taking photographs ‘in public’: what’s lawful · pdf filetaking photographs...
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Taking Photographs ‘in public’: What’s Lawful and What’s Not? !
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Table Of Contents 78(965/.(!:6;;+%#!<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<!=
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Taking Photographs ‘in public’: What’s Lawful and What’s Not? !
Executive Summary !
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7!
Introduction !
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!
Victorian and Commonwealth Law !
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The law and the reality !
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!
Disclaimer !
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Part 1 – Some General Principles !
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1 Section 15(2) subs (d)- (e) Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic). 2 Section 15(3) Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic). 3 See ss1(2)b; 32(1) Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic): Statutory provisions must be interpreted in a way that is compatible with human rights so far as is possible to do so consistently with their purpose. 4 The Crimes Act 1958 (Vic) and Summary Offences Act 1966 (Vic).
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9 See s41(B) Summary Offences Act 1966 (Vic). 10 See s40 Summary Offences Act 1966 (Vic). 11 See Clauses 1 and 3 of the Summary Offences Amendment (Upskirting) Bill 2007 Explanatory Memorandum, available at http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/bill_em/soab2007413/soab2007413.html . 12 In one case, a professional photographer was questioned by police for attempting to take photographs of sleeping backpackers at Bondi in 2006, see “Dupain beach snaps draw police attention” at http://www.news.com.au/national/dupain-beach-snaps-draw-police-attention/story-e6frfkwi-1111112657332; in 2004 a man was arrested, charged with offensive behaviour, and fined for using his mobile phone to photograph topless female beachgoers at Coogee beach, see “Fine for topless phone photos” in The Age on 1 December 2004, available at http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Fine-for-topless-phone-photos/2004/12/01/1101577536993.html; for an overview of incidents involving photography on public beaches see “Caslon Analytics note, unauthorised photos”, available at www.caslon.com.au/photonote14.htm. 13 See eg Crime and Justice Statitstics Queensland 1998-9 at www.oesr.qld.gov.au/products/publications/crime-justice-stats-qld/. In 1998-9, 823 people were charged with abusive or obsence or insulting language and 824 people were charged with indecent or offensive behaviour
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14 Patrick John Coleman v Brendan Jason Power & Ors [2004] HCA 39; 220 CLR 1; 209 ALR 182; 78 ALJR 1166 (1 September 2004). 15 Ibid. at par 200 (Gummow and Hayne JJ); par 256 (Kirby J). 16 Ibid. at par 64 (McHugh J); par 302 (Callinan J); par 323 (Heydon J).
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20 In April 2005, two university students were charged with offensive behaviour after they were caught using their mobile phone cameras to take photographs of topless beachgoers at Coogee beach, but charges were formally dismissed, see “Charges dropped against camera phone duo” in the Sydney Morning Herald on 5 April 2005, available at http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Charges-dropped-against-camera-phone-duo/2005/04/05/1112489474842.html. 21 See s68 Crimes Act 1958 (Vic). 22 See definition in s67A Crimes Act 1958 (Vic).
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23 Section 354(1) sub (f) Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) penalises actions for commercial purposes in a Commonwealth reserve, unless the actions are in accordance with the management plan in operation for the relevant reserve. This section applies to commercial photography. 24 Under reg 12.24 subregs (1) and (3) Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000, the capturing of images in or of a Commonwealth reserve is subject to the prohibition or restriction of its Director. Reg 12.38 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 also penalises the use of a captured image of a Commonwealth reserve to derive commercial gain, including an image that was not captured for commercial purposes. 25 Under policy 6.13.1 of the Kakadu National Park Management Plan 2007-2014, commercial photography in the Park may be carried out in accordance with a permit issued by its Director. For the Uluru Commonwealth reserve, see policy 6.6.1 Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park Management Plan 2010-2020. 26 For a complete list, see Schedules 2 to 4 National Parks Act 1975 (Vic). 27 See http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/1parks.cfm for detailed listing of parks. 28 There is no mention of filming or photography in the National Parks Act 1975 (Vic), nor in the associated National Parks (Park) Regulations 2003. 29 For example, policy 8.1.3 of the Port Campbell National Park and Bay of Islands Coastal Park Management Plan expressly formulates the aim to continue to permit commercial photography in accordance with Parks Victoria guidelines; Parks Victoria’s “Guidelines for Filming and Photography” are available at http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/resources/16_0700.pdf 30 See “Filming and Photography in parks and other areas managed by Parks Victoria” information sheet, available at http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/resources/16_0701.pdf .
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Part 3 - Possessing and Distributing Photographs: Potential criminal offences !
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2. Distribution of image of genital or anal region – s 41C Summary Offences Act 1966 (exceptions – s41D) 2D(! C(L+C/5#! &'! 9%(+5/0L! 5D()(! )&%5)! &'! /;+L()! /)! 1/)96))(1! +3&.(<! >5! /)! /CC(L+C! 5&! 1/)5%/365(!
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3. Possession of child pornography and distribution – s70 Crimes Act 1958 2D(! C(L+C/5#! &'! 9%(+5/0L! )69D! ;+5(%/+C! /)! 1/)96))(1! +3&.(<! >5! /)! /CC(L+C! 5&! I&))())! &%! 5&!
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Part 4 - Civil Liability for Taking Photographs in Public !
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47 In Cowell v The Rosehill Racecourse Co Ltd [1937] 56 CLR 605 (22 April 1937) it was held by the High Court of Australia that a licensor can use reasonable force to evict a licensee from his premises after the initial license to enter the premises has been revoked, and the licensee refuses to leave, even though the revocation was in breach of the contractual licence. In Forbes v New South Wales Trotting Club [1979] 143 CLR 242 (21 June 1979) at p. 274 however, Murphy J hinted that in his opinion, the decision in Cowell was wrong. 48 Victoria Park Racing & Recreation Grounds Co Ltd v Taylor [1937] 58 CLR 479 (26 August 1937) at p. 492/493 per Latham CJ. 49 Victoria Park Racing & Recreation Grounds Co Ltd v Taylor [1937] 58 CLR 479 (26 August 1937). 50 Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd [2001] HCA 63; (2002) 208 CLR 199 (15 November 2001).
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51 Ibid. at paras 35, 39, 41-43, 52, 55 per Gleeson CJ; paras 126,130, 132 per Gummow and Hayne JJ; paras 189-191 per Kirby J. 52 Grosse v Purvis [2003] QDC 151 (16 June 2003) at para 442-447 per Skoien DCJ . 53 see e.g. the Federal Court decision in Kalaba v Commonwealth of Australia [2004] FCA 763 (8 June 2004) at para 6 per Heerey J; the Victorian Supreme Court decision in Giller v Procopets [2004] VSC at para 187 et seq. per Gillard J. 54 Raciti v Hughes [1995] 7 BPR 14, 837. 55 Bernstein of Leigh (Baron) v Skyviews & General Ltd [1978] 1 QB 479 (10 February 1977) at p. 489 para G. The court held, though, that the taking of only one photograph from an aircraft flying over a property in compliance with the relevant aviation legislation did not constitute a nuisance (Ibid. at paras E-F).
23!
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56 Donnelly v Amalgamated Television Services Pty Limited & Anor [1998] NSWSC 509; (1998) 45 NSWLR 570 (5 November 1998). 57 Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd [2001] HCA 63; (2002) 208 CLR 199 (15 November 2001) at para 53 et seq., per Gleeson CJ. 58 Douglas & Ors v Hello Ltd & Ors [2005] EWCA Civ 595; (2005) 4 All ER 128 (18 May 2005). 59 Ibid., at paras 10-11: Invitations to the wedding reception included “a politely worded statement which made it clear that no photographs were to be taken”; professional photographers were hired; security staff were at the hotel venue well before the scheduled date, and on the day before the wedding, all 350 guests received entry cards “with a view to ensuring, by means of a coded marking on each card, that , so far as possible, no unauthorised person got in”. 60 Ibid., at paras 100-102.
24!
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61 See e.g. Fn 31 at 34-35 per Gleeson CJ with reference to an English decision. In Allied Mills Industries Pty Ltd v Trade Practices Commission (No.1) [1981] FCA 11; (1981) 55 FLR 125 (18 February 1981) at para 105, Sheppard J held that “the public interest in the disclosure (to the appropriate authority or perhaps the press) of iniquity will always outweigh the public interest in the preservation of private and confidential information.”; also see The Commonwealth of Australia v John Fairfax & Sons Ltd [1980] HCA 44; (1980) 147 CLR 39 at para. 50 per Mason J: “It has been accepted that the so-called common law defence of public interest applies to disclosure of confidential information”. 62 Australian Press Council Adjucation No. 916 [1997] APC 17; also see HP Lee - “The ‘public interest’ test” in: Australian Press Council News (August 2007) Vol. 19, No. 3, available at http://www.presscouncil.org.au/pcsite/apcnewsindex.html. 63 A “quid pro quo”, see Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth [1954] 92 CLR 424 at p. 456 et seq.; also see Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1893] 1 QB 256 at 264 per Lindley LJ; 271 per Bowen LJ; 272 per Smith LJ. 64 “Protocols for working with children in art”, available at http://www.australiacouncil.gov.au/about_us/strategies_2/children_in_art
25!
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! !
Part 5 – Civil Liability for Possessing and Distributing Photographs !
1. Misleading and deceptive conduct >0!X6)5%+C/+Z!5D(%(!/)Z!+)!#(5Z!0&!%/LD5!I(%!)(!5&!I%/.+9#!+01!0&!%/LD5!&'!I63C/9/5#!/(<!+!%/LD5!5&!
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65See s52(1) Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth): “A corporation shall not, in trade or commerce, engage in conduct that is misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive.”; also see s9(1) Fair Trading Act 1999 (Vic): “A person must not, in trade or commerce, engage in conduct that is misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive.”.
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68 See s33(2) Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). 69See definition in s10 Copyright Act 1968 (Cth): “author, in relation to a photograph, means the person who took the photograph.” 70see Fn 42 and 44. 71 S 35(4) subs (a) -(d) Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) state that where an artistic work is made by the author under the terms of his or her employment by the proprietor of a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical and is so made for the purpose of inclusion in a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical, the proprietor owns the copyright. However, the author owns the limited copyright in relation to reproduction of the work for inclusion in a book, and reproduction of the work in a hardcopy facsimile of the newspaper, magazine or periodical. 72 See s35(5) Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). 73 The definition of ‘artistic works’ in s10 Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) includes “a building or a model of a building, whether the building or model is of artistic quality or not”. 74 S66 Copyright Act (1968 (Cth). 75 See s196(1) and (3) Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) where is stated that copyright is personal property and is transmissible by assignment (s196(1)), and that an assignment of copyright does not have effect unless it is in writing signed by the assignor (s196(3)).
28!
!
3. Breach of Confidence >'!ID&5&L%+ID)!+%(!5+,(0!/0!9/%96;)5+09()!BD(%(!+0!&3C/L+5/&0!&'!9&0'/1(09(!/)!/;I&)(1!T)((!
1/)96))/&0!+3&.(UZ!5D(!1/)5%/365/&0!&'!5D(!ID&5&L%+ID)!B/CC!9&0)5/565(!+!3%(+9D!&'!5D+5!
&3C/L+5/&0<!2D(!I(%)&0!&B(1!5D(!&3C/L+5/&0!&'!9&0'/1(09(!;+#!B(CC!3(!+3C(!5&!&35+/0!+0!
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5. Nuisance >'!5D(!5+,/0L!&'!ID&5&L%+ID)!9&0)5/565()!+!I%/.+5(!06/)+09(Z!/5!;+#!3(!I&))/3C(!5&!I%(.(05!
5D(/%!1/)5%/365/&0!3#!&35+/0/0L!+0!/0]6095/&0<!:((!5D(!1/)96))/&0!&'!/0]6095/&0)!3(C&B<!X)!5D(!
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29!
Part 6 - Remedies !
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!
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)6''(%(1!3#!/5!+)!+!9&0)(_6(09(!&'!5D(!/CC(L+C!+95/./5#<!
!
2. Injunctions X0! /0]6095/&0! /)! +! 9&6%5!&%1(%! %(_6/%/0L!+!I+%5#! 5&! %('%+/0! '%&;! 5+,/0L! 9(%5+/0!+95/&0!&%Z! /0!
%+%(!9/%96;)5+09()Z! %(_6/%/0L!5D(;!5&!5+,(!)&;(!'&%;!&'!I&)/5/.(!+95/&0<! >0!5D/)!9&05(85Z! /5!
;+#! 3(! I&))/3C(! '&%! +! I(%)&0! &3](95/0L! 5&! 5D(! 1/)5%/365/&0! &'! ID&5&L%+ID)! 5&! &35+/0! +0!
/0]6095/&0! I%(.(05/0L! 5D+5! 1/)5%/365/&0<! X)! B/5D! +0#! %(;(1#Z! 5D(! IC+/05/''! B&6C1! D+.(! 5&!
1(;&0)5%+5(! 5D+5! )&;(! C(L+C! &3C/L+5/&0! D+1! 3((0! 3%(+9D(1! 3#! 5D(! I(%)&0! 5D%(+5(0/0L! 5&!
1/)5%/365(! 5D(! ID&5&L%+ID)<! XL+/0Z! 5D(! 9&)5! &'! )69D! I%&9((1/0L)!;+#! 3(! L%(+5(%! 5D+0! 5D(!
3(0('/5!&'!&35+/0/0L!)69D!+0!&%1(%<!!
X)! +! L(0(%+C! %6C(Z! +0! /0]6095/&0!B/CC! 0&5! 3(! L/.(0! /'! 1+;+L()! +%(! )6''/9/(05! 5&! +11%())! 5D(!
3%(+9D!&'!5D(!%(C(.+05!C(L+C!&3C/L+5/&0<!>0!+11/5/&0Z!5D(!I&/05!;+#!+C%(+1#!D+.(!3((0!%(+9D(1!
BD(%(!/5! /)!I&/05C())!5&!L%+05!+0!/0]6095/&0<![&%!(8+;IC(Z! /'!ID&5&L%+ID)!D+.(!+C%(+1#!3((0!
B/1(C#!1/)5%/365(1Z!5D(%(!/)!C/55C(!I&/05!L%+05/0L!+0!/0]6095/&0!&0!5D(!L%&601)!&'!+!3%(+9D!&'!
9&0'/1(09(! 3(9+6)(! 5D(! 9&0'/1(05/+C/5#! &'! 5D(! ID&5&L%+ID)! D+)! +C%(+1#! 3((0! 1()5%&#(1<!
-+;+L()!B&6C1!3(!I%&./1(1!/0)5(+1<!!
!
3. Self-Help X! I%/.+5(! 9/5/h(0!;+#! (0L+L(! /0! )(C'OD(CI! O! 9&%%(95/.(! &%! I%(.(05/.(!;(+)6%()! 5D+5! 9+0! 3(!
C+B'6CC#!601(%5+,(0!3#!+!I%/.+5(!9/5/h(0!B/5D&65!+!9&6%5!&%1(%!&%!+65D&%/5#<!X0!(8+;IC(!/)!+!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
79 Lincoln Hunt Australia Pty Ltd v Willesee (1986) 4 NSWLR 457.
30!
C+01! &996I/(%a)! %/LD5! 5&! ID#)/9+CC#! (./95! +! 5%()I+))(%! 3#! 6)/0L! %(+)&0+3C(! '&%9(! 5&! 1&! )&<
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9+;(%+<!!
!
Part 7 - Hypothetical Scenarios !
Scenario 1: X)I/%/0L! ID&5&L%+ID(%! $(00#! /)! 96%%(05C#! B&%,/0L! &0! +0! &0L&/0L! +%5)! I%&](95! BD/9D!
D/LDC/LD5)!+CC! 5D(!1/''(%(05!'+9(5)!&'!6%3+0! C/'(! /0!5D(!;(5%&I&C/5+0!+%(+!&'!*<!:D(!D&I()!5&!
'/01! /05(%()5/0L!)63](95)! /0!5D(!D(+%5!&'! 5D(!A"-Z!+5!+! C+%L(!I63C/9!+%(+!9+CC(1!5D(!d:_6+%(e!
C&9+5(1!1/%(95C#!&II&)/5(!+!36)#!5%+/0!)5+5/&0<!!
!
Scenario 1a) $(00#!5+,()!I/956%()!&'!I+))(%)O3#!+5!5D(!d:_6+%(eZ!+01!/0!5D(!./9/0/5#!&'!5D(!;+/0!(05%+09(!
5&!5D(!)5+5/&0!B/5D&65!+),/0L!+0#&0(a)!I(%;/))/&0<! !:D(!6)()!D(%!I%&'())/&0+C!1/L/5+C!:EK!/0!
+0!&I(0!;+00(%Z! +01! '&96)()!;+/0C#!&0! 5%#/0L! 5&! 9+I56%(! C+%L(%! L%&6I)!&'!I(&IC(! %6)D/0L!
I+)5!D(%Z!&%!9%&))/0L!5D(!36)#!)5%((5)Z!%+5D(%!5D+0!&0!)/0LC(!I(%)&0)<!
O!2D(!C&9+5/&0!$(00#!D+)!9D&)(0!/)!+!I63C/9!)I+9(<!\(/5D(%!5D(!d:_6+%(e!0&%!5D(!)5%((5)!+01!
I(1()5%/+0!I+5D)!/0!./9/0/5#!&'!5D(!5%+/0!)5+5/&0!+%(!I%/.+5(C#!&B0(1<!2D6)Z!)D(!1&()!0&5!0((1!!
I(%;/))/&0!5&!5+,(!ID&5&L%+ID)!5D(%(<!!
O!4/.(0!5D(!0+56%(!&'!5D(!+95/./5#!5D+5!$(00#!/)!5%#/0L!5&!I&%5%+#Z!+01!5D(!'+95!5D+5!)D(!/)!0&5!
+95/.(C#! 5%#/0L! 5&! )/0LC(! &65! I+%5/96C+%! )63](95)Z! 0&%! /0! +0#! B+#! +95/0L! )6%%(I5/5/&6)C#Z! D(%!
9&01695! B&6C1! ;&)5! C/,(C#! 0&5! 3(! &''(0)/.(! 5&! +! %(+)&0+3C(! I(%)&0! +01! 9(%5+/0C#! 0&5!
)6''/9/(05C#!&''(0)/.(!5&!]6)5/'#!5D(!/05(%.(05/&0!&'!5D(!9%/;/0+C!C+B<!
!
Scenario 1b) $(00#! 5D(0! 1(9/1()! 5&! 5+,(! +! )(%/()! &'! ID&5&L%+ID)! /0! 5D(! ;6)(6;! +%&601! 5D(! 9&%0(%Z!
3(9+6)(!)D(!5D/0,)!)D(!B&6C1!'/01!+!I(%'(95!9&05%+)5!5&!5D(!D(95/9!)9(0()!)D(!]6)5!9+I56%(1<!
:D(!9D&&)()!5&!ID&5&L%+ID!L%&6I)!&'!./)/5&%)Z!+;3C/0L!/0!3(5B((0!I+/05/0L)!+01!)96CI56%()!
&0! 5D(! L%&601! C(.(C! &'! 5D(!;6)(6;<!XL+/0Z! )D(! 6)()! +! I%&'())/&0+C! 9+;(%+! +01! 5+,()! 5D(!
I/956%()!&I(0C#Z!'%&;!+!1/)5+09(Z!365!1&()!0&5!+),!D(%!)63](95)!'&%!I(%;/))/&0<!
!
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;6)(6;a)! %6C()! +3&65! )69D! +95/./5#<! >5! 9+0! IC+9(! 9&01/5/&0)! &0! (05%#! 5D+5! ;+#!
%()5%/95! &%! I%&D/3/5! ID&5&L%+I#<! ! :/09(! $(00#! D+)! 0&5! #(5! 3((0! +1./)(1! &'! )69D!
%()5%/95/&0)!&%!+),(1!5&!C(+.(Z!)D(!/)!+5!C/3(%5#!5&!5+,(!5D(!ID&5&L%+ID)!/0!_6()5/&0<!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
80 See Cowell v The Rosehill Racecourse Co Ltd [1937] 56 CLR 605.
31!
!
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)6%%(I5/5/&6)C#! 9+I56%(! D(%! ID&5&L%+ID)Z! #(5! +5! 5D(! )+;(! 5/;(! &I(%+5()! 1/)9%(5(C#!
(0&6LD!0&5! 5&! )I&/C! 5D(!;6)(6;!(8I(%/(09(! '&%! 5D(!I+5%&0)<! >0! +11/5/&0Z! )D(!&0C#!
%(C/()!&0!D(%!9+;(%+!B/5D&65!5D(!6)(!&'!'6%5D(%!(_6/I;(05Z!'&%!(8+;IC(!'C+)D!C/LD5!&%!
+!5%/I&1<!:69D!(_6/I;(05!;/LD5! /05(%'(%(!B/5D!5D(!&5D(%!./)/5&%)a!(0]&#;(05!&'! 5D(!
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!
!
Scenario 1c) $(00#! 0&B! 1(9/1()! 5&! 5+,(! )(.(%+C! 9C&)(O6I! )D&5)! &'! &0(! I+%5/96C+%! ./)/5&%Z! '&CC&B/0L! D/;!
+%&601! +)! D(! ;&.()! '%&;! &0(! I+/05/0L! 5&! +0&5D(%<! J(! (.(056+CC#! &3](95)! 5&! 3(/0L!
ID&5&L%+ID(1Z! 1()I/5(! $(00#a)! +55(;I5)! 5&! (8IC+/0! D(%! +%5! I%&](95! 5&! D/;<! $(00#! /)! 5D(0!
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I%(;/)()<! $(00#!D&B(.(%Z! %(;+/0)! /0! 5D(!;6)(6;!+01! 9&05/06()! 5&! 5+,(! ID&5&L%+ID)! &0!
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5&C(%+5(1!3#! 5D(!&I(%+5&%!&'! 5D(!;6)(6;<! )(95/&0!MTGU! )63! T1UU!!"##$%&'())*+,*-'.,/'0122!T@/9U!+IIC/()!3(9+6)(!)D(!d0(LC(95)!&%!%('6)()!5&!C(+.(!+'5(%!3(/0L!B+%0(1!5&! 1&! )&ec! $(00#! D+1! 3((0! +),(1! 5&! 1()/)5! &%! C(+.(! 5D(! I%(;/)()! 3#! )(96%/5#! &0!
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%(+)&0+3C(! I(%)&0! /0! 5D(! IC+9(! &'! 5D(! I+%5/96C+%! ./)/5&%! B&6C1! '((C! &''(01(1! 3#!
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5D(! ./)/5&%! '&%! I(%;/))/&0Z! '&CC&B/0L! D/;! +%&601! B&6C1! I&))/3C#! +C)&! 3(! '&601! +)!
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!
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Scenario 1d) X'5(%!3(/0L!(](95(1! '%&;! 5D(!;6)(6;Z!$(00#!1(9/1()! 5&!I6%)6(!D(%!I%&](95! +5! 5D(!0(+%3#!
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IC+5'&%;Z!/)!+L+/0!5&C1!5&!1()/)5<!!
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
81 For example, at the National Gallery of Victoria, the use of a hand-held camera is allowed. However, flash photography or the use of tripods will not be tolerated unless the gallery has granted express permission, see the Photography and Filming Guidelines available at http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/about-us/reports-policies-and-plans/policies/photography-and-filming-guidelines-for-personal-use
32!
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!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
82 Eg, though unwritten, and not advertised on their websites, Chadstone and Highpoint shopping centres have such strict policies in place. 83 Melbourne Central follows such a policy, application forms can be obtained through centre management. 84 Flash photography, for instance is not allowed on Metro operated platforms, and you are to remain behind the yellow safety lines, see items 7 and 8 of Metro’s Policy & Guidelines – Amateur and Rail Enthusiast photography, available at http://www.metrotrains.com.au/About-us/Photography.html. For similar guideline in NSW see RailCorp guideline for hobbyists and secondary students at http://www.railcorp.info/commercial/filming/hobbyists. Both operators require permission to photograph be asked in advance. 85 See online discussion at http://phorums.com.au/showthread.php?180578-CONNEX-explains-their-photography-ban-via-an-Email 86 see Victoria Government Gazette G52 23 December 2004 p 3525, available at http://www.gazette.vic.gov.au/gazette/Gazettes2004/GG2004G052.pdf#page=29 87 see s29(1) and s30 subs (a) and (b) Terrorism (Community Protection) Act 2003 (Vic).
33!
Scenario 1e) $(00#!0&B!I%&9((1)!&05&!5D(!3(+9DZ!B+01(%/0L!/0!3(5B((0!3(+9DL&(%)<!:D(!5+,()!I/956%()!
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88 In “Unauthorised Photographs on the Internet And Ancilliary Issues” Discussion Paper of the Standing Committee of Attorneys- General (August 2005) p.19 paras 82-83 it is suggested to use legislation similar to Victoria’s offensive behaviour offence to deal with surreptitious photographs of topless beachgoers. 89 For an overview of incidents involving photography on public beaches see “Caslon Analytics note, unauthorised photos”, available at www.caslon.com.au/photonote14.htm . 90 See policy 2.2 Surf Life Saving Australia Policy Statement, Photography Policy, Policy Number 6.18 July 2008.
34!
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!
Part 8 - Selected Websites of Policies, Contracts, and Guidelines concerning Photography !
1. Museums and Libraries: !
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!
4. Laws and Regulations re photography in Commonwealth Reserves: !
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38!
5. Other relevant legislation:
-('(09(!X95!GMQV'93/LA!+.+/C+3C(!+5!D55ISNNBBB<9&;C+B<L&.<+6N9&;C+BN;+0+L(;(05<0)'NC&&,6I/01(8I+L()3#/1N>$RQQ=QG=VV!
:6;;+%#!P''(09()!X95!GMWW!T@/9U!+.+/C+3C(!+5!
D55ISNNBBB<C(L/)C+5/&0<./9<L&.<+6N-&;/0&N^(3p\&5()NE-*:N$63E+B2&1+#<0)'NMY9=V11=(
+9?G+WF9+RYW11(QQQYW(?3NW=3G'?QM3'9VFQRG9+RY?YY+QQGVQ((MsPI(0-&96;(05!
A%/;()!X95!GMYF!T@/9U!+.+/C+3C(!+5!
D55ISNNBBB<C(L/)C+5/&0<./9<L&.<+6N-&;/0&N^(3p\&5()NE-*:N$63E+B2&1+#<0)'N+GR'W'WQ'3
1YWFQQ9+RYW1(YQQRQG(Y=N9R'VFF(G+9QRR3WM9+RY?Y+FQQGFRM3VsPI(0-&96;(05!
E&9+C!4&.(%0;(05!X95!GMFM!T@/9U!+.+/C+3C(!+5!!
D55ISNNBBB<+6)5C//<(16<+6N+6NC(L/)N./9N9&0)&Cp+95NCL+GMFMGFRN!
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6.Other: !
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$D&5&L%+ID#Z!+01!D(C1!+5!5D(!A(05%(!'&%!A&05(;I&%+%#!$D&5&L%+ID#!&0!GY!P95&3(%!
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Cover design: Gene Bawden, Faculty of Art & Design, Monash University Cover photo: Daniel Palmer, Photographer Trent Parke at Fotofreo [detail], 2004
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