Abbreviations:Ara = ArabicBan = BantuBem = BembaChe = Chewa (Chichewa)Chi = ChineseDua = DualaEng = EnglishEth = EthiopianFan = FangFre = FrenchGan = GandaGer = GermanGre = GreekHeb = HebrewHer = HereroHin = HindiIta = ItalianKam = KambaKik = KikuyuKiv = KivinzaKon = KondeLat = LatinLin = LingalaLub = Luba (Chiluba)Mwe = Mwezi (Nyamwezi)Nko = NkoreNya = Nyanja (Kinyanja)PBan = Proto=BantuPer = PersianPor = PortugueseRun = Rundi (Kirundi)Rwa = Rwanda (Kinyarwanda)San = SangoSho = ShonaSkt = SanskritSot = SothoSSot = Southern SothoSuk = SukumaTam= TamilTsw = Tswana (Setswana)Tur = TurkishUmb = UmbunduVen = VendaXho = XhosaZul = Zulu

Notes:Nya (Kinyanja) is the same as Che (Chichewa) unless indicated separatelySot (Sotho) is Northern Sotho unless indicated otherwise;Tsw (Tswana) is the same as Sotho unless indicated separately;Xho (Xhosa) is the same as Zul (Zulu) unless indicated separately

Aadui [from Ara cadw] = enemy Tam= Adadhar=Enemyafa [from Ara afa] = calamity Tam= Avam= Calamityafyuni [from Ara afyun from Gre opion] = opium Tam=Abini/Avini= opiumagana [Gan lagaana, Mwe lagana, from PBan *dagaan=] = agree v.

Tam=Agum=OK/agreeableagiza [Gan lagira, from PBan *dagid=] = order, direct, admonish v. Tam= Anai=Order ahera [from Ara akhira] = next world Tam=Igam=This worldahsante [from Ara ahsanta] = well done, bravo Tam=Agum= Doneajabu [from Ara cajab] = wonder Tam=Ayarchi=astonishmentake [Benda akwe, Kik ake, Ven we, Zul khe, from Ban] = his Tam=Avan= healika [from PBan *daadik=] = invite v. Tam=Alai= Call/inviteamana [from Ara amana] = pledge Tam=Adamanam=pledgeamani [from Ara aman] = peace Tam=Amaidhi=peaceamini [from Ara] = believe v. Tam=Ennu=Consider/ believeamka [Kik ramuka, from PBan *damuk=] = get up, wake v. Tam=Elugai=get upanga [see angaa; Zul langa] = sky, light n. Tam=Aagaayam=Skyangika [from PBan *jangik=] = hang up v. Tam=Thongu= Hanginganika [Bem anika, Gan anika, Her nyaneka, Kik anika, Kon anika, Lub anika, Mwe

anikila, San yanika, Sot anega, Ven enetshedza, from PBan *janik=] = spread, put out to dry v. Tam=Anuppu=Send

arifu [from Ara carafa] = inform v. Tam= Arivuruthu= Intimate/informashiki [from Ara cashq] = desire Tam= Aasai= desire

Bbaa [see balaa] = calamity Tam=Paal= calamitybaba [Kik baba, Mwe vava, Sho baba, Ven baba, Zul baba, from PBan *baba] = father

Tam= Appa= fatherbadala [from Ara badal] = substitute Tam=Badhil= substitutebahari [from Ara bahr] = sea Tam= Pavvam= seabakuli [Kik mbakuri, Mwe ibakuli, Rwa bakure] = bowl, dish, basin Tam=Pathiram=

bowlbalaa [from Ara bala] = calamity Tam=Paal= calamitybalehe [from Ara balagha] = reach (puberty) v. Tam= Paruvam== pubertybanda [Kik kibanda from Gre mandra from Skt manda] = shed, barn Tam=

Mandi=barn bandari [from Ara bandar from Per] = port Tam= Thurai = portbangi [Kik bangi, Sot patshe, Ven mbanzhe from Hin bhang] = hemp Tam=Pangi=

hemp baridi [from Ara barid] = cold Telugu= vali= coldbarua [Kik marua, Rwa baruwa, from Ban] = letter, note Tam= vari= letter, notebata [Bem ibata, Kik mbata, Lin libata, Lub bata, Mwe mbata, Rwa bata from Ban from

Ara bat] = duck Tam= Vathu= duckbatili [from Ara batal] = void adj. Tam/Telugu= vatti= voidbawa [Fan fap, Lub papa, puapua, Rwa baba, Umb vava, Ven lufhafha, from PBan

*papa] = wing Tam=Pakkam= wingbega [Bem kubeya, Che phewa, Gan bega, Lub veka, Mwe ivega, Nya phewa, from

PBan *bega] = shoulder Tam= Vagu= shoulderbei [Kik mbei from Ban] = price, cost Tam=Vilai= price, costbendera [Che mbendera, Kik mbendera, Rwa bendera from Ban from Por] = flag,

banner Tam= Padagai= flag, bannerbichi [Bem bishi, Kik ithi, Lub bishi, Mwe visi, Rwa bisi, Sho mbishi, Sot lebese, Ven

vhisi, Zul bisi, from PBan *bici] = raw, unripe Tam=Pachai= raw, unripe, Greenbiga [Fan vii, from PBan *bega] = pot (earthenware beer=pot) Tam=Pogani= potbila [from Ara bila] = without Tam=Illadhu= withoutbilauri [Gan rawuli, Kik mbirauri, Lub laudi, Rwa rahuri from Ban from Ara billur from

Gre beryllion] = crystal, glassbilingani [Che biringanya, Gan biringanya from Ban from Ara badhinjan from Per] =

eggplant Tam=Valuthunangai== eggplantbivu [Kik iru, Ven vhibva, from PBan *bidu] = ripe

bizari [from Ara bizr] = seed, corn (of pepper etc.) Tam=Vichu= seedbonde [Rwa bande, Sangu band=, from PBan *banda] = valleybovu [Bem bola, Kik oru, Lub bola, Mwe vola, from PBan *bod=] = rotten v.bubu [Mwe mumu, from PBan *bubu] = dumb Tam=Mugai= dumbbungu [Sot seboko, Ven luvhungu, vungu, Zul bungu, from PBan *bungu] = insect

(boring) Tam=Puchi= Insectbusu [from Ara basa] = kiss v.bwana [Kik bwana from either Per ban or rather Ara abuna 'our father'] = master

Tam=Mannan= King

Cchache [from PBan *keekee] = few Tam=Socham = fewchana [Kik canura, Lin sanola, from PBan *can=] = comb v.chandalua [Bem candaluwa, from Ban] = mosquito netchanga [Bem sanga, Dua sanga, Gan sanga, Her hanga, Kon sangana, Lub sangana,

Mwe sanga, Sot hlakanya, Ven tangana, Zul hlangana, hlangabeza, from PBan *cang=] = collect, assemble v. Tam=Chegari= collect

chanuo [see chana; Kik gicanuro] = comb n. Tam=Cheeppu= combchapa [Kik caba from Ban from Hin chap] = print n. Tam=Achu== printchecha [from PBan *ceec=] = cut (into small pieces) v. Tam=chedhi= cutcheche [Bem lusase, Mwe isasi, Sot hlase, Ven thase, from PBan *cece] = spark

Tam=Chichu=Firecheka [Bem seka, Gan seka, Her nyeka, Kik theka, Kon seka, Lin seka, Lub seka, Mwe

seka, Nya seka, Rwa seka, San hekha, Sho seka, Sot sega, Tsw tshega, Ven sea, Zul hleka, from PBan *cek=] = laugh v.Tam=Chiri= laugh

chekecha [from PBan *cec=] = sift v. Tam=chali= sift v.chemua [Bem tesemuna, Gan asimula, Sot ethimola, Xho thimla, Zul ethimula, Ven

atsamula, from PBan *tiemud=] = sneeze v. Tam=Thummu= sneeze v.cheti [from Eng from Hin citthi] = chit, note n. Tam=Cheettu= chit, notechemka [Gan camuka, Kik camukia, from PBan *camuk=] = boil, bubble

v.Tam=Kumili= boil, bubblechinja [Bem cinja, Kik thinja, Zul hlinza, from PBan *cenj=] = slaughter v.choka [Zul shuka, from PBan *cok=] = tire out v. Tam=Chorvu= tire outchombo [from PBan *jombo] = boat, vessel Tam=Sambaan== boatchonga [Dua songa, Her honga, Kon songa, from PBan *cong=] = cut (into shape),

carve, pare, sharpen v. Tam=Chedhuku= cut (into shape), carve

Ddai [from Ara daca] = claim Tam=Dayam= claim/rightdaima [from Ara daim] = always, constantly, continuingdhahabu [Gan zabu, Kik thahabu, Mwe zahabu from Ban from Ara dhahab] = gold

Tam= Thamaniyam= golddhambi [from Ara dhanb] = sin Tam=Thappu=Wrong

E

ema [Kikerebe zima, from PBan *juam=] = good v. Tam=Arumai= goodenu [Bem =enu, Lub enu, from PBan *nu] = your Tam=un= your

Ffa [Bem fwa, Gan fwa, Kik kua, Kon fwa, Lin kufa, Lub fua, Mwe fa, Rwa gupfa, San

fwa, Sho fa, Sot hwa, Tsw swa, Umb fa, Ven fa, ifa, Zul fa, from PBan *ku=] = die v. Tam=Saa= die v

faa [see nafuu] = useful v. Tam=Payan= use nfahali [from Ara fahl] = stallion, bull Tam=Pullam= bullfarasi [Lin farasa, Gan balasi, Kik mbarathi, Mwe falasi from Ban from Ara faras] =

horse Tam=Pari= horsefedheha [from Ara fadhiha] = shame Tam= Vetkam= shamefimbo [from PBan *pimbo] = cane, stick Tam= Pirambu= cane, stickfinya [Zul finyela, from PBan *pini=] = pinch, squeeze v. Tam=Pidhukku=] = pinch,

squeezefukia [Bem fukila, Gan oteza, Lub fuka, from PBan *jokid=] = smoke v. Tam=Pugai=

smoke

fundi [see funda; Kik bundi] = craftsman, artisanfundika [see kifundo; Gan fundika, Kik kundika] = make a knot v. Tam=Mudichu=

knotfundo [Bem cifundo, Kik ikundo, Mwe igundo, Sot lehuto, Ven pfundo, Zul findo, from

PBan *kundo] = knot Tam=Mudi= knotfungo [Bem mfungo, from PBan *tungo] = civet Tam= Punugu== civetfuta [Bem futa, Kik hura, Mwe futa, Ven huta, from PBan *kut=] = wipe, scour v.fuzi [Fan tsil, from PBan *tudi] = shoulder Tam= Puyam= shoulder

Ggereza [Rwa gereza from Por igreja 'church' from Gre ekklesia] = prison Tam=

Chirai= prison

Hhadithi [from Ara hadith] = news, story Tam= Kaditham= newshawa [from Ara hawa] = desire Tam=Aaval= desirehewa [from Ara hawa] = air Tam=Aavi = airhifadhi [from Ara hafidha] = protect v. Tam=Kaappu= protecthuluku [from Ara khalaqa] = create v. Telugu= Kalugu

Iingi [Bem ingi, Gan nji, Her ingi, Kik ingi, Kon ingi, Lin mingi, Lub ngi, Nko ingi,

Mwe ingi, Rwa nshi, San inji, Sho zhinji, Sot ntsi, Tsw ntsi, Ven nzhi, Xho ninzi, Zul ningi, from PBan *jingi] = much, many Tam=Innum= much

Jjicho [Bem linso, Che diso, Dua diso, Fan ir, Gan iso, Her eho, Kik ritho, Lin liso, Lub

so, Mwe liso, Rwa jisho, San liho, Sho ziso, Sot leihlo, Umb so, Ven ito, Xho so, Zul iso, from PBan *jico] = eye Tam=Sakku= eye

joka [see nyoka] = snake Tam=Nagam= snake (Cobra)joto [see ota] = fire, heat Tam= Chudu= fire, heatjozi [from Ara jawz from Gre zeugon] = pairTam=Jodi= pairjumba [see nyumba] = large housejumla [from Ara jumla] = sum, total; sentencejuu [Bem mulu, Kik iguru, Lub diulu (peulu), Rwa juru (hejuru), Sot tletlolo, Ven dulu

(tadulu), Zul zulu (phezulu) , from PBan *gudu] = top, sky, upside, above Tam=Uchi= top, sky, upside

Kkaa [Bem ikala, Che khala, Dua ja, Her kara, Kik ikara, Lin zala, Lub kala, Sho gara,

Sot sala, Umb sala, Ven sala, Zul sala, hlala, from PBan *jikad=] = sit, remain v.kaa [Lub kala, Mwe mhala, Zul ngala, from PBan *kada] = crab Tam=Kadagam=

crabkaa [Dua dikala=, Her ekara, Kon ingala=, Lin makala, Lub kala, Mwe makala, Rwa

kara, Sot legala, magala, Ven sala, from PBan *kada] = charcoal, coal, ember,Tamil =Kari = charcoal, coal

kaanga [Bem kanga, Dua anga, Fan kang, Kik karanga, Kon khasinga, Lin kalanga, Mwe kalanga, Rwa karanga, Sho kanga, Sot gadika, Ven hadzinga, Zul gazinga, from PBan *kang= and *kadang=] = fry v. Tam=Kaaychu, Telugu=Kanchu= fry

kabati [Bem kabati, Kik kabati, Lub kapati, Rwa kabati, Zul khabhathi from Ban from Eng] = cupboard

kabila [Mwe kabila from Ban from Ara] = tribekali [Bem kali, Kon khali, San khalala, Sot gale, Ven muhali, Zul khali, from PBan

*kadi] = fierce, sharp, severe Tam=Kadu= fierce, sharp, severekamili [from Ara kamil] = perfect Tam=Kam= fulness, perfectkamua [Gan kamula, from PBan *kamud=] = squeeze v.kamusi [from Ara qamus from Gre okeanos 'ocean (of words)'] = dictionary

Tam=Kosam= dictionarykana [Bem kana, Che kana, Her kana=, Kik kaana, Kon khana, Mwe kana, Rwa hana,

San khana, Sot gana, Ven hana, from PBan *kaan=] = deny, rebuke; refuse v. Tam=Kandi= deny, rebuke; refuse

karanga [Kik ngaranga, Lin nkalanga, Mwe lukalanga, from PBan *kadanga] = groundnut Tam=Kadalai= groundnut

karani [Gan kalani, Kik karani] = clerk Tam=Karanam= clerkkasuku [Kik gathuku, from PBan *cuku] = parrot Tam=Sugam= parrotkata [Lin kata from Ban from Ara qataca] = cut Tam=Kathiri= cutkati [Bem kati, Gan wakati, Her opokati, Kik gatagati, Kon phakhathi, Lin kati, Mwe

mgati, Rwa hagati, Sho mukati, Sot bogare, Tsw gare, bogare, Ven vhukati, Zul phakathi, from PBan *kati] = middle Tam=Idai= middle

kicheko [see cheka; Bem nseko, Kik mitheko, Ven maseo, tsetshwa] = laughter, Tam=Kekkali= laughter

kichwa [Bem mutwe, Che mutu, Fan lo, Gan twe, Kik mutwe, Lub twe, Nko omutwe, Mwe mtwe, Rwa twe, from PBan *tue] = head Tam=Uchi= head

kidevu [Bem kalefulefu, mwefu, Dua maselu, Gan levu, Her oruyezu, Kik kireru, Kon indefu, Lin ndefu, Mwe kilezu, Sho kidevu, Sot seledu (leledu), Ven tshitefu, Zul levu, devu, from PBan *dedu] = chin Tam= kavul= chin

kidole [?] = finger, toe Tam=viral= fingerkidonda [Bem cilonda, Kik kironda, Mwe ilonda, Ven tshilonda, Zul londa, from PBan

*donda] = wound, ulcer, sore; pain Tam=Pun, Telugu=Pundu= woundkikombe [see kombe] = cupkikosi [see kosi] = troopkila [Bem cila, Mwe kila] = everykilele [from Ara qulla] = peak, tipkilemba [Kik kiremba, Lin elamba, Ven tshilemba, from PBan *demba] = turban, clothkileo [see lewa] = intoxicant, alcoholkilima [see mlima; Kik kirima] = hill Tam=Kiri, Sanskrit=Giri= hillkima [Dua kema, Her onjima, Kik ngima, Umb sima, from PBan *kima] = monkey

Tam=kavi= monkeykinanda [Bem cinanda, Kik kinanda] = stringed instrument, piano, harp

Tam=Kinnaram= stringed instrumentkinga [Bem cinga, Mwe kinga, from PBan *king=] = bar, obstruct; protect v.

Tam=kavu= protectkinyo [see nya 'defecate'] = anus Tam=Kudham= anuskinywa [Bem kanwa, Fan ou, Gan mwa, Kik kanua, Lub mwa, Nko akanwa, Rwa nwa,

from PBan *nua] = mouth Tam=Mugam= mouthkinywaji [see nywa; Bem cakunwa, Kik unyuo, Ven tshinwiwa] = drink n. Tam=Kudi=

drink vkiuno [Rwa buno, Ven vunu, mavhunu, Zul bunu, from PBan *buno] = waist, loinkivuli [see vuli] = shadowkiwanja [Bem Lubnsa, Kik kiwanja, from PBan *banja] = courtyard, plot (of ground)kiwele [see mbele] = udderkiyama [from Ara qiyama] = resurrectionkiyoga [Bem mowa, Che bowa, Lub owa, from PBan *joga] = mushroom

Tam=Naikkudai= mushroomkobe [Lin nkoba] = tortoise Tam=Kachabam= tortoisekofi [Bem ikofi, Kik ruhi, Kon ilikhofi, Sot legofe, from PBan *kopi] = palm (of hand)Tam=Ullangai== palm (of handkohoa [Bem kola, Dua osea, Gan kolola, Her korora, Kik korora, Kon khoso=, Lin

kosola, Lub kosola, Mwe kolola, Rwa korora, Sangu kosul=, Sho =kosoro, Sot gohlola, Umb kusola, Ven hotola, Zul khohlela, from PBan *kocud=] = cough v. Tam=Kakku= cough

kokoleka [from PBan *kokudik=] = cackle v. Tam=Kekkali= cacklekombe [see komba; Bem cikombe, Che khombe, Kik gikombe, Kon ingombe, Rwa

kombe, Sot kgopa, Ven khumba, Xho kumba, Zul khombe] = seashell; spoon, bowl, dish; cup, mug Tam=Kumba= dish; cup, mug

kondoo [from PBan *kondodo] = sheep Tam=Kidaa= sheepkopo [Bem cikopo, Lub kopo, Mwe igopo, Rwa kopo] = tin, can, mug Tam=Kuppi=

tin, cankoroma [Mwe koloma, from Ban] = snore v. Tam=Kurattai] = snorekorongo [Lub ngulungu, Zul nkolongwane, from PBan *kudungu] = roan antelope

Tam=Kurangam= antelopekorongo [Bem ikolongo, from Ban] = heron, crane Tam=Kurugu= heron, cranekuku [Bem nkoko, Che nkhuku, Kik nguku, Kon inguku, Lin nsoso, Mwe ngoko, Nya

nkhuku, Rwa koko, San inhuku, Sho huku, Sot kgogo, Tsw kgogo, Ven khuhu, Xho kuku, Zul khuku, from PBan *kuku] = fowl, hen Tam=Kukkudam== fowl, hen

kulabu [from Ara qullab] = hook Tam=Koluvi= hookkundi [Kik gakundi] = group Tam=Kulu= groupkundu [from PBan *kondo] = anus Tam=Kundi= anuskunja [Kik kunja, from PBan *konj=] = fold v. Tam=kuni= foldkutana [see kuta; Kik korana; Lin kutana] = meet v. Tam=Koodukwapa [Bem kwapa, Lub apa, kyapa, Mwe apa, Rwa aha, Sot lehwafa, lekgwafi, Tsw

legwafa, Ven bwapwa, gopwa, Zul khwapha, from PBan *japa and *kapua] = armpitTam=kakkam= armpit

Lla [from Ara la] = no Tam=illai= notlaini [from Ara layn] = soft, smooth Tam=melli= soft, smoothlia [Bem lila, Dua eya, Fan yi, Gan lira, Her rira, Kik rira, Kon lila, Lin lela, Lub dila,

Mwe lila, Rwa rira, San lila, Sot lla, Tsw lela, Umb lila, rira, Ven lila, Zul lila, from PBan *did=] = weep, cry v. Tam=Alu= weep, cry

lima [Bem lima, Che lima, Gan lima, Her rima, Kik rima, Kon lima, Lub dima, Mwe lima, San lima, Sho rima, Sot lema, Ven lima, Zul lima, dima, from PBan *dim=] = plough, cultivate v. Tam=Ulu= plough, cultivate v

Mmadhabu [from Ara madhbah; see dhabihu] = altar Tam=Mattu= altarmadhumuni [from Ara madhmun] = sense, content, intent Tam=Madhi= sense, intentmadini [from Ara macdan] = mine; mineral, metal Tam=Maadai= metalmafunda [see funda; Ven pfunzo, Zul fundiso] = teach, instruct v.maiti [from Ara mayt] = dead; corpse Tam=madi=diemalaya [Kik maraya] = prostitute Tam=vilayal= prostitutemali [from Ara mal] = property, wealth Tam=valam= wealthmama [Lin mama, Sot mma, mme, Umb mame, Ven mme, Xho ma, Zul mame] =

mother Tam=Amma= mothermauti [from Ara mawt] = death Tam=Madi= deathmavi [Bem mafi, Fan bvi, Kik mai, Lub mvi, Mwe mafi, Rwa byi, Zul thuvi, from PBan

*bii] = excrement, dung Tam=Pee= excrementmaziwa [see ziwa] = milk Tam=payasam= milkmbingu [see wingu] = sky, heaven Tam=vin= sky, heavenmboga [see boga; Kik mboga] = vegetablembogo [Bem mboo, Kik mbogo, Kon imbogo, Mwe mbogo, Rwa bogo, Sot poo, Tsw

poo, Ven mboho, from PBan *bogo] = buffalomboo [Kik uruu, from PBan *bodo] = penismbu [Mwe mbu, Sot mobu, Tsw mofu, Zul vi, bu, from PBan *bu] = mosquitombungo [Sitho sepo, Ven mmbo, from PBan *bugo] = tsetsembuni [see buni] = inventormbuyu [see buyu; Kik mabuyu] = baobabmbuzi [Bem mbushi, Che mbuzi, Dua mbodi, Kik mburi, Lub mbuji, Mwe mbuli, Sho

mbudzi, Sot pudi, Tsw podi, Ven mbudzi, Zul buzi, from PBan *budi] = goatTam=Melagam= goat

mchele [Gan cere, Kik mucere, Mwe mchele, Rwa celi] = rice Tam=Sali=Paddymeli [Kik meri from Ban from Eng] = mail boat; steamer, ship, craft Tam=Kalam=shipmeza [Bem mina, Dua minya, Gan mira, Her nina, Kik meria, Kon mila, Mwe mila, Nya

medza, San mila, Sot metsha, Ven mila, Zul minza, from PBan *mid=] = swallow, gulp v. Tam=vilungu

meza [Gan meza, Kik metha, Lin mesa, Lub mesa, Mwe meza, Rwa eza from Por mesa from Lat mensa] = table Tam=mesai

mfu [see fa; Ven mufu] = dead, corpse Tam=Sa=diemfupa [Bem ifupa, Lin mokuwa, Mwe maguha, Rwa guf(w)a, Sho pfupa, Zul fuphi,

from PBan *kupa] = bone Tam=elumbu,/Telugu=emika= bonemguu [Bem gulu, Gan gulu, Kik kuguru, Lub kulu, Nko okuguru, Mwe mgulu, Rwa

guru, from PBan *gudu] = leg, foot Tam=Kal= leg, footmifugo [see fuga] = cattle Tam=madu=cow, cattlemiliki [from Ara malaka] = rule, possess v. Tam=palimilki [from Ara mulk] = kingdom, state, country, dominion= rule v.mithali [from Ara mithal] = example; proverb, parable, fable; problem

Tam=MatTam=word/tale

mkia [Bem mucila, Her omutkhira, Lin mokila, Mwe mkila, Sot mosela, Ven mutshila, Zul sila, from PBan *kida] = tail Tam=val/valam

mkono [Gan kono, Nko omukono, Mwe mkono, Ven mukonwo, Zul khono, from PBan *kono] = hand, arm Tam=kai= hand, arm

mlima [Kik kirima, from PBan *dema] = mountain, hill Tam=Malai= mountain, hillmnuko [see nuka; Bem bununko, Rwa nuko, Ven munuko] = smell n.Tam=Mugar=

smellmpunga [Bem mupunge, Mwe mpunga, Ven mupunga, from PBan *punga] = ricemti [Bem muti, Fan li, Genda ti, Her omuti, Kik muti, Kon uluthi, Lin mwete, Lub zshi,

Mwe mti, Rwa ti, Sho muti, Sot more, Umb ti, Ven muri, nthi, Zul thi, from PBan *ti] = tree; wood Tam=Maram= tree

mvinyo [Kik mbinyu from Por vinho from Lat vinum] = wine; spirit; whisky Tam=Pani= wine

mvua [Bem mfula, Dua mbua, Her ombura, Kik mbura, Kon ifula, Lin mbula, Lub vula, Mwe mbula, Rwa vura, Sho mvura, Sot pula, Tsw pula, Ven mvula, Zul vula, from PBan *buda] = rain n. Tam=Malai= rain

mvuvi [see vua; Lub luwe] = fisherman Tam=Mukkuvan= fishermanmwali [Kik mwari, Sot ngwale, from PBan *jadi] = virgin, bride, girl; daughter;

Tam=Magal= virgin, bride, girl; daughtermwana [Bem mwana, Che mwana, Dua muna, Fan on, Gan wana, Her omuna, Kik

mwana, Kon umwana, Lin mwana, Lub ana, Mwe mwana, Nya mwana, Rwa ana, Sot ngwana (bjana), Umb mona, Ven nwana, Xho tshana, ntana, Zul ngane, tshana, from PBan *jana] = child Malayamalm & Tam=Unni= child

mwembe [see embe; Kik mwembe] = mango tree Tam=Ma= mango treemwili [Bem mubili, Gan biri, Kik mwiri, Kon umbili, Lub bidi, Mwe muvili, Rwa biri,

San guvili, Sho muviri, Sot mmele, muvhili, Tsw mmele, Zul bili, from PBan *bidi] = body Tam=meni= body

Nnaam [from Ara nacm] = yes Tam=aam= yesnamna [from Per nemune] = example, patternnanasi [Kik nanathi from Por ananas] = pineapplenane [Kik inyanya, Mwe nane, Rwa nani, from PBan *nainai] = eight Tam=En= eightnanga [Kik nanga from Per langar] = anchor Tam=Nanguramndimu [Che ndimu, Gan nnimu, Kik ndimu, Rwa dimu from Por limao] = lime, lemon

Tam=Nimbamneva [from Eng] = nerve Tam=narambu== nervengamia [Bem ngamiya, Kik ngamira, Rwa gamiya from Egyptian Ara gamal] = camel

Tam=Ottagam= camelngano [Bem nganu, Kik ngano, Lub ngano, Rwa gano] = wheat Tam=Godhumai=

wheatngano [Her omwano, Kik rugano, Ven ganeo, from PBan *gano] = tale, story

Tam=Kadhai= tale, storyngazi [Kik ngathi, Lub ngaji] = ladder Telugu=Nichena= ladderngao [Kik ngo, Mwe ngavo, from PBan *gabo] = shield Tam=Kedayam= shieldngombe [Bem ngombe, Kik ngombe, Lin ngombe, Lub ngombe, Mwe mombe, Sho

mombe, Umb ngombe, Ven nombe, from PBan *gombe] = bovine, cow Tam=Ko= bovine, cow

nia [from Ara nia] = intention Tam=Ninaivu= intentionnidhamu [from Ara nidham] = order, discipline, Tam=Nadavadikkai= order, disciplineninyi [Ven ni, Zul ni] = you Tam=Neenira [from Ara nir] = yoke Tam=Nugamnjema [see ema] = it's goodnne [Bem ne, Dua nei, Gan nnya, Her ne, Kik inya, Kon na, Lin minei, Lub na, Nko na,

Mwe ne, Nya nai, Rwa ne, San na, Sho na, Sot nne, Tsw nne, Ven na, Zul ne, from PBan *nai] = four, Tam=Nalu= four

nuka [Bem nunka, Her nuka, Kik nunga, Kon nunga, San nunkha, Sot ngka, Ven nukha, Zul nuka, from PBan *nunk=] = smell, stink v. Tam=Nugar= smell

nuru [from Ara nur] = light Tam=neer= lightnyongo [Kik nyongo, Sot nyooko, Ven nyongwe, Zul nyongo, from PBan *jongo] =

bile, gall

nyoya [Kik guoya, ruoya, Lub oyi, Mwe loya, Rwa oya, Sot boya, Zul oya, from PBan *joja] = feather, hair, wool Tam=Mayir= hair

nyumba [Che nyumba, Gan nyumba, Kik nyumba, Mwe numba, Nya nyumba, Rwa nyumba, Sho imba, from PBan *jumba] = house

nywele [Gan viri, Kik njuiri, Lub nywene, Mwe lunele, Zul nwele, from PBan *juede] = hair Tam=Mayir= hair

Oosha [see oga; Gan oza, Rwa oza] = wash v. Tam=alasu= wash

Ppa [Bem pa, Fan ve, Gan wa, Her pa, Kik ha, Kon pha, Mwe pa, Lub pa, Rwa ha, San

pa, Sho pa, Sot fa, Tsw fa, Ven fha, Zul pha, from PBan *pa] = give v. Tam=Tha= give

paa [from PBan *pad=] = go up, ascend v. Tam=Po= gopaka [Bem mpaka, Kik mbaka, Nya mphaka, Sot phaga, Ven phaha, Xho paka, Zul

mpaka, from PBan *paka] = cat Tam=Pusai= catpekesheni [Kik bigicena from Ban from Eng] = inspectionpeleka [from PBan *pedik=] = hand over, send v.pembe [Lin mpembe, Mwe ipembe, Rwa hembe, from PBan *pembe] = horn, ivory

Tam=Kombu= horn, ivorypenda [Kik enda, Rwa henda, from PBan *pend=] = love, desire v.

Tam=Pandham= lovependo [see penda; Kik wendo] = love n. Tam=Pandham= lovepenzi [see penda] = desire, will n. Tam=Pandham= lovepepea [Her pepa, Sot fefera, Ven fhefha, Zul phepha, from PBan *pep=] = fan v.pepo [see pepea; Bem mpepo, Kik heho, Kon imbepo, Lin mpepo, San mhepo, Sot

phefo, Ven phepho, Xho phepho] = wind; spiritpera [Gan ppera, Kik ibera from Por] = guavaperemende [Kik theremende from Ban from Eng] = peppermints, sweetspesa [Bem ipesa, Kik mbeca from Hin paysa] = moneypeta [Bem peta, Her peta, Sot fera, Ven peta, Zul phetha, from PBan *peta] = bend, fold

up v. Tam=madi= fold uppiga [from PBan *piig=] = hit, beat v. Tam=Nokku= hit, beatpika [Bem ipika, Che phika, Lub ipika, Sho bika, Ven bika, Zul pheka, from PBan

*peka] = cook v. Tam=Pagam] = cookpili [see mbili] = two; second adj.pilipili [Bem mpilipili, Kik biribiri, Lin pilipili, Mwe mhilipili, Rwa pilipili, Ven

phiriphiri, Zul pelepele, from PBan *pidipidi from Gre peperi] = pepperTam=Pippili= pepper

pinda [Dua inda, Kik hinda, Kon phindanya, Mwe pinda, Sho bhenda, Sot fetola, Zul phendu, phinda, from PBan *pind=] = bend, plait, fold v. Tam=madi= fold up

pito [see pita] = passage Tam=Pathai= passagepoa [Gan wola, Her pora, Kik hora, Mwe pola, Sot fola, Ven fhola, Zul phola, from

PBan *pod=] = cool v. Tam=pani= coolpopo [Kik ruhuhu] = bat (animal) Tam=Vavvaal/vaaval= bat (animal)povu [Bem ifulo, Fan vul, Kik muhuyu, Ven mapulo, from PBan *pudu] = foam

Tam=Pem= foampua [from PBan *puda] = nose Tam=Mookku= nosepumzi [Dua vumse, Ven fumula, Xho phumla, Zul phumula, from PBan *puumud=] =

breath Tam=Muchu= breathpya [Bem pya, Dua pe, Gan piya, Her pe (pya), Kon phya, Lub pia, Nko sya, Rwa shya,

San pya, Sho idzva, Sot swa, fisa (fsa, mpsa), Ven ntswa, Xho tsha, Zul sha, from PBan *pia] = new

R

Ssafina [from Ara safina] = ship, ark Tam=Kappal= shipsauti [from Ara sawt] = sound, voice Tam=Satham= sound, voicesawa [from Ara sawa] = equal Tam=Samam= equalshindo [Zul sindo, from PBan *kindo] = noise Tam=Sandhdi= noise

shule [Rwa shuri from Ban from Ger Schule from Gre skhole] = school Tam=Salai= school

siagi [see teleza; Kik thiagi, Ven tshiredzi] = butter Tam=Nei= buttersindano [Bem lushindano, Kik cindano] = needle Telugu=Sudhi= needle

Ttaabu [from Ara tacab] = effort, trouble; distress Tam=Thappu=wrongtamu [Mwe semu] = sweet Tam=Them= sweettangawizi [Kik tangauthi] = ginger Tam=Injiver= gingertangi [itangi from Ban from Eng] = tank, container Tam=Thadagam= tanktausi [from Ara taws from Gre taos] = peacock Tam= Thogai= peacocktembo [from PBan *tembo] = elephant Tam=Thumbikkai= elephant’s handtumbo [Mwe mhumbi, Sho dumbu, Ven thumbu, Zul thumbu, from PBan *tumbo] =

abdomen, stomach Tam=Thoppaitwiga [Kik nduiga, Mwe nhwiga, Rwa twiga, Sho twiza, from PBan *tuiga] = giraffe

Tam=Sivingi= giraffe

Uua [Bem iluba, Kik ihua, Lub luba, Mwe iuwa, Sho ruva, Sot leloba, Ven dzuvha, Zul

luba, from PBan *duba] = flower Tam=Poo= floweruchaguzi [see chagua] = electionudevu [see kidevu] = hair (of beard) Mudi= hairudhi [see adha] = annoy v. Tam=Avadhi=pain, annoyudugu [see ndugu] = kinship Tam=uravu= kinshipumbo [from umba; Ven luvhumbo] = form, shape n. Tam=uruvam] = formumbu [from PBan *dumbu] = brother (his), sister (his) Tam=Thambi= brotherusiku [Bem bushiku, Fan lu, Nya usiku, Dua su, Her outuku, Kam utuku, Kik utuku,

Kon uvusiku, Lub fuku, Mwe vuziku, San lusiku, Sho usiku, Sot bosego, Ven vhusiku, Zul suku, from PBan *tuku] = night n Tam=Nisi = night

uso [Bem menso, Fan si, Kik uthiu, Mwe vushu, Sho uso, Zul so, from PBan *cu] = face Tam=Munchi= face

uwingu [see wingu] = sky Tam=vin= sky

Vvimba [Bem fimba, Kik imba, Lin vimba, Mwe vimba, Sot vipa, Ven vhimba, zwimba,

Zul vimba, from PBan *bimb=] = swell v. Tam=Veengu= swellviringana [Bem bulunga, Mwe vilinga, from PBan *biding=] = round v.

Tam=Valaivu= round

Wwali [Mwe wali] = rice Tam=vari= ricewingi [see ingi; Kik uingi] = plenty, abundance Tam=Miga= plentywingu [ from PBan *bingu] = sky, cloud Tam=vin= sky, Megam= cloud

***

Sources:1. Meinhof, Carl: Grundriss einer Lautlehre der Bantusparchen

(Leipzig, 1899)2. Schoenbrun, D. L.: Historical Reconstruction &c. (Koeln, 1997)3. Hoch, M.: Bemba Dictionary (New York, 1998)4. Barlow, A. R.: Kikuyu Dictionary (Oxford, 2001)5. Akowuah, T. A.: Lingala Dictionary (New York, 1996)6. Kriel, T.J.: Popular Northern Sotho Dictionary (Pretoria, 1994)7. Mawadza, A.: Shona Dictionary (New York, 2000)8. Moeketsi, R.H.: Southern Sotho Dictionary (Jeppestown, 1998)9. Perrott, D. V.: Swahili Dictionary (Sevenoaks, 1992)10. Le Roux, J. C.: Tswana Dictionary (Jeppestown, 1999)11. Fodor, I.: Introduction to the History of Umbundu (Budapest, 1983)12. Warmelo, N.J. van: Venda Dictionary (Pretoria, 1989)13. McLaren, J.: A New Concise Xhosa Dictionary (Cape Town, 1994)

14. Doke, C M. et al.: Zulu Dictionary (Jo’burg, 1999)

Online resources:1. CBOLD (Comparative Bantu Online Dictionary)2. Alpha Dictionary (Nkore, &c.)3. Chewa Dictionary (Mtenje 2001)4. Ganda Dictionary (Snoxall 1967)5. Rwanda Dictionary (Paradis)6. Sangu Dictionary (Ndaillac 1995)7. Sukuma Dictionary (Mann 1966)