81: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan organogenesis
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Neural folds Tail budNeuralfold
Neural plate
Neuralfold
Neuralplate
Neural crestcells
Neural tube
CoelomNotochord
1 mm1 mmSEM
Somite
Neuralcrestcells
SomitesEye
Neural tube
(b) Neural tube formation
Neural crestcells
Neural crestcells
Outer layerof ectodermMesoderm
Notochord
Archenteron
Ectoderm
Endoderm
(a) Neural plate formation
(c) Somites
Coelom Somite
Archenteron(digestivecavity)
K81: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan organogenesis
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Mechanisms ofMorphogenesisMechanisms ofMorphogenesisChanges in cell shapeusually involvereorganization of thecytoskeletonMicrotubules andmicrofilamentsaffect formation ofthe neural tube
K82: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan morfogenesis
Changes in cell shapeusually involvereorganization of thecytoskeletonMicrotubules andmicrofilamentsaffect formation ofthe neural tube
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SummarySummarySummarySummary1: Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur inthe animal kingdom2: Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bringtogether sperm and eggs of the same species3: Reproductive organs produce and transportgametes4: Fertilization and cleavage initiate embryonicdevelopment5: Morphogenesis in animals involvesspecific changes in cell shape, position, andsurvival
1: Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur inthe animal kingdom2: Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bringtogether sperm and eggs of the same species3: Reproductive organs produce and transportgametes4: Fertilization and cleavage initiate embryonicdevelopment5: Morphogenesis in animals involvesspecific changes in cell shape, position, andsurvival
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