TAMIL INFLUENCES TAMIL INFLUENCES in in

MALAYSIA,MALAYSIA,INDONESIA INDONESIA

and and PHILIPPINESPHILIPPINES

The Kshatriya or Aristocrat TheoryR.C. Majumdar proposed in his book Ancient Indian

Colonies in the Far East (1944) following finding by the Archaeologist of ancient Indian inscriptions and religious icons in the said regions.

The kings of the latter region had adopted Sanskrit names such as Sri Vijaya, Majapahit.etc.

COEDES“The Indianized countries of

Southeast Asia were never political dependencies of India but rather cultural colonies”

The Brahmin or Sacerdote Theory

COEDES the first historian to synthesize the

history of Indianized state of Southeast Asia.

SANSKRITa scholarly language that served

and still serves to enrich the vocabulary of the native languages with a considerable number of words.

BRAHMIN THEORYsupports the evidence at hand that is to

account for the Sanskrit language influence as well as the names and tittles of the kings of Southeast Asia.

INDIANIZATIONexpansion of an organized culture that

was founded upon the Indian Conception of royalty, was characterized by Hinduist or Buddhist Cults.

synonymous with Brahmanization.

HISTOIRE ANCIENNE DES ETATS HINDOUISES D’EXTREME-ORIENT

a book where comprises all his findings regarding the history of the Indianized part of Southeast Asia.

“Ancient history of the Hinduized states of the extreme-orient”.

BUDDHISMa culture rival to Brahmanism.

SACERDOTESthe spiritual leaders of the Hindu

Settlers and could have served as counsels to the few kings that followed Hinduism.

INDIAthis word is the Greek and Latin

adaptations of the Persian word Hindu-At first, even the British use the word “Gentoo” for the adherents of the Hindu religion.

COEDESdid not take any other aspects of

culture or way of life into consideration in order to find the history relationship between the Indian and Indianized Southeast Asia.

was not an ethnologists or a cultural anthropologists.

BRAHMINShave been given exaggerated credit

by Coedes.

The Vaisya Or Traders/Proletariat TheoryNILAKANTA SASTRIa Brahmin historian from Madras,

South India.

R.C. MAJUMDARa Brahmin historian from Calcutta,

Bengal, Eastern India.

COEDESsaid that Madras claims for Tamils

and Bengal claims for Bengalis.never anti Tamils.

TAMIL NADUdeserves the greatest credit for the

spread at Indian elements through peaceful settlements.

L . WILLIAMS & M . OSBORNEhave suggested that the importation of

Indic culture was not solely or indeed primarily the task of the Brahmans and monks & that merchants could have very well been the camers of a “greater civilization”.

TAMIL INSCRIPTIONemanating from South India have been

found in Southeast Asia.

2 Question/Problems Against the Traders

Theory:1. Regarding sanskrit words found in the

local language of Southeast Asia.2. Regarding the existence of Indianized

communities that live in the mountainous or interior areas.- communities carrying Dravidian clan names: Chera, Chola, Pandiya, Malayala and Pallarya.R .Hein – Geldern’s reminders – should be kept in mind when accounting for the Indianization of Indonesia.

Study of InscriptionsTAMIL INSCRIPTIONrelate to the Tamil-Southeast Asian

cultural contacts during historic times.

3 Inscriptions in the Malayan peninsula: in Takuapa, in Tambralinga and in Ligor

1 inscription in Sumatra, in Labu Tawa1 inscription in Bale1 inscription in Burma, in Pagan2 inscription in Tanjore

INDIANIZED STATE OF SOUTHEAST ASIA

mentions only about the Takuapa, Ligor and Sumatra inscription.

JUAN FRANCISCOFilipino Indologist, has been very critical

of the possibility of historical Tamil influences in Southeast Asia.

Philippines and Indiathe early historians who recognized

Tamil’s efforts in spreading their culture.

Inscription of Malay Peninsula

MALAY PENINSULAthe only document that can be

attributed of the first half of the ninth century was found at Takuapa.

AVANI-NARANAMdug by nangur-udaiyan.names of individual who possessed

a military fief at Nangur and who was famous for his abilities as a warrior.

MANIKKIRAMAMa merchant guild.

AVONI-NARAYANA - surname of the pallaba king Nandivarman III.

MAJAPISIDESA- a bronze image of ganesa bearing a Tamil inscription .

LIGOR – another Tamil inscription dated last quarter of the 9th century A.D.

DITARMASENAPATHY – according to the order, the record is one of some charity in favor of Brahmins.

INSCRIPTION FOUND IN SUMATRA- dated in the month Masi of the saka year 1010.- engraved on a stone found at Laboe to wewa, Baros Sumatra and it records a gift by a body of person who style themselves “the one thousand-five hundred”.

INSCRIPTION of BURMAthis relates to the settlement of

vaishnava soldiers from South India.

INSCRIPTION of BALIits mention the sivan temple that

have been erected in that place.the village organization in Bale

remains one of the Pallaba-Chola village organization.

INSCRIPTION of TANJOREdated 1030 A.D is about the victory

of Rajedra CholanI over the Southern countries.

State Literatures of Thailand

TAMIL – the official language of the Court Brahmins in Thailand.

RAMESWARAM – Southern part of the Tamil country.

SANSKRIT INSCRIPTION FOUND IN MALAYA and INDONESIA PALLABA GRANTHA letters and ASOKA PALI language – also Sanskrit inscription than by the Tamils themselves.

JEAN FILLIOZAT: “If Tamilians have very often written their inscription in Sanskrit and not Tamil, it is because Sanskrit, before Persian and english , was commonly used as a link language…”

H.B Sarkar(1971)points out that the Pallava-Grantha

script was a development of a part of the Tamil country which was ruled by the Pallvas.

PRAKRITthe court language of South India

until the 4th century A.D.PALLAVA-GRANTHA SCRIPTwas a linguistic result of the political

conglomeration of the Northern part of Tamil country and Southern parts of Kamataka and Andhra.

Inscription Found in Funan/CambodiaFUNANnot part of Malaya and Indonesia.JEAN FILLIOZATexplains that the said hero is a Tamil

king of the Pandayan Empire.INSCRIPTION FOUND IN LIGORrefers to the trade relationship

between the Tamil country in Malaya.INSCRIPTION FOUND IN KEDAHleft by kulothunka CholanI.shows the commercial contacts the

Chola Empire had with Malaya.

Inscription Found in Borneo

KUNDUNGANa Tamil name, hence it is supposed

that his princely family migrated from Tamil Nadu and established kingdom in the bland in Borneo.

TAMIL INSCRIPTIONat least 4 centuries posterior to the

Sanskrit inscription.found dates to the early 9th century

A.DSANSKRIT INSCRIPTIONfound (in Malaya and Indonesia) is

dated to the 5th century A.D