talk 2: default text structure; common elements - tei @...

Default Text Structure The ’Core’ elements

Talk 2: Default Text Structure; CommonElements

James Cummings

19 September 2013

@jamescummings 1/56


Default Text Structure

All TEI documents are structured in a particular manner. Thissection attempts to describe the different variations on this asbriefly as possible.

@jamescummings 2/56


Structure of a TEI Document

There are two basic structures of a TEI Document:<TEI> (に準拠する文書) contains a single TEI-conformant document,comprising a TEI header and a text, either in isolation or as part ofa teiCorpus element.<teiCorpus> (準拠のコーパス全体を示す．ヘダーが1つと，ひとつ以上の要素TEIから成る．

各要素TEIには，テキストヘダーと要素textが1つある) contains the whole of a TEIencoded corpus, comprising a single corpus header and one or moreTEI elements, each containing a single text header and a text.

@jamescummings 3/56

TEI basic structures (1)

.

......

<teiCorpus xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><teiHeader></teiHeader><TEI></TEI></teiCorpus>

@jamescummings 4/56

TEI basic structures (2)

.

......

<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><teiHeader></teiHeader><facsimile></facsimile><sourceDoc></sourceDoc><text></text></TEI>

@jamescummings 5/56


<text>

What is a text?A text may be unitary or composite

unitary: forming an organic wholecomposite: consisting of several components which are in someimportant sense independent of each other

a unitary text containsoptional front matter<body> (required)optional back matter

@jamescummings 6/56


Composite texts

A composite text containsoptional front matter<group> with <text> inside (required)optional back matter

A corpus is a collection of text and header pairs that also has itsown header.<group> tags may self-nest.

@jamescummings 7/56

TEI text structure (1)

.

......

<text><front></front><body></body><back></back></text>

@jamescummings 8/56

TEI text structure (2)

.

......

<text><front></front><group><text><body><p>...</p></body></text></group><back></back></text>

@jamescummings 9/56

Another Grouped Text Example.

......

<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><teiHeader></teiHeader><text><group><text>

<body>

</body></text><text>

<body>

</body></text></group></text></TEI>

@jamescummings 10/56


Examples from WW1 Poetry Digital Archive

Many of our examples come from the First World War PoetryDigital Archive: http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/ww1lit/. and related’Great War Archive’. In specific we will be looking at thecorrespondence and poetry of Wilfred Owen and related materials.


http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/ww1lit/


Postcard Front



Letter 1917-01-10 (page 1)



Letter 1917-01-10 (page 2)



Letter 1917-01-10 (page 5)



Preface MS



Preface Edited



Red Cross or Iron Cross?



The Kitchen is the Key to Victory



Basic units of markup?

Identification information: titles, page numbers, sources,references”chunks” or divisions of text, which may contain a picture, apoem, some prose, or a combinationwithin the chunks, we can identify formal units such as

a picturesstanzas, linesparagraphs

graphical metadata: layout, zones, descriptions of figuresphrase level information such as names and dateand more...



Why divisions rather than pages?It is often more powerful to mark the intellectual divisions ratherthan the physical ones. A division can start on one page and finishon another, or cross other physical boundariesWe use an empty element <pb/> to mark the boundary where apage begins, rather than enclosing each page in a <divtype="page">..

......

<pb n="5"/><div type="prose"><p>...</p></div><div type="verse"><head>Strange Meeting</head><lg> ...<pb n="6"/>...

</lg></div><div type="prose"><p>...</p></div>


Divisions can contain divisions....

......

<div type="postcard"><div type="postmark"><div type="advert"><ab>BUY NATIONAL<lb/>WAR BONDS</ab></div><div type="dateStamp"><dateline><placeName>SCARBOROUGH</placeName><lb/><time>6.30 PM</time><lb/></dateline></div><div type="advert"><ab>BUY NATIONAL<lb/>WAR BONDS</ab></div></div><div type="address"></div><div type="prose"></div></div>


More about divisions

<div> (前付，本文，後付中のテキスト部分を示す)

generic, hierarchic subdivisions, each incomplete as a text as a wholethe @type attribute is used to label a particular level e.g. as ’part’ or’chapter’the @n attribute gives a particular division a name or numberthe @xml:id attribute gives a particular division a unique identifierDivisions must always tessellate: once ”down” a level, you cannotpop ”up” again within the same division.


Divisions may have heads and trailers

.

......

<div><head>Preface</head><p></p><trailer>...</trailer></div>


Numbered and unnumbered divisions

The level can be made explicit by using ’numbered’ divs (div1,div2). Opinions vary:<div1> vs. <div n=”1”>

numbered: the number indicates the depth of this particulardivision within the hierarchy, the largest such division being‘div1’, any subdivision within it being ‘div2’, etc.unnumbered: nest recursively to indicate their hierarchicdepth. (And computers can count very well!)

The two styles must not be combined within a single <front>,<body>, or <back> element.N.B. Divisions always tessellate


Whence <floatingText>?<div>s must tesselate over the entire text.

......

<div1><div2></div2><div2></div2></div1>

is valid, while.

......

<div1><div2></div2></div1>

is not valid.

<floatingText> Example.

......

<p>She was thus ruminating, when a Gentleman enter'd theRoom, the Door being a jar... calling for a Candle, shebeg'd a thousand Pardons, engaged him to sit down, and lether know, what had so long conceal'd him from herCorrespondence. </p><pb n="5"/><floatingText><body><head>The Story of <hi>Captain Manly</hi></head><p>

</p></body></floatingText><pb n="37"/><p>The Gentleman having finish'd his Story ...</p>


Virtual divisionsWhere the whole of a division can be automatically generated, forexample because it is derived from another part of this or anotherdocument, an encoder may prefer not to represent it explicitly butinstead simply mark its location by means of a processinginstruction, or by using the special purpose <divGen> element:.

......

<front><divGen type="toc"/><div><head>Preface</head><p>...</p></div></front>

(intended primarily for use in document production ormanipulation, rather than in transcription of pre-existing material)(ソフトウェアで自動生成されたテキスト部分の場所を示す)


Document order vs XML OrderThe order of XML encoding does not necessarily reflect the orderof the source document. Compare:.

......

<div type="postcard"><div type="address"></div><div type="prose"></div><div type="postmark"><div type="advert"><ab>BUY NATIONAL<lb/>WAR BONDS</ab></div><div type="dateStamp"><dateline><placeName>SCARBOROUGH</placeName><lb/><time>6.30 PM</time><lb/></dateline></div><div type="advert"><ab>BUY NATIONAL<lb/>WAR BONDS</ab></div></div></div>

with the version we saw earlier@jamescummings 30/56


The ’Core’ elements

The so-called ’Core’ module groups together elements which oftenappear in almost any kind of text For example:

paragraphshighlighting, emphasis and quotationsimple editorial changesbasic names numbers, dates, addressessimple links and cross-referenceslists, notes, annotation, indexinggraphicsreference systems, bibliographic citationssimple verse and drama



Paragraphs

<p> (散文の段落を示す) marks paragraphs in prose

Fundamental unit for prose texts<p> can contain all the phrase-level elements in the core<p> can appear directly inside <body> or inside <div> (divisions)

.

......

<p>Thanks for yours of this morning. I hope <lb/>you havehad my card posted last Monday. <lb/>On Mond. next I lecturethe <orgName ref="#Fieldclub">Field Club</orgName> - <lb/>aNat. Hist. Association, in the lines of our <lb/>old Society- Geological, (you + me) + Botanical <lb/>(New) Do youremember: you<supplied>r</supplied> old <lb/>Black Molt?</p>



HighlightingBy highlighting we mean the use of any combination oftypographic features (font, size, hue, etc.) in a printed or writtentext in order to distinguish some passage of a text from itssurroundings. For words and phrases which are:

distinct in some way (e.g. foreign, archaic, technical)emphatic or stressed when spokennot really part of the text (e.g. cross references, titles,headings)a distinct narrative stream (e.g. an internal monologue,commentary)attributed to some other agency inside or outside the text(e.g. direct speech, quotation)set apart in another way (e.g. proverbial phrases, wordsmentioned but not used)



Highlighting Examples

<hi> (周囲のテキストとは見た目が異なっている語句を示す); <distinct>(言語上，異なる語句を示す．例えば，古語，技術語，方言，忌諱語など．

また，特定グループでしか通用しない特殊言語など．).

......

<p>Last week I wrote (to order) a strong <lb/>bit of Blank:on <hi rend="ul">Antaeus v.

Heracles</hi>. <lb/>These are the best lines, methinks:<lb/>(N.B. Antaeus derivingstrength from his Mother Earth <lb/>nearly licked old<distinct>Herk</distinct>.) </p>

Other similar elements include: <emph>, <mentioned>,<soCalled>, <term> and <gloss>



QuotationQuotation marks can be used to set off text for many reasons, sothe TEI has the following elements:

<q> (周りのテキストとは(表面上)異なっているようにマークアップされている部分を示す)<said> (考えたり声に出されたりした一節を示す)<quote> (語り手や著者が，当該テキスト外にあるものに向けた，一節を示す)<cit> (書誌参照を伴い，他の文書からの引用を示す)

.

......

<cit><quote><l>... How Earth herself empowered him with her trick,</l><l>Gave him the grip and stringency of Winter,</l><l>And all the ardour of th' invincible Spring;</l></quote><bibl><author>Wilfred Owen</author><title>Letter to Leslie Gunston / The Wrestler</title><date when="1917-07"/></bibl></cit>



Simple Editorial Changes: <choice> and Friends

<choice> (テキスト中の同じ場所で，異なる符号化記述をまとめる)Errors:

<sic> (明らかな間違い，不正確ではあるが，そのまま収録してあるテキスト)<corr> (元資料中の明らかな間違いを正したものを示す)

Regularization:<orig> (正規化または校正は施されていない，元の形のまま符号化されている読みを示す)<reg> (正規化された読みを示す)

Abbreviation:<abbr> (名称の省略)<expan> (省略形の元の表現を示す)



Choice Example

.

......

<p>...any might,<unclear reason="scribbled">majesty</unclear>,<choice><abbr>domin<am/></abbr><expan>domin<ex>ion</ex></expan></choice> or power...</p>



Additions, Deletions, and Omissions

<add> (著者，筆写者，注釈者，校正者による，文字，単語，句レベルでのテキスト挿入を示す)<del> (著者・筆写者・注釈者・校正者により，削除または削除として符号化または余分なものまたは間違いとして示されている，

文字，単語，句を示す)<gap> (ヘダーにある編集上の理由，または当該資料が判読できない・聞こえないことを理由に，

転記の際に省略された部分の場所を示す)<unclear> (元資料からは判読できないまたは聞こえないという理由で，確実に転記できない語句や一節を示す)



Example of <add>, <del>, and <unclear>

.

......

<p><add place="left">My </add><del rend="stroked">It's </del><add place="above"><del rend="stroked">The </del></add> subject <del rend="stroked">of</del> is War, and the<unclear>pity </unclear>of <del rend="stroked">it</del> War.<lb/> The Poetry is in the pity.</p>



Basic Names

<name> (固有名詞)(a name in the text, contains a proper noun ornoun phrase)<rs> (一般的な意味での名前や参照文字列) (a general-purpose name orreferencing string)

The @type attribute is useful for categorizing these, and they bothalso have @key, @ref, and @nymRef attributes..

......More interesting name-related elements can be had by includingthe namesdates module.



Addresses

<email> (eメールを届けるeメールアドレスを示す)<address> (郵便配達情報を示す)<addrLine> (住所情報を記述する行を示す)<street> (住所情報としての，通りを表す完全情報を示す．建物の名前や番号，通りの名前など)<postCode>(郵便の配達や区分けを簡単にするための，郵便の宛名情報の部分となる数値または文字を含む)<postBox> (郵便配達で識別子となる，通り名以外の，数値などを示す)<name> can also be usedand the ’namesdates’ module extends this with more geographicnames



Basic Address Example

WW1 Poetry Archive Project:.......<email>[email protected]</email>

Shell-shock hospital ’Craiglockhart’ that Wilfred Owen stayed in:.

......

<address><street>14 Frederick Street</street><postCode>EH2 2HB</postCode><settlement>Edinburgh</settlement><country>United Kingdom</country></address>



Basic Numbers and Measures

<num> (各種形式による数値を示す)<measure> (ある対象や商品の大きさを表す語句を示す．一般には，数値，単位，商品名を含む)<measureGrp> (大きさに関する規格を示す．例えば，手書き資料のページの高さや幅などを示すためのもの)While <num> has simple @type and @value attributes, <measure>has @type, @quantity, @unit and @commodity attributes



Number and Measure examples

.

......<l>With a <num value="1000">thousand</num> pains thatvision's face was grained;</l>

.

......

... only<measure type="distance" unit="m" quantity="3218.69">twomiles</measure> from the front....



Dates

<date> (日付を示す) (contains a date in any format and includes a@when attribute for a regularised form and a @calendar attribute tospecify what calendar system)<time> (時間を表す語句を示す) (contains a time in any format andincludes a @when attribute for a regularised form)

.

......<date when="1917-07">July 1917.<lb/> Wednesday</date>



Simple Linking

<ptr> (他の場所を示すポインターを定義する)<ref> (他の場所への参照を定義する．多くは，追加テキストまたはコメントを含む)Both elements have a @target attribute taking a URI referenceIf the linking text is able to be generated, <ptr> and <ref> mightbe used in the same place.



Simple Linking Example

.

......See <ref target="#Section12">section 12 on page 34</ref>.

.

......See <ptr target="#Section12"/>.



Lists

<list> (リストのような，項目列を示す)<item> (リストの一項目を示す)<label> (リスト中の項目に関連するラベルを示す．用語集においては，定義される用語を示す)<headLabel>(リストラベルの表題，リストなどにおけるラベルや，用語集などにおける語彙を示す)<headItem> (用語集などのリスト構造における各項目の見出しを示す)



Simple List Example

The previous slide contained only:.

......

<div><head>Lists</head><list><item><gi>list</gi> (リストのような，項目列を示す)</item><item><gi>item</gi> (リストの一項目を示す)</item><item><gi>label</gi> (リスト中の項目に関連するラベルを示す．

用語集においては，定義される用語を示す)</item><item><gi>headLabel</gi>

(リストラベルの表題，リストなどにおけるラベルや，用語集などにおける語彙を示す)</item><item><gi>headItem</gi> (用語集などのリスト構造における各項目の見出しを示す)</item>

</list></div>



Notes

<note> (注釈・コメント)Notes can be those existing in the text, or provided by the editor ofthe electronic textA @place attribute can be used to indicate the physical location ofthe noteNotes should usually be encoded where its identifier/mark firstappears; notes can also be kept separately and point back to theirlocation with a @target attribute

.

......<note>Painted by <persName>John Singer Sargent</persName>,1918</note>



Indexing

If converting an existing index, use nested lists. Forauto-generated indexes:<index> (索引項目化されたものの場所を示す) with optional @indexNameattributeThe <term> element (技術用語とされる単一語，複数語，記号表示を示す)is used tomark a term inside an <index> elementThe <index> element can self-nest for hierarchical index entries



Indexing Example

.

......

<p>Last week I wrote (to order) a strong <lb/>bit ofBlank<index><term>Verse</term><index><term>Blank Verse</term></index></index>:</p>



Graphics

<graphic> (テキスト列中にある図，絵，図表の場所を示す)<binaryObject>(行中の画像やその他のオブジェクトを示す，符号化されたバイナリデータを示す)The figure module provides <figure> and <figDesc> for morecomplex graphics

.

......

<figure><graphic url="images/postcard-front.jpg"/><figDesc>A postcard image of two men relaxing at a table,smoking pipes and drinking. A dog and potted fruit tree arenearby with a house over the wall in the distance.</figDesc></figure>



Simple Verse

.

......

<lg type="stanza"><l>It seemed that out of battle I escaped</l><l>Down some profound dull tunnel, long since scooped</l><l>Through granites which titanic wars had groined.</l></lg>



Simple Drama

.

......

<sp><speaker>The reverend Doctor Opimiam</speaker><p>I do not think I have named a single unpresentablefish.</p></sp><sp><speaker>Mr Gryll</speaker><p>Bream, Doctor: there is not much to be said forbream.</p></sp>



Next

We’re going to do the second exercise (and then have a lunchbreak).


talk 2: default text structure; common elements - tei @...

Documents