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Preparation of Detailed Project Reports for Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management in ULBs in Andhra Pradesh for Zone-II Under East and West Godavari

Draft Detailed Project Report Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh

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Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................... I

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................... VII

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................................... X

ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYM LIST ................................................................................................................... XI

1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 12

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................... 12

1.2 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF WORK ...................................................................................................................... 13

2 CITY PROFILE .............................................................................................................................................. 16

2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 16

2.2 REGIONAL LINKAGES ....................................................................................................................................... 16

2.3 CLIMATE ....................................................................................................................................................... 17

2.4 GEOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................................. 17

2.5 DEMOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................... 18

2.6 POPULATION DENSITY ..................................................................................................................................... 18

2.7 SEX RATIO .................................................................................................................................................... 18

2.8 SLUMS IN KAKINADA CORPORATION .................................................................................................................. 18

3 EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES IN KAKINADA .................................................................................. 22

3.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 22

3.2 WATER SUPPLY.............................................................................................................................................. 22

3.3 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM .................................................................................................................... 22



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3.4 ROADS ......................................................................................................................................................... 22

4 EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN KAKINADA ............................................................................... 23

4.1 SOURCES OF DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE ............................................................................................................... 23

4.1.1 Domestic Households ............................................................................................................................ 23

4.1.2 Street Sweeping and Drain Cleaning ..................................................................................................... 23

4.1.3 Commercial Establishments .................................................................................................................. 24

4.1.4 Bulk Generators- Hotels, Restaurant, Schools & Cinema Halls ............................................................. 24

4.1.5 Markets ................................................................................................................................................. 25

4.1.6 Hospitals & Nursing Homes .................................................................................................................. 25

4.2 PRIMARY COLLECTION ..................................................................................................................................... 25

4.3 SECONDARY COLLECTION ................................................................................................................................. 26

4.4 TRANSPORTATION .......................................................................................................................................... 26

4.5 VEHICLE MAINTENANCE .................................................................................................................................. 27

4.6 STAFFING DETAILS .......................................................................................................................................... 27

4.7 QUANTITY OF SOLID WASTE ............................................................................................................................. 27

4.8 PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE ..................................................................................................... 27

4.9 DEFICIENCY ANALYSIS - EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM................................................................... 28

5 PLANNING AND DESIGN CRITERIA ADOPTED .............................................................................................. 30

5.1 DESIGN CRITERIA ........................................................................................................................................... 30

5.2 GUIDELINES FOR QUANTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLID WASTE ........................................................... 30

5.3 NORMS FOR QUANTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION ........................................................................................ 31



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5.3.1 Domestic House Holds .......................................................................................................................... 31

5.3.2 Street Sweeping .................................................................................................................................... 31

5.3.3 Institutional Waste ............................................................................................................................... 31

5.3.4 Norms for Characterization .................................................................................................................. 32

5.4 STORAGE AND COLLECTION .............................................................................................................................. 32

5.5 DOOR TO DOOR COLLECTION SYSTEM ................................................................................................................ 34

5.6 SECONDARY COLLECTION SYSTEM ..................................................................................................................... 37

5.7 VEHICLES ...................................................................................................................................................... 39

5.8 BRIEF ON PROPOSALS FOR KAKINADA ............................................................................................................ 41

6 PROPOSED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ..................................................................................... 42

6.1 POPULATION PROJECTION ................................................................................................................................ 42

6.2 QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE ..................................................................................... 42

6.2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 42

6.2.2 Estimation of Per Capita Waste Generation and Present Waste Quantity ........................................... 43

6.3 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE ....................................................................................... 44

6.4 STORAGE AND COLLECTION .............................................................................................................................. 46

6.5 PRIMARY COLLECTION ..................................................................................................................................... 47

6.5.1 Household Collection ............................................................................................................................ 47

6.5.2 Collection from Commercial Establishment .......................................................................................... 52

6.5.3 Street sweeping .................................................................................................................................... 53

6.5.4 Requirement of Hand carts: .................................................................................................................. 55



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6.6 MACHINE SWEEPING ...................................................................................................................................... 56

6.7 SECONDARY COLLECTION ................................................................................................................................. 56

6.7.1 Compactor Bins Requirement ............................................................................................................... 56

6.7.2 Secondary Transportation ..................................................................................................................... 58

6.8 SUMMARY OF PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE FOR COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION .................................................. 63

6.9 C&D WASTE AND SLAUGHTER HOUSE WASTE ...................................................................................................... 65

6.10 TOOLS IMPLEMENTS AND SAFETY ITEMS FOR WORKERS ......................................................................................... 65

6.11 BIOMETHANATION FOR MARKET WASTE ............................................................................................................ 65

6.12 WTE PLANT FROM COMBUSTIBLE WASTE AT RAJAHMUNDRY ................................................................................ 67

6.12.1 MSW in Both Districts ....................................................................................................................... 68

6.12.1 Calculations for Waste to Energy Potential ...................................................................................... 70

6.13 RECLAMATION OF EXISTING LANDFILL SITE AT KAKINADA ........................................................................ 71

FINANCIAL IMPLICATION OF RECLAMATION ...................................................................................................................... 73

PRECAUTIONS TO BE UNDERTAKEN DURING DUMP SITE RECLAMATION OPERATIONS .................................................................. 73

7 PROJECT COST ............................................................................................................................................ 75

7.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 75

7.2 PROJECT COST ............................................................................................................................................... 75

7.3 O&M COST PER ANNUM ................................................................................................................................. 78

7.4 HOUSE HOLD BIN COSTING .............................................................................................................................. 79

7.5 COSTING FOR BINS AT COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS .......................................................................................... 80

7.6 COSTING OF TRICYCLE ..................................................................................................................................... 81



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7.7 COSTING OF TRICYCLE BIN ............................................................................................................................... 82

7.8 COSTING OF AUTO TIPPER ............................................................................................................................... 82

7.9 COSTING OF HAND CARTS ................................................................................................................................ 83

7.10 COSTING OF COMPACTOR BINS ......................................................................................................................... 83

7.11 COSTING OF REFUSE COMPACTOR ..................................................................................................................... 84

7.12 COST OF THE PROPOSED COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION PLAN ......................................................................... 85

7.13 O&M COST FOR THE PROPOSED COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION PLAN .............................................................. 89

7.14 HUMAN RESOURCE COST – PRIMARY & SECONDARY ............................................................................................ 90

8 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ....................................................................................................................... 93

8.1 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY ............................................................................................................................ 93

8.2 GRANT FUNDING ........................................................................................................................................... 94

8.2.1 Objective Swatch Bharat Mission (SBM) ............................................................................................... 95

8.2.2 Mission components ............................................................................................................................. 95

8.2.3 Funding pattern for the Project ............................................................................................................ 95

8.3 REVENUES FROM INTEGRATED FACILITY ............................................................................................................... 96

8.4 MARKET PRICE OF COMPOST ............................................................................................................................ 96

8.5 SALE PRICE OF PLASTIC .................................................................................................................................... 97

8.6 SALE PRICE OF RDF ........................................................................................................................................ 97

8.7 FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY ............................................................................................................................... 97

8.8 REVENUE RECEIPT THROUGH USER CHARGES ...................................................................................................... 97

9 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION .......................................................... 102



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9.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 102

9.2 CURRENT LEVEL OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ............................................................................................... 103

9.3 MODALITIES OF COMMUNITY EDUCATION AND PARTICIPATION ............................................................................. 103

9.4 IDENTIFICATION AND ORIENTATION OF RESIDENT’S WELFARE COMMITTEES ............................................................ 103

9.5 IDENTIFICATION AND MOBILISATION OF NGOS OR SOCIAL WELFARE GROUPS ......................................................... 104

9.6 IDENTIFICATION OF AREAS OF SWM FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION .................................................................. 104

9.7 ORIENTATION OF KEY PERSONALITIES, SOCIAL ACTIVISTS AND POLICY MAKERS ........................................................ 105

9.8 CONDUCT SANITATION CAMPAIGNS ................................................................................................................. 105

9.9 MEDIA CAMPAIGNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS .................................................................................. 105

9.10 IMPLEMENTATION ........................................................................................................................................ 106

10 ANNEXURES ............................................................................................................................................. 107

10.1 POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR KAKINADA ....................................................................................................... 107

10.2 QUANTIFICATION OF WASTE .......................................................................................................................... 109

10.3 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MSW –KAKINADA............................................................................................ 110

10.4 COST ESTIMATIONS FOR TRANSFER STATION ..................................................................................................... 112

10.5 DRAWINGS ................................................................................................................................................. 118

10.6 QUOTATIONS FOR EQUIPMENT’S & VEHICLES .................................................................................................... 119

10.7 SITE PHOTOS ............................................................................................................................................... 120



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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1-1: ULBS UNDER EAST GODAVARI ........................................................................................................................... 12

TABLE 1-2: ULBS UNDER-WEST GODAVARI DISTRICT ............................................................................................................. 13

TABLE 2-2-1: POPULATION AND GROWTH RATE OF KAKINADA CITY .......................................................................................... 18

TABLE 2-2: LIST OF SLUMS IN KAKINADA .............................................................................................................................. 19

TABLE 4-1: DETAILS OF PRIMARY COLLECTION ...................................................................................................................... 26

TABLE 4-2: DETAILS OF SECONDARY COLLECTION SYSTEM ....................................................................................................... 26

TABLE 4-3: DETAILS OF SOLID WASTE STAFF ........................................................................................................................ 27

TABLE 4-4: DEFICIENCY ANALYSIS IN PRESENT SCENARIO OF SWM IN KAKINADA CITY.................................................................. 28

TABLE 5-1: NORMS FOR GARBAGE GENERATION ................................................................................................................... 31

TABLE 5-2: PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES IN INDIAN CITIES .............................................................. 32

TABLE 5-3: PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES IN INDIAN CITIES .............................................................. 32

TABLE 5-4: MSW SOURCE SEGREGATION – CATEGORIES ........................................................................................................ 33

TABLE 5-5:TRICYCLE WITH BINS .......................................................................................................................................... 34

TABLE 5-6:- WHEELER AUTO WITH TIPPING HOPPER ............................................................................................................... 35

TABLE 5-7:- WHEELER MINIVAN/AUTO WITH TIPPING HOPPER .................................................................................................. 36

TABLE 5-8:- SMALL MECHANICALLY LIFTED BINS ................................................................................................................... 37

TABLE 5-9:- LARGE MECHANICALLY LIFTED BINS ................................................................................................................... 38

TABLE 5-10:- OPEN BODY TRUCKS ..................................................................................................................................... 39

TABLE 5-11:- COMPACTORS .............................................................................................................................................. 40



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TABLE 6-1: PROJECTED SOLID WASTE GENERATION IN KAKINADA .............................................................................................. 43

TABLE 6-2: PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS – KAKINADA ............................................................................................................ 45

TABLE 6-3: HOUSE HOLDS BINS REQUIREMENT ..................................................................................................................... 47

TABLE 6-4 : TRICYCLES REQUIREMENT ................................................................................................................................. 48

TABLE 6-5 : TRICYCLE BIN (8 NO'S PER TRICYCLE) REQUIREMENT .............................................................................................. 49

TABLE 6-6 : ESTIMATION OF NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS COVERED BY AUTO TIPPER ............................................................................ 51

TABLE 6-7 : AUTO TIPPERS REQUIREMENT ........................................................................................................................... 51

TABLE 6-8 : WHEEL OPERATED BINS REQUIREMENT ............................................................................................................... 52

TABLE 6-9: NO OF SWEEPERS REQUIRED FOR MANUAL STREET SWEEPING .................................................................................. 54

TABLE 6-10 : HAND CARTS AND SWEEPERS REQUIREMENT ..................................................................................................... 56

TABLE 6-11 : MACHINE SWEEPING REQUIREMENT ................................................................................................................ 56

TABLE 6-12 : COMPACTOR BINS (0.66 CUM) REQUIREMENT ................................................................................................... 57

TABLE 6-13 :TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF 1.1 CUM BIN ........................................................................................................ 57

TABLE 6-14 : REQUIREMENT OF REFUSE COMPACTOR ............................................................................................................ 59

TABLE 6-15 : TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF REFUSE COMPACTOR (14M3) ................................................................................ 59

TABLE 6-16 : TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF REFUSE COMPACTOR (8M3) .................................................................................. 61

TABLE 6-17 : COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION FOR 25 YEARS ............................................................................................. 63

TABLE 6-18 : MSW GENERATION IN EAST AND WEST GODAVARI DISTRICTS .............................................................................. 68

TABLE 6-19 : CLACULATIONS FOR RDF TO ENERGY ................................................................................................................ 70

TABLE 7-1 : CAPITAL COST FOR SWM- KAKINADA (2017- 2042)............................................................................................ 77

TABLE 7-2 : OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST RS. IN LAKHS FOR KAKINADA......................................................................... 78



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TABLE 7-3: HOUSE HOLDS BINS REQUIREMENT ..................................................................................................................... 79

TABLE 7-4:HOUSE HOLDS BINS REQUIREMENT ...................................................................................................................... 80

TABLE 7-5: TRICYCLES COST .............................................................................................................................................. 81

TABLE 7-6: TRICYCLE BIN (8 NO'S PER TRICYCLE) COST ............................................................................................................ 82

TABLE 7-7: AUTO TIPPERS COST ........................................................................................................................................ 82

TABLE 7-8: HAND CARTS COST .......................................................................................................................................... 83

TABLE 7-9: COMPACTOR BINS (0.66 CUM) COST .................................................................................................................. 83

TABLE 7-10 : COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION CAPITAL COST FOR 25 YEARS - KAKINADA ......................................................... 86

TABLE 7-11 : SUMMARY OF O&M COST PER ANNUM FOR KMC ............................................................................................. 89

TABLE 7-12 : COLLECTIONS AND TRANSPORTATION MANPOWER COST (RS. PER MONTH) ............................................................. 91

TABLE 7-13 : SUMMARY OF O&M COST ............................................................................................................................. 92

TABLE 8-1 : FUNDING PATTERN FOR THE PROJECT .................................................................................................................. 95

TABLE 8-2 : MARKET PRICE OF COMPOST AT VARIOUS PLACES................................................................................................. 96

TABLE 8-3 : MARKET PRICES OF COMPOST FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES ...................................................................................... 97

TABLE 8-4 : PROPOSED USED CHARGES FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ................................................................................ 98

TABLE 8-5 : REVENUE GENERAION - KAKINADA .................................................................................................................... 99



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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 4-1: PUSH CARTS FOR DOOR TO DOOR COLLECTION ..................................................................................................... 26

FIGURE 4-2:DUMP SITES IN KAKINADA ................................................................................................................................ 28

FIGURE 5-1:- TRICYCLE WITH BINS ...................................................................................................................................... 35

FIGURE 5-2:- WHEELER AUTO WITH TIPPING HOPPER .............................................................................................................. 36

FIGURE 5-3:- WHEELER MINIVAN/AUTO WITH TIPPING HOPPER ................................................................................................ 37

FIGURE: 5-4 : SMALL MECHANICALLY LIFTED BINS ................................................................................................................ 38

FIGURE: 5-5 – LARGE MECHANICALLY LIFTED BINS ............................................................................................................... 39

FIGURE5-6– OPEN BODY TRUCKS....................................................................................................................................... 40

FIGURE5-7– COMPACTORS ............................................................................................................................................... 40

FIGURE 5-8:SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL .......................................................................................... 40

FIGURE 6-1: TRICYCLE WITH BINS ....................................................................................................................................... 50

FIGURE 6-2:- WHEELER AUTO WITH TIPPING HOPPER .............................................................................................................. 52

FIGURE: 6-3 : SMALL MECHANICALLY LIFTED BINS ................................................................................................................ 53

FIGURE: 6-4 – COMPACTOR BINS ...................................................................................................................................... 58

FIGURE6-5– REFUSE COMPACTORS .................................................................................................................................... 62

FIGURE8-1: IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY FOR COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION ..................................................................... 94

FIGURE8-2: IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATED FACILITY ......................................................................................... 94



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ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYM LIST

CV Calorific Value

ULB Urban Local Body

CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

CDP City Development Plan

GNP Gross National Product

ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management

kCal Kilo Calorie

Kg Kilo Gram

Km Kilo Meter

m Meter

MSW Municipal Solid Waste

SWM Solid Waste Management

MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management

MT Metric Ton

RDF Refuse Derived Fuel

SI Sanitary Inspector

SLF Engineered Sanitary Landfill

TPD/MTPD Tons per Day / Metric Tons per Day

MoUD Ministry of Urban Development

GoI Government of India



1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

The Government of Andhra Pradesh (GoAP) proposed to strengthen the Municipal Solid Waste

Management system covering collection, segregation, recycling, transportation processing and disposal

including options for composting and waste to energy, disposal in all 110 Urban Local Bodies in Andhra

Pradesh so as to comply with the service level benchmarks of the government of India. The Govt. of AP

intends to institutionalize a holistic integrated, sustainable environment and eco-friendly municipal

solid waste management system in urban local bodies of the state.

Andhra Pradesh Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation(APUFIDC) is a government

of Andhra Pradesh entity and Nodal agency for the development of projects in urban infrastructure and

proposes to cause preparation of detailed project reports for the 110 ULBs cluster wise. The DPRs shall

comply with Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) rules 2000 under the aegis of the

Environment (Protection) Act 1986 and guidelines issued there under from time to time. The MSW

Rules, 2000 stipulate that each municipal authority should treat and dispose of the MSW generated by

then in a manner so as not to cause damage to human health and environment.

APUFIDC invited proposals for selection of consultant for preparation of Detailed Project Reports to

enable the implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan.

The ULBs in the state are divided into 5 zones for geographical convenience for conducting studies for

preparation of DPRs. The APUFIDC has appointed Darashaw and Company Private Limited in association

with PBS consultancy services, for preparation of DPRs for 21 towns in Zone II under East Godavari and

West Godavari districts.

The ULBs fall under Zone II for preparation of DPRs for Solid Waste Management are listed below.

Table 1-1: ULBs under East Godavari

Sr. No Name of the Town Grade

1 Kakinada Corporation

2 Rajahmundry Corporation

3 Amalapuram I

4 Tuni II




5 Samalkot II

6 Ramachandrapuram II

7 Pithapuram II

8 Mandapeta

9 Peddapuram II

10 Gollaprollu NP

11 Mumidivaram NP

12 Yeleswaram NP

Table 1-2: ULBs under-West Godavari district


1 Eluru Corporation

2 Bhimavaram SelMpl

3 Palacole I

4 Tadepalligudem SelMpl

5 Narsapur I

6 Nidadavole II

7 Tanuku I

8 Kavvur II

9 Jangareddy Gudem NP

1.2 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF WORK

The objective of the project is to

a) To provide an efficient primary, secondary collection and disposal of solid waste of the ULB

including storage and transportation facilities with adequate man power.

b) To carry out regular cleaning of roads/streets/drains with required man power and equipment.

c) To promote source segregation of waste in the ULB

d) Reclaim existing dump sites

e) To comply with the MSW (management and handling) rules 2000.

Scope of work : The broad scope of work for the project includes development of technical and

economically viable solid waste management plan along with design of collection, transportation, and



treatment and disposal infrastructure. The proposed plan shall be in pursuance with the guidelines

specified by Andhra Pradesh municipal act 1994 and MSW rules 2000. The outline of the scope of work

for the overall project included the following activities:

1. Realistic assessment of quality, characterization and classification of MSW, the current scenario

in each ULB.

2. Planning-Detailed planning for resource requirement and implementation strategy.

3. Proposed DPR shall be in line with SWM rules, 2000 of Gol and the tool kit of the Government

of India for SWM projects.

4. The DPR should address the policy requirement of the following:

a. Keeping wet and dry waste streams separated at the house hold/ sources level itself.

b. Door step collection, segregation of wet waste

c. Composting of biodegradable waste

d. Recycling of dry waste by category

5. Strategies for 100% source segregation and door to door collection of house hold & commercial

waste, street sweepings, silt removal, vegetable & fruit market waste, slaughter house waste

etc. and suitable incentive structure to promote source segregation and recycling.

6. Options for production of compost preferably in a decentralized manner and generation of

green energy through bio-mechanization where appropriate, sustainable, environment and eco-

friendly and protects public health, and identification of ideal site for their setting up in the

proposed ULB, Cluster of ULBs as per feasibility.

7. Transportation of resource from the secondary collection point to the proposed processing

plant with detailed process.

8. Analysis of the need for transfer stations and its basic features

9. Tie-ups for inorganic waste and suggestion for sustainable technologies for processing.

10. Options and strategies for processing of organic waste

11. Opportunities for involvement of various groups of the society in MSWM activities.

12. Techno-economic and environmental analysis of various options for MSWM processes and

institutionalization.

13. Road map towards achieving zero land fill facilities

14. Innovative incentive structure to the operating personnel for motivation and for ensuring

sustainability of MSWM

15. Exploring innovative processes and their enforcement for making the habitations litter free, bin

free and dump free so as to prevent and health hazards.



16. Creating and sustaining a supply chain for recycled waste

17. Availability of land for proposed land fill

18. Available of power supply and exploration of renewable sources of energy

19. Implementation strategy including resource requirement

20. Information, Education and Communication campaign models and enforcement plans

21. Training and competency building plans

22. Streamlining and optimization of transportation system

23. Options for using the inert material like Construction and Demolition waste

24. Opportunities for Reclamation and Bio-mining of old dump sites

25. Impact of the proposed MSWM system on community health and environment

26. Proposed measures for involvement of stockholders in MSWM

27. Measure for leadership development and change management

28. The study should also consider the existing projects being implemented on cluster-basis in

consultation with the concerned Municipal Commissioners & C&DMA. The consultant shall

study the land availability for land fill in each ULB within the proposed cluster and the distance

to the centre of the clusters, and quantity of rejects to be taken to the land fill. In each region

clustering is to be done wherever practicable.

29. The DPR submitted should be practical and thoroughly implementable with zero landfill concept

and with operation & maintenance strategies of MSWM.

30. The DPR should propose a practical action plan for each ULB with cost implications and financial

requirements for each suggested methodology and consolidating for each cluster and overall

cost of implementation for the entire state.

31. The DPR should also suggest implementation strategies for the MSWM plans for (i) individual

ULBs which are not part of the clusters. (ii) For the clusters of ULBs (iii) for improvements in the

clusters in which MSWM project is under implementation.

32. The consultant should provide independent DPRs for each proposed cluster and for ULBs which

are not part of the clusters as mentioned in 1.1.28. Separate action plan shall be proposed for

each ULB activity wise duly coated indicating responsible personnel to undertake each activity

and proposed financing pattern

33. Based on the feasibility study, the numbers of clusters that can be formed in the Region are to

be proposed. One DPR is to be prepared for each ULB. The DPR for the ULB in which the

common processing unit is proposed for the cluster should contain the complete details of the

technology and cost estimate of the processing unit.



2 CITY PROFILE

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Kakinada is a city and a municipal corporation in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is also the

headquarters of East Godavari district. Kakinada is also named as "Fertilizer City" (owing to the large

concentration of fertilizer plants), "Pensioner's Paradise"(as it shares it calm and pleasant environment

to the retired and old-age people) and "Second Madras” (as it have similar features of Chennai).

Kakinada is part of a Special Economic Zone and a proposed 'Petroleum, Chemical and Petrochemical

Investment Region (PCPIR)'. It is a hub to all the deep sea exploratory activity in the region due to its

deep-water sea port and its proximity to the gas fields.

2.2 REGIONAL LINKAGES

Kakinada is well connected by road, rail and air. Good roads connect Kakinada with all the places within

the state and rest of the country. NH-214 from Kathipudi to Ongole (both on NH-5) passes through

Kakinada. A couple of state highways connect Kakinada to Rajahmundry and other places within the

district.

As a city located on the sea shore, Kakinada is a railway terminus. It has four railway stations, namely

Kakinada Town Junction (1.2 km), Kakinada Port (1.8 km), Kakinada Port New (4.1 km), and Sarpavaram

(6.5 km). Through a branch line, Kakinada is connected to Samalkot Junction (13 km) which is on the

Chennai-Howrah trunk line, where almost all express trains stop to connect Kakinada with the

important places of the country.

The nearest airport is located at Rajahmundry; about 65 km.Rajahmundry City Airport has services to

Chennai, Hyderabad, Vijayawada and Bangalore. The other nearest major airport is at Visakhapatnam at

a distance of 145 km and has the services of many airline operators to major cities in the country.

The Location map of Kakinada is given in the following figure.



Figure 2-1: Location Map of Kakinada

2.3 CLIMATE

Kakinada has a tropical savanna climate. The weather is hot and humid for most of the year. The hottest

part of the year is late May to early June with maximum temperatures around 38–42 °C (100–108 °F).

The coolest part of the year is January, with minimum temperatures around 18–20 °C (64–68 °F). The

city gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the south-west monsoon winds although a good deal of rains

greet these parts during the northeast monsoon from mid-October to mid-December. Cyclones in the

Bay of Bengal frequently hit the city. Prevailing winds in Kakinada are usually southwesterly for most

part of the year except during October to January when they blow north-easterly. The city experiences

an average annual rainfall between 110 and 115 centimetres.

2.4 GEOGRAPHY

Kakinada is located at 16.57°N 81.15°E. The 82½ degrees east longitude, with respect to which IST

(Indian Standard Time) is calculated, passes through Kakinada. It has an average elevation of 2 metres

and many areas of the city are below sea level. The city has roughly a north-south orientation and is

confined to a long narrow strip parallel to the sea coast. The average width of the city is around 6 km

but its length is around 15 km.



2.5 DEMOGRAPHY

As of 2011 Census of India, the Kakinada city had a population of 325,985. The decadal growth of

population is given below.

Table 2-2-1: Population and Growth Rate of Kakinada City

Sl. No. Year Population Decadal Growth Rate (in %)

1 1981 226409

2 1991 279980 23.66

3 2001 296329 5.81

4 2011 325985 10.01

1(Source: Census Data, 2011)

2.6 POPULATION DENSITY

The present area under the Kakinada is about 31.69 sq. km. The population density of the Kakinada city

is about 10287 persons per sq. km. According to 2011 census, the Kakinada city was divided into 50

wards.

2.7 SEX RATIO

Sex ratio is a sensitive indicator of the status of women in society, at a given point of time. India’s low

sex ratio of 940 females per 1000 males in the current Census 2011 reveals a continuing imbalance in

gender relations. The sex ratio in Kakinada has also shown a positive increase. The sex ratio of Kakinada

city is 1048 females per 1000 males.

2.8 SLUMS IN KAKINADA CORPORATION

In Kakinada there are 101slums in the extent of 6.25 Sq.Km with the population of 1.46 Lakh as per the

latest census. Out of 101 slums 63 are notified and 38 are non-notified slums. The list of slums in the

city is given as follows:



Table 2-2: List of Slums in Kakinada

S. No. Name of the Slum

Notified or

Non-Notified

1 Indira Colony Notified

2 Bala Venkata Nagar Notified

3 Dummula Peta Notified

4 Parlo peta Notified

5 Sanjay Nagar Notified

6 Yetimoga Notified

7 Gogudanayya peta Notified

8 Ramanayya peta Notified

9 Kondelu peta Notified

10 Bonda gunta Notified

11 Vadabalji peta_ Palli peta Notified

12 Godarigunta_Settibalija peta Notified

13 Godarigunta Mpl Maternity Center Notified

14 Nookalamma Manyam Notified

15 Burma Colony Notified

16 Kotha Kakinada Notified

17 Godarigunta _Dalitha wada Notified

18 Jyothula Colony Notified

19 Recharla peta_ Thoti peta Notified

20 Recharla peta_ Kalara Pakalu Notified

21 Gowari sankar peta Notified

22 Gowari sankar peta Notified

23 Gogudanayya peta pakalu Notified

24 Gogudanayya peta Near Jalari pakalu Notified

25 Golila peta Notified

26 Koti sthambam peta Notified

27 Peethala Tank Notified

28 J.Ramarao peta Notified

29 yallavari garuvu Notified

30 Sammidivari Street Notified

31 Gopala krishna Nagar Near peethla Tank Notified

32 Indira Nagar Notified

33 Turangi Behind Slanghter house Notified

34 Seetharama Murthy Nagar Notified

35 Muggu peta Notified

36 Annamma Gati Center Notified

37 Gayathri Nagar Notified

38 Jaganaikpur Thoti peta Notified

39 Near Andhra poliy technic Notified

40 Kesanavari Doddi Notified

41 Arundhati Nagar Notified

42 Padmanaba Nagar Notified




Notified or

Non-Notified

43 Kunthidevi peta Notified

44 Narasimha Road West Notified

45 Dallmill Area Notified

46 Narasimha Road East Notified

47 Nagaraju peta Notified

48 Bank peta Notified

49 Kameswari Nagar Notified

50 Ragam peta Notified

51 Kakinada Toti peta Notified

52 Venkateswara Nagar Near Old Bus Stand Notified

53 T.B.Hospital Back Side Notified

54 Samalakata Road Notified

55 Cheedila pora-1 Notified

56 cheedila pora-2 Notified

57 Atchutapuram Railway Gate west Notified

58 Dwaraka Nagar Notified

59 Eliwin peta Notified

60 S.Atchuta puram-1 Notified

61 S.Atchuta puram-2 Notified

62 Gaigolupadu settibalija peta Notified

63 Gaigolupadu Harijana peta Notified

64 Dummula Peta _ Cyclone Shelter Non-Notified

65 Satya Nagar Non-Notified

66 Sanjay Nagar Pakalu Non-Notified

67 Dairy Farm Katha pakalu Non-Notified

68 Paidavari Doddi Non-Notified

69 Penkeyvari Street Non-Notified

70 Meda Line Non-Notified

71 Ram Nagar Non-Notified

72 Ramanayya peta BC Colony Non-Notified

73 Balaji Nagar Non-Notified

74 Ramakrishna Rao peta Non-Notified

75 Avasaralavari Street Non-Notified

76 Cheedela pora -3 Non-Notified

77 Mathama veedhi Non-Notified

78 Gollapeta Ramanayapeta Non-Notified

79 Journalist colony Non-Notified

80 Durganagar Non-Notified

81 Recharlapeta Non-Notified

82 Kunthidevi Colony Non-Notified

83 Randeep Nagar Non-Notified

84 Opp: Cyclone Shelter Dummulapeta Non-Notified*

85 Dairy Farm Katha pakalu Non-Notified




Notified or

Non-Notified

86 Katchari peta Non-Notified

87 Bapuji Nagar Non-Notified

88 Abad Nagar Non-Notified

89 Paradesamma charuvu Non-Notified

90 Police Cilub Road Non-Notified

91 Medara Colony Non-Notified

92 Mahalakshmi Nagar Non-Notified

93 Ganesh Nagar Non-Notified

94 Lakshmi Nagar Non-Notified

95 Ayodhyanagar Non-Notified

96 Vimukthi Nagar Non-Notified

97 Sai Krishna Nagar Non-Notified

98 Swarnandra Colony Non-Notified

99 Bade Simmanna Peta Non-Notified

100 Valandra Peta Non-Notified

101 Prezar Peta Non-Notified



3 EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES IN KAKINADA

3.1 INTRODUCTION

In this Chapter the details of existing infrastructure like water supply, sewerage, storm water drainage,

Roads and solid waste management in Kakinada are broadly described.

3.2 WATER SUPPLY

Kakinada has good water supply system. The main source of water for Kakinada is Godavari River.

Water is stored in two summer storage tanks one at Samalkot with a capacity of 140 MGL and the other

is at Aratlakatta village with a capacity of 345 MGL. There are 13 service reservoirs in city with capacity

of the 11.5 MLD. City has 100 % water distribution system.

3.3 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM

At present city does not have underground sewerage system. Most of the houses have their own

arrangement of septic tanks Sullage from all households is connected connected to existing drains

causes unsanitary conditions in the city.

Kakinada has six major drains convey rainwater and dry weather flow. Most of these drains are 775km

length of drains exist in the city.

3.4 ROADS

The road network of Kakinada is about 681 km comprising National Highways, State Highways,

municipal roads, and other roads. The roads in Kakinada are maintained by engineering department of

Municipal Corporation.



4 EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN KAKINADA

4.1 SOURCES OF DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE

The primary sources of solid waste generation in Kakinada are the local households, markets,

commercial establishments/shops, hotels & restaurants, institutions, function/marriage halls, Offices

etc. With existing more than 10 Medical Hospitals, the quantity of bio-medical waste generated in the

city is also significant.

4.1.1 Domestic Households

Households of various categories primarily contribute domestic waste. Based on the assessment of the

KMC, it is estimated that of the total over 91,373 families (2011 Census) residing in the city, the

households of the city based on the housing typology can be categorized as independent bungalows,

independent houses of low and middle income groups, tenements, individual flats, apartments and huts

or economically weaker section dwellings.

4.1.2 Street Sweeping and Drain Cleaning

With a total road length of 681 km, street sweeping waste is the other major component of solid waste

in KMC area. The total length of the drains in Kakinada city is 774 km. Most of the drain networks is not

adequate in size and is damaged at many places and it is insufficient to drain out the rain water, causing

water logging problems in many wards Apart from sweeping sanitary staff also carry out the cleaning of

drains located at major commercial areas and near government offices for free flow of water.



Desilting programme is taken in all Major drains by engaging silt workers and JCB; under the control of

sanitary supervisors. The desilting material is collected and lifted to the low-lying areas through the

Vehicles every two days.

4.1.3 Commercial Establishments

The major contributors of solid waste after households are commercial establishments within the city.

These establishments comprise wholesale and retail shops, general shops, pan shops, food products,

bakeries, dairies, juice shops, hardware, electrical and electronics, workshops, cloth merchant etc.

The contribution from informal sector is also significant in this category. According to KMC there are

1500 commercial establishments in the city.

4.1.4 Bulk Generators- Hotels, Restaurant, Schools & Cinema Halls

Hotels, lodges, restaurants and cinema halls are considered as special case under commercial

establishment's category due to their solid waste generation rates and characteristics. There are 22

schools 15 colleges, 10 nos of function halls, 25 hotels, 7 theatres and 10 nos of government institutions

exist in the town.



4.1.5 Markets

Six number of vegetable and two nos of non-vegetable market, fruit & flower markets, and road side

markets, weekly and bi-weekly markets are operating in Kakinada City. Waste contributed from these

markets is generally organic in nature and is one of the major sources of solid waste generated in the

City.

4.1.6 Hospitals & Nursing Homes

There are 10 hospitals in Kakinada City. Generally bio-medical waste is classified in terms of body

tissues, plastic tubes, bandages, syringes, needles, glass and plastic bottles and Chemical and

Pharmaceutical waste. As according to CPHEEO Guidelines, the per capita waste generated by hospitals

will be around 1.5 kg/bed/day, of which 75 per cent will be domestic waste and 25 per cent, will be bio-

medical waste.

4.2 PRIMARY COLLECTION

KMC introduced voluntary garbage collection by providing tricycles and wheel barrows. A tricycle puller

collects garbage from each house. After collection the tricycle puller dumps the collected garbage in to

the nearby community dust bin. This practice is being implemented by KMC in all the wards.

The collection and transportation of solid waste in Kakinada is done in two shifts. In the first shift that

starts at around 5A.M early in the morning, the conservancy workers sweep the streets, clean the

drains and collects the waste from small open points and transport the waste by wheel barrows or

pushcarts or tricycles to nearest dumper bins or secondary open collection points. At some parts of the

city, tippers go along with the sweepers and collect the waste which is being transported to transfer

stations. Then from transfer station the waste is being collected and transported to the disposal site by

tippers and open trucks.

The collection and transportation of solid waste in Kakinada is done in two shifts. In the first shift that

starts at around 6.00 am early in the morning, the conservancy workers sweep the streets, clean at

drains and collects the waste from small open points and transports the waste by wheel barrows or

push carts or tricycles to nearest dumper bin or secondary open collection point. At some parts of the

city, tippers go along with the sweepers and collect the waste which is being transported to disposal

site by tippers and open trucks. The entire municipal corporation is divided into 50 wards. Each ward is

managed by the sanitary supervisor and sanitary.



Table 4-1: Details of Primary Collection

Component Number

No. of households in KMC 91373

No. of Hand trolleys Operating/Push carts 65

Source: Kakinada Corporation

Figure 4-1: Push carts for door to door collection

4.3 SECONDARY COLLECTION

Secondary collection points are located at various locations in the city. KMC vehicles directly attend to

these points and transport the waste to dump locations. All The waste from secondary collection points

is transported by using 26 tractors in Kakinada and dumped at Port Land.

Table 4-2: Details of Secondary Collection System

Component Number

Dust Bins Steel dust bins

Sweeping Staff 479

Vehicles used for secondary collection Tractor- 26 nos

Mini lorry 4 nos

Secondary collection Bins 85

Source Kakinada Municipal corporation

4.4 TRANSPORTATION



The vehicles involved in the solid waste transportation in Kakinada include 26 tractors and 4nos of mini

lorries. These vehicles are involved in the transportation of waste from the primary waste collection,

street sweepings, debris, and secondary collection points. Tractor trailers are being utilized for waste

collection from secondary point and transported to dump sites.

4.5 VEHICLE MAINTENANCE

KMC is not having any proper vehicle garage and vehicle depot. At present all the vehicles are parked

within the KMC Office limits only.

4.6 STAFFING DETAILS

The Sanitary Department of KMC has total employee strength of 879 (involved in waste management).

Table 4-3: Details of Solid Waste Staff

Staff Number

Permanent sweepers 479

Outsource workers 400

Source: Kakinada Municipal Corporation

4.7 QUANTITY OF SOLID WASTE

As Information given by the KMC officials the quantity of waste generated was 205 MT/day in 2015,

which is high as compared to the CPHEEO norms. This may be because of high percentage of silt

generated during the desilting of the open drains as Kakinada does not have underground sewerage

system.

4.8 PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE

Kakinada has small composting unit having capacity of 1 TPD only. The waste collected from vegetable

market is being treated over here. The corporation has purchased composting machine to treat the bio-

degradable waste by using organic power mixed with water. The composted waste as fertilizer is being

sold at the rate of 5 Rs/Kg to the farmers. However, considering the amount of waste generated in the

Kakinada, it is very small. At present entire waste collected is dumped into the port site area located at

revenue colony at eastern side of the city. It is approximately 1 km away from the city area.



Figure 4-2:Dump sites in Kakinada

4.9 DEFICIENCY ANALYSIS - EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Present waste management is much better than the earlier years, but still there are some issues in the

existing system. There are issues that need to be addressed such as absence of segregation practice,

absence of Weigh Bridge and lack of scientific disposal facility. The issues identified with the current

management system are highlighted in Table 4-4.

Solid Waste Management practices in Kakinada City need improvements to make it more effective and

efficient. The following aspects of the present system shall be addressed to establish a solid waste

management system for the city.

Table 4-4: Deficiency Analysis in present scenario of SWM in Kakinada City

Component Remarks

Segregation at

Source

No segregation at source is happening presently in Kakinada.

Recyclables including newspapers, plastics and metals are collected by rag

pickers.

Primary Primary Collection is happening in most parts of the city but not 100%.



Component Remarks

Collection

Secondary

Collection

Insufficient number of collection points, at more than the desirable spacing

of 50-500 m.

Most of the collection points are open points and unhygienic

Absence of provision to dump the waste in separate biodegradable

(green)/recyclable (blue) containers.

Mixing of drain silt at this level.

Manual lifting of the waste from the collection points leading to spilling of

waste.

Street Sweeping Inefficient street sweeping operations.

The current sweeping does not cover all the roads and streets.

Transportation Absence of arrangement for lifting of waste from congested by lanes of

markets and remote areas of the city.

Community

Participation

Community participation is absent.

Public Awareness Absence of significant educational programs, campaigns, NGO activities for

public awareness on solid waste management, significance of recycling, reuse

and segregation of MSW.

Disposal Absence of waste processing practices.

Absence of scientific disposal

Absence of Weigh Bridge at operational disposal sites.

Absence of proper processing plants.



5 PLANNING AND DESIGN CRITERIA ADOPTED

5.1 DESIGN CRITERIA

The following phases are considered for the Design of Proposed Solid Waste Management in Kakinada.

Generation

Storage

Primary collection

Secondary collection and Transportation

Processing/ Treatment

Final Disposal

5.2 GUIDELINES FOR QUANTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLID

WASTE

The information on the quantity of waste generation and disposal, nature of wastes, its composition,

physical and chemical characteristics are the basic needs for planning and designing of solid waste

management system. Quantity of wastes should be ascertained by weighing the waste, for seven

consecutive days by collecting representative samples from various waste generating sources. For

assessing the collection and transportation efficiency, weighing of waste reaching at the intermediate

points and disposal point is also important.

Characterization of waste is required to be carried out to know the physical and chemical characteristics

of the waste. One sample per day for a particular type of location should be collected for physical and

chemical parameters. The process should be repeated for seven consecutive days. In the present study,

the quantification is done for Kakinada Municipal Corporation for one week and the results are

compared with the norms given in CPHEEO manual. The norms for solid waste generation and

characterization as per CPHEEO manual are given in following sections.



5.3 NORMS FOR QUANTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION

5.3.1 Domestic House Holds

Waste quantities generated by an individual are linked to economic activity and resource consumption.

The consumption of raw materials and finished product by the community is directly proportional to the

Gross National Product (GNP) of the country. The solid waste quantities generated by an individual are

directly proportional to the quantity of material consumed and thus the increase in per capita solid

waste quantities would be directly proportional to the per capita increase in GNP. Various studies, as

mentioned below, are been made to assess the increase in the per capita waste generation per annum

based on which the increase in per capita waste generation for Kakinada is adopted. The norms given

for domestic households as per CPHEEO manual are given below.

Table 5-1: Norms for Garbage Generation

Garbage Generated From Average Waste

Population range upto 1 lakh 0.27 Kg per person per day

Population range 1 to 5 lakh 0.31 Kg per person per day

Population range 5 to 10 lakh 0.45 Kg per person per day

Population range 10 to 20 lakh 0.67Kg per person per day

5.3.2 Street Sweeping

Street sweeping waste is mainly inert waste comprising of dust, sand, dry leaves and small stones. This

waste also contains litter and animal droppings. To estimate the waste generated by street sweeping

activities, the per capita generation rate as indicated by Central Public Health and Environmental

Engineering Organization (CPHEEO) has been considered. As per the CPHEEO manual the per capita

waste generation through street sweeping is 0.05 to 0.2 kg/capita/day. The range has been indicated

for cities with population from 1 lakh to 50- lakhs.

5.3.3 Institutional Waste

To estimate the waste generated by institutional activities like office, educational institutes, hospitals

(non-bio-medical waste), etc. the per capita generation rate as indicated by CPHEEO has been

considered. With reference to the CPHEEO manual the per capita waste generation by institutions is

0.05 to 0.2 kg/capita/day. The range has been indicated for cities with population from 1 lakh to 50

lakhs.



5.3.4 Norms for Characterization

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Indian cities and towns are depicted in the Table 5-2 as

compiled by NEERI, although the consultant will give emphasis on the primary data to be collected and

analyzed as per norms.

Table 5-2: Physical Characteristics of Municipal Solid Wastes in Indian Cities

Population

Range (in

millions)

Number of

cities

surveyed

Waste composition (in percent)

Paper Rubber leather

and Synthetics

Glass Metals Total

compostable

matter

Inert

0.1 to 0.5 12 2.91 0.78 0.56 0.33 44.57 43.59

0.5 to 1.0 15 2.95 0.73 0.35 0.32 40.04 43.59

1.0 to 2.0 9 4.71 0.71 0.46 0.49 38.95 44.73

2.0 to 5.0 3 3.18 0.48 0.48 0.59 56.67 49.07

>5.0 4 6.43 0.28 0.94 0.8 30.84 53.9

Table 5-3: Physical Characteristics of Municipal Solid Wastes in Indian Cities

Population

Range (in

millions)

Number

of cities

surveye

d

Moisture(

%) of

Wastes

Organic

matter

(%) of

Wastes

Nitrogen

vs total

Nitrogen

Phosphor

ous as

P2O3 (%)

of Wastes

Potassiu

m as K2O

(%) of

Wastes

C/N

Ratio

Calorifi

c value

in

kcal/kg

0.1 to 0.5 12 25.81 37.09 0.71 0.63 0.83 30.94 43.59

0.5 to 1.0 15 19.52 25.14 0.66 0.56 0.69 21.13 43.59

1.0 to 2.0 9 26.98 26.89 0.64 0.82 0.72 23.68 44.73

2.0 to 5.0 3 21.03 25.6 0.56 0.69 0.78 22.45 49.07

>5.0 4 38.72 39.07 0.56 0.52 0.52 30.11 53.9

5.4 STORAGE AND COLLECTION

With the vision “The cities and towns in Andhra Pradesh shall be clean with high quality of public

health” the expected outcomes shall be:

Complete segregation at source as per MSW Rules

100% door-to-door collection



It is for that reason the storage and primary collection system will be designed adequately. Waste is

continuously produced because of human activities. As this waste cannot be continuously removed, it

has to be stored and transported quickly at specific frequencies. The removal of waste from individual

houses often termed as ‘collection of waste’ can be carried out by using various methods such as house

to house and community bin system.

The expenditure on collection amounts to 45% – 75% of total cost of solid waste management system,

in the manually intensive system adopted in India. The transport cost increases and the collection cost

as the percentage of total cost reduces with increase in the size of the urban center. It is necessary to

pay more attention to this aspect so that better services could be provided at lesser cost.

Source segregation and storage is not the primary responsibility of the KMC. However, if achieved,

there will be a significant improvement in the waste quality and subsequently improvement in the

waste processing.

Source segregation of recyclables and biodegradables (organic waste) will not only provide an efficient

way for resource recovery, but will also substantially reduce the pressure and pollution at landfill sites.

Recycling conserves natural resources and reduces the carbon footprint. It is understood that

implementation of such practices takes time to reach significant levels and requires cooperation from

the public. However, initiation should be made and efforts should be diverted to progressively increase

the segregation practices. Community Participation indicates various actions that could be taken by

KMC to increase the public participation for the management of MSW. The following sections deal with

issues that need to be considered for source segregation and various options available to KMC to

implement the system.

Waste segregation at source can be achieved by storing dry and wet fraction of MSW in two different

bins/ bags and dispose them separately.

Table 5-4: MSW Source Segregation – categories

Bio-degradable (wet waste) Recyclable & Non-bio-degradable (dry waste)

Food & Green waste : Cooked/uncooked

food, vegetable, fruit, meat, borne, fish

waste, leaves, grass

Paper, Plastics, glass, metal, ceramic, rubber, leather,

rags, used cloths, wood, stone, sand, ash, thermocol,

straw & packing materials



However, it is not easy to implement source segregation practices immediately. A prolonged campaign

by KMC will be required with adequate budgetary provisions under Information Education and

Communication Programs which will be, taken up with the help of NGO’s

MOEF Recommends a 3 Bin system of storage of waste, however, such a system of segregation in the

initial stages of waste management is difficult for the community to practice. It is hence proposed to

establish a system based on ‘2 Bin system of Solid Waste Storage at source. Every household is

encouraged to keep separate Bins/containers for Food/Green waste and Recyclables/Non-bio

degradable waste.

The household bin for food & green waste could be of 30 liters capacity made of plastic / reinforced

plastic / LDPE or metal.

5.5 DOOR TO DOOR COLLECTION SYSTEM

Table 5-5:Tricycle with bins

Type Tricycle with bins

Application / Usage Collection of waste from households and commercial

establishments

Collection of waste from open dumping points

Transportation of waste to nearest bin or directly into the

bigger vehicle

Covers streets and colonies

Can travel / cover very short distances

Manual operations involved

Models available The tricycles can be fabricated by the local vendors as per the

requirements

Suitable for Door to door collection of waste from residential areas /

colonies in corporations / municipalities

Suitable in plain areas only

Suitable for closely located individual households like slums

and LIG colonies



Figure 5-1:- Tricycle with bins

Table 5-6:- Wheeler auto with tipping hopper

Type 3-wheeler auto with tipping hopper

Application / Usage Collection of waste from households, commercial

establishments and institutions


Collection and transportation of street sweeping & drain

cleaning silt


bigger vehicle

Covers small areas and short distances

Models available 3-wheeler auto are supplied by different manufacturers. The

hopper can be designed for 0.5 to 0.8 m3 capacity.


colonies in corporations & municipalities

Direct collection of waste from commercial and institutional

sources in corporations & municipalities

Direct collection of horticulture waste and street sweeping &

drain cleaning silt in corporations & municipalities

Can collect waste from narrow lanes and congested areas.



Figure 5-2:- wheeler auto with tipping hopper

Table 5-7:- wheeler minivan/auto with tipping hopper

Type 4-wheeler minivan/auto with tipping hopper

Application / Usage Collection of waste from households, commercial

establishments and institutions


Collection and transportation of street sweeping & drain

cleaning silt


bigger vehicle or to the treatment & disposal facility

Covers ward level areas and medium distances

Models available 4-wheeler auto are supplied by different manufacturers. The

hopper can be designed for 0.8 to 1.2 m3 capacity.


colonies in corporations & municipalities

Direct collection of waste from commercial and institutional

sources in corporations / municipalities

Direct collection of horticulture waste and street sweeping &

drain cleaning silt in corporations & municipalities

Collection of waste from areas with steep slopes

Can collect waste from narrow lanes



Figure 5-3:- Wheeler minivan/auto with tipping hopper

5.6 SECONDARY COLLECTION SYSTEM

Table 5-8:- Small Mechanically Lifted Bins

Type Small Mechanically Lifted Bins

Application / Usage Collection of waste from residential colonies, commercial areas

and institutional premises

Storage of waste at hotels, function halls malls and multiplexes

Stores the waste till it is being transported

Movable bins and easy to handle

The bins can be emptied mechanically into the compactor / front

end loader

Limited manual operations involved

Models available Generally these bins are made of HDPE material

The bins are available in 60, 80, 90, 120, 140, 180, 240, 260, 270,

320, 340 and 360 lit capacity

Various colours are available to suit the requirements of the

users

Suitable for Waste collection from communities, colonies and street side in

corporations & municipalities

More suitable for small municipalities

Suitable for areas where more bins are required to be placed in

less area



Figure: 5-4 : Small Mechanically Lifted Bins

Table 5-9:- Large Mechanically Lifted Bins

Type Large Mechanically Lifted Bins

Application / Usage Collection of waste from community collection points,

residential colonies, commercial areas, parks, markets and

institutional premises

Storage of waste at hotels, function halls, malls and multiplexes

Stores the waste till it is being transported

Movable bins and easy to handle

The bins can be emptied mechanically into the Compactors

Limited manual operations involved

Models available Generally these bins are made of HDPE material

The bins are available in 500, 660, 770, 1000, 1100, 1700 and

2000 lit capacity

Various colours and shapes are available to suit the

requirements of the users

Suitable for Waste collection from secondary collection points,

communities, colonies and street side in corporations &

municipalities

More suitable for medium to large municipalities and

corporations

Suitable for areas where medium quantity of waste is

accumulated



Figure: 5-5 – Large Mechanically Lifted Bins

5.7 VEHICLES

Table 5-10:- Open Body Trucks

Type Open Body Trucks

Application / Usage Transportation of waste from open collection / community

points and static containers / bins

Transportation of waste from medium to long distance

depending upon the size of the truck

Models available Various manufactures available providing the models ranging

from 10 m3 or 8 m3on vehicle capacity

Suitable for Suitable for small to medium municipalities and corporations for

transportation of waste

The system involves manual handling of waste which is not in

compliance with MSW Rules, 2000



Figure5-6– Open Body Trucks

Table 5-11:- Compactors

Type Compactors

Application / Usage Collection and transportation of waste from compactor bins of

all sizes

Transportation of waste from short to long distance depending

upon the size of the compactor

Models available Various manufactures available providing the models ranging

from 3.5m3 to 18m3 capacity

Suitable for Suitable for small & medium municipalities and corporations for

transportation of waste

The system involves limited manual handling i.e dragging &

connecting the bin to unloading arm

Figure5-7– Compactors

Figure 5-8:Schematic Diagram for Collection and Disposal

Primary Collection



5.8 BRIEF ON PROPOSALS FOR KAKINADA

The following system has been proposed for Kakinada Municipal Solid Waste Management System.

Following proposals are suggested for Municipal Solid Waste Management for Kakinada Municipal

Corporation:

Infrastructure required for House Hold Collection of Waste - Bins

Infrastructure required for Street Sweeping – Bins, street sweeping machines and other manual

sweeping equipment.

Infrastructure required for collection of waste from commercial establishments, markets and

other institutions – Bins.

Vehicles for primary collections and secondary transportation – Cycle Rickshaws, Auto Tippers,

Compactor Vehicles.

Transfer Station.

Bio Remediation of Existing Dump Yard of 1.02 lakhs Tons through Bio Mining.

Transporting the waste to Waste to Energy Plant at Vemagiri near Rajahmundry.

Bio Methanation plant for highly biodegradable organic matter at Big Markets, Ramayyampeta

Market and Rythu Bazar.

Tricycles with dustbins/

Push carts/Auto Tippers

Source Segregation

(2 Household Bins)

Secondary Collection

Point (2 compactor

bins)(one for

biodegradable other for

nonbio degradable)

Transportation by Refuse

Compactors of 14 cum

capacity

Refuse Transfer station

for further segregation

Waste to Energy Plant

(Yuvraj Power Plant) at

Vemagiri

Biomethanisation Plant

Market Waste (Organic)

Rejects



6 PROPOSED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

6.1 POPULATION PROJECTION

The population projection methods namely, arithmetic progression, geometric progression and

incremental increase method have been tried to project the population. Owing to the decrease in %

growth of population Geometric method found not suitable. Arithmetic method is adopted to forecast

the population for 25 years for the town. The detailed Population Projections are given in Annexure.

Table 6-1: Population Projection of Kakinada

Year Projected Population Year Projected Population

2017 345901 2030 389050

2018 349220 2031 392369

2019 352539 2032 395689

2020 355858 2033 399008

2021 359177 2034 402327

2022 362497 2035 405646

2023 365816 2036 408965

2024 369135 2037 412285

2025 372454 2038 415604

2026 375773 2039 418923

2027 379093 2040 422242

2028 382412 2041 425561

2029 385731 2042 428881

Source: Analysis

6.2 QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

6.2.1 Introduction

Estimating the quantity and projection of solid waste generated in Kakinada is one of the primary tasks

of the present study. These projections are strongly influenced by climatic, social, cultural and economic

status of the society. A comprehensive assessment was carried out for waste quantification and

characterization.



Waste composition, characteristics and quantities of solid waste is essential for the following reasons;

It provides the basic data on which the waste management system is planned, designed and

operated.

The trend of changes in composition and quantity of waste over a period of time are known

which help in future planning.

It provides the information for the selection of quantum of equipment and appropriate

technology.

It indicates the amount and type of material suitable for processing, recovery and recycling.

The waste generation rates have been worked out on the basis of field surveys, waste sampling and

discussion with the different waste generators and the officials of the corporation. The results of the

study are set out in this section.

6.2.2 Estimation of Per Capita Waste Generation and Present Waste Quantity

Per capita waste quantification for Kakinada was carried out by following methods;

Quantity of waste as reported by respective ULB- Quantity of waste as reported by ULB has been

recorded and further verified with the actual number of trips being carried at dump site on day to day

basis.

The waste reported by ULB and calculated by survey is compared with the norms given by the CPHEEO

manual.

As per survey per capita waste generation is obtained as 534 gms/capita/day. Rate of growth of per

capita generation of solid waste is adopted as 2% for every year. Projected waste generation from the

ULB is shown below and the same is confirmed by municipal corporation officials.

Table 6-1: Projected Solid waste generation in Kakinada

Year Projected Population

Waste Generation

(Per Capita/Day)

Total Domestic

Waste(TPD)

Commercial Establishment (TPD)

Street sweeping

(TPD)

Institutional

(TPD)

Total Waste

Generated (TPD)

2015 339,262 300 102 31 25 23 181

2016 342,581 305 104 31 26 26 188

2017 345,901 309 107 32 27 27 192



Year Projected Population

Waste Generation

(Per Capita/Day)

Total Domestic

Waste(TPD)

Commercial Establishment (TPD)

Street sweeping

(TPD)

Institutional

(TPD)

Total Waste

Generated (TPD)

2018 349,220 314 110 33 28 28 198

2019 352,539 318 112 34 29 29 204

2020 355,858 323 115 35 29 29 209

2021 359,177 330 118 36 30 30 215

2022 362,497 336 122 37 31 31 222

2023 365,816 343 125 39 32 32 228

2024 369,135 350 129 40 33 33 235

2025 372,454 357 133 41 34 34 242

2026 375,773 364 137 42 35 35 249

2027 379,093 371 141 43 36 36 257

2028 382,412 379 145 45 37 37 264

2029 385,731 386 149 46 38 38 271

2030 389,050 394 153 47 39 39 279

2031 392,369 402 158 48 40 40 287

2032 395,689 410 162 50 42 42 295

2033 399,008 416 166 51 43 43 303

2034 402,327 424 171 53 44 44 311

2035 405,646 433 176 54 45 45 320

2036 408,965 441 181 56 46 46 329

2037 412,285 450 186 57 48 48 339

2038 415,604 459 191 59 49 49 348

2039 418,923 466 195 61 51 51 357

2040 422,242 476 201 62 52 52 367

2041 425,561 485 206 64 53 53 377

2042 428,881 494 212 66 55 55 388

6.3 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE

Characterization of municipal solid waste is carried using out by taking representative samples at three locations

one from existing secondary collection point (fresh waste) , second from old waste from dump site and the third

from fresh waste from dump sites of towns. Sample waste collected has been sorted using Quarter & coning



Sampling Procedure, as mentioned in CPHEEO manual. Physical characteristics of waste is derived at the site by in-

situ manual sorting of the waste. Following are the constituents and their average weights in percentage of waste.

Table 6-2: Physical Characteristics – Kakinada

S. No Physical Characteristics Fresh

Waste in town

Old waste at Dumpsite

Fresh waste at Dumpsite

Average

1 Organic Waste 47.2% 49.3% 48.1%

48.2%

Total 47.2% 49.3% 48.1% 48.2%

2 Garden Waste 7.9% 6.8% 6.4% 7.0%

3 Coconut Shells 2.8% 3.1% 3.2% 3.1%

4 ply wood, Wood chips, Broken furniture

6.6% 5.9% 6.1%

6.2%

5 Plastics 2.9% 2.4% 2.8% 2.7%

6 Paper 7.2% 7.5% 8.2% 7.6%

7 Textiles 2.2% 1.9% 2.0% 2.0%

Total 29.6% 27.6% 28.7% 28.7%

8 Metals 0.6% 0.8% 0.7% 0.7%

9 Glass & Ceramics 1.5% 1.4% 1.6% 1.5%

10 Rubber & Synthetics 1.8% 1.3% 1.6% 1.6%

Total 3.9% 3.5% 3.9% 3.8%

11 Dust, Stone, Debris & Boulders 19.3% 19.6% 19.3% 19.4%

Total 19.3% 19.6% 19.3% 19.4%

Grand Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Source: Analysis

The above constituents are classified as follows.



S. No

Physical Characteristics Average Further Classification Composition

1 Organic Waste 48.2% Biodegradable 48.2%

Total 48.2%

2 Garden Waste 7.0%

Nonbiodegradable/combustible/recyclable

32.4%

3 Coconut Shells 3.1%

4 ply wood, Wood chips, Broken furniture

6.2%

5 Plastics 2.7%

6 Paper 7.6%

7 Textiles 2.0%

Total 28.7%

8 Metals 0.7%

9 Glass & Ceramics 1.5%

10 Rubber & Synthetics 1.6%

Total 3.8%

11 Dust, Stone, Debris & Boulders 19.4% Inert 19.4%

Total 19.4%

Grand Total 100.0%

100.0%

Chemical Characteristics of the waste is analysed Vison Labs, the MOEF accredited lab in Hyderabad.

The analysis report for different parameters of the waste for ULB is attached.

6.4 STORAGE AND COLLECTION

All residents shall be encouraged through information and education campaign to;

Keep the food waste, kitchen waste and other bio-degradable waste as and when generated, in

the domestic waste container as prescribed and made available by the KMC for the purpose and

Keep recyclable and non-biodegradable waste in the waste container prescribed and supplied by

the KMC for the said purpose.



Use of a non-corrosive container is recommended for storage of food, bio-degradable waste. A Poly

Ethylene (PE) container in Green color of 30 Liter (0.03 Cubic Meter) capacity for a family of five

members or part thereof shall be provided by the KMC free of cost at the first instance only. Similar

arrangement may be made for storage of dry waste with a 30 Liter capacity PE container of Dark Blue

color.

The life cycle of bins is considered as 3 years. Details of twin bins requirement 2017 to 2041 is

presented below.

Table 6-3: House Holds bins Requirement

Years

Pre

sen

t 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029

Population 345901 355858 365816 375773 345901

No. of House holds 96852 99640 102428 105216 96852

No. of new Households

96852 2788 2788 2788 96852

Quantity of House hold bins required

193704 5576 5576 5576 193704

Table Continued…

Years 2032 2035 2038 2041

Population 385731 395689 405646 415604

No. of House holds 108005 110793 113581 116369

No. of new Households 2789 2788 2788 2788


5578 5576 5576 5576

6.5 PRIMARY COLLECTION

6.5.1 Household Collection

6.5.1.1 Door to Door Collection - Congested Lanes

It is assumed that 60% population lives in congested lane, hence for collection of Municipal solid waste

from KMC area is proposed to be collected from the households as well as petty vendors by deploying

tricycle containing 8no’s of 30 liter capacity poly ethylene bins similar to those used for storing the

waste in households.



It is proposed that for every 200 Household one tricycles is required to be deployed. Door-to-door

waste collection could be privatized in the entire Kakinada city. Ward wise responsibility will be

assigned to private operators/NGO for implementation of this plan. Waste collectors will collect waste

on a day-to-day basis in two types of bins - green bins for bio-degradable and blue bins for recyclables.

The door-to-door collection of waste from congested lanes shall be done on a daily basis between 6:00

AM and 1:00 PM. The KMC shall ensure that infrastructure is made available for undertaking this

activity in compliance with the MSW Rules 2000.

The waste so collected is proposed to be transported to the nearest community bins (660 litr) placed at

convenient location on the approach roads.

The normal life of a tricycle is 3 years, provided it is maintained properly. Details of tricycle along with

twin bins requirement from Year 2017 to 2041 is presented below

Table 6-4 : Tricycles Requirement

Years

Pre

sen

t 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029

Population Projections 345901 355858 365816 375773 385731

No. of House holds 96852 99640 102428 105216 108005

Households living in Congested lane (60% of Population)

38741 39856 40971 42086 43202

Tri-Cycle for every 200HH (1000 persons) 194 199 205 210 216

Standby @ 10% 19 20 21 21 22

Total Tricycles required 201 12 219 226 231 238

Table Continued…

Years 2032 2035 2038 2041

Population Projections 395689 405646 415604 425561

No. of House holds 110793 113581 116369 119157

Households living in Congested lane (60% of Population) 44317 45432 46548 47663

Tri-Cycle for every 200HH (1000 persons) 222 227 233 238

Standby @ 10% 22 23 23 24

Total Tricycles required 244 250 256 262



Table 6-5 : Tricycle bin (8 no's per tricycle) Requirement

Years

Pre

sen

t 2017

2020

2023

2026

2029

Tricycle bin (8 no's per tricycle) 0 96 1752 1808 1848 1904

Table continued…

Years

2032 2035 2038 2041

Tricycle bin (8 no's per tricycle) 1952 2000 2048 2096

Techincal specification

Containerized Rickshaws (8 Bin/30 Ltr each) and Bins

30 Liters Rickshaw Bin:

Capacity : 30 liters with adequate strength to handle a weight 15 kg

Raw Material : LLDPE

Process : ROTO Molding

Features : Heavy Duty handle makes it easy to lift. Smooth finish inside and

outside – so easy to wipe and clean.

Specifications of Tricycle:

Tricycle with sturdy bar frame, with the rider in the front; big hubs with sealed bearings, two

standard brakes and brake with lever reaching next to the seat to lock vehicle in position. Axle

capacity of minimum 400kgs; colour: shade black.

Rear carrier arrangement with support on rear axle of dimensions about 1.3 x 0.7 x 0.3 m (l x b x

h) to accommodate 8 PE Containers, made from sturdy tubular / angular frame with 6 mm thick

hooks placed at 30 cm c/c on top bar to hang bags. A closed hook of 16 mm rod for securing the

tricycle.

2 standard brakes and one additional brake with a lever next to the seat to lock the vehicle in

position.

Anti-corrosive paddle with wear resistant rubber cover

Two coats of first quality paint to ensure long lasting structure suitable for use for handling raw

garbage under corrosive operations. Color shade black



A bell. Cycle lock, amber reflectors at front and rear

Figure 6-1: Tricycle with bins

6.5.1.2 Door to Door Collection - Non-Congested lanes

The use of tricycles entails manual handling of the waste. Even though compartments / bins are

provided on the tricycles, it will not eliminate the manual handling. Thus to improve the present door to

door collection system fully mechanized auto tippers are proposed for door to door collection activity

for non-congested lanes in KMC city. In this system the auto stops at the entrance of the

house/establishment and individual household bin is picked up by a refuse collector from the premises

who empties it and places it at the same location. Auto tippers can operate on a larger radius than

tricycles. Auto tippers provide a better coverage of households, from a larger area with better

efficiency. Auto tippers also tip the waste directly into the Dust Bins. Auto tippers will have provision for

collection of wet and dry wastes separately. It is estimated that 40% of population lives in non-

congested lanes; hence auto tipper will be deployed for door to door collection of waste.

It is proposed that for every 1000 H.H one Auto tippers will be deployed. The door-to-door collection of

waste from Non-congested lanes shall be done on a day-to-day basis between 6:00 AM and 1:00 PM.

The KMC shall ensure that infrastructure is made available for undertaking this activity in compliance

with the MSW Rules 2000.

The waste so collected is proposed to be transported to the nearest community bins (1100 litr) placed

at convenient location on the approach roads.



Table 6-6 : Estimation of No. of Households Covered by Auto Tipper

Item Quantity

Volume of Hopper 2 m3

Density of Waste 400 kg/m3

Number of Households Covered by each Auto Tipper 2000 HH/Day

Auto tipper consists of one driver and 2 helpers who shall be given time schedule and route map for

door to door collection. After entering in to the collection area the auto tipper will blow the horn or

vigil. The helpers of the auto tippers will go to the households and collect the waste from the

households and place the same into the auto tippers. The auto tipper move slowly or stopped at a

particular point till the street households are covered by the helpers of the auto tippers. After the full

load the auto tipper will move to the nearest Dust Bin and unload the waste. The auto tipper will have

provision for collecting and transporting segregated waste. Thus to implement 100% door to door

collection system in KMC area it is required to deploy 32 Auto Tippers(2M3).

Normal life of auto tipper is 5 years provided it is maintained properly. As the population increases,

naturally waste generation increase, hence requirement for door to door collection increase.

Requirement of Auto tippers from Year 2017 to 2042 presented below.

Table 6-7 : Auto Tippers Requirement

Year 2017 2022 2027 2032 2037 2042

Population 345901 362497 379093 395689 412285 428881

No. of House holds 96852 72499 75819 79138 82457 85776

40% of Households 58111 43499 45491 47483 49474 51466

No. of Auto tippers required 58 43 45 47 49 51

Standby @ 15% 9 6 7 7 7 8

Total requirement 67 49 52 54 56 59

Deduct Existing Tippers 28

Net Requirement 39 49 52 54 56 59



Figure 6-2:- wheeler auto with tipping hopper

6.5.2 Collection from Commercial Establishment

At present there is no direct collection of waste from commercial establishments, the waste generation

in this areas is low when compared to that of the residential sectors. KMC shall direct all trades and

establishment that they should not throw their solid wastes, and yard sweepings on to the footpaths,

streets or open spaces. It is proposed to deploy 60lit capacity wheel (2 nos) operated dust bin for

covering 50 shops. Helper of each 60 lit wheel operated bin shall collect the waste from each

establishment and moves to the nearest compactor bin and unload the waste into that. Normal life of

wheel operated bins is 3 years if it maintained properly. Assuming Rate of Growth of Commercial

establishment to be 1.5% per annum, Requirement of wheel operated bins from 2017 to 2041 is

presented below.

Table 6-8 : Wheel operated bins Requirement

Year Present 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029

Commercial establishments 3500 3675 3859 4052 4254

No. of Commercial Bins (Black) 1no./50 units 70 74 77 81 85

No. of Commercial Bins (Blue) 1no./50 units 70 74 77 81 85

Total no. of Bins Required 0 140 148 154 162 170



Table continued…

Year 2032 2035 2038 2041

Commercial establishments 4467 4690 4925 5171

No. of Commercial Bins (Black) 1no./50 units 89 94 98 103

No. of Commercial Bins (Blue) 1no./50 units 89 94 98 103

Total no. of Bins Required 178 188 196 206

Figure: 6-3 : Small Mechanically Lifted Bins

6.5.3 Street sweeping

In order to improve the street sweeping system, all the roads and lanes having habitation &/or

commercial activities shall be covered on a day to day basis. This may be done by adhering to CPHEEO

norms and the following;

For street sweeping and collection of Municipal Solid Waste (4 hours)

a. Average road width 80 ft. ... One worker / 350 meters length

b. Average road width60 ft. ... One worker / 500 meters length

c. Average road width< 40 ft. ... One worker / 750 meters length



It is planned to cover 100% of the total road length of Kakinada will be cleaned by human

intervention/manual sweeping. It is planned to clean 40% of the roads to be cleaned daily, 30% on

alternate day and 20% once a week sweeping. The requirement of sweepers is given below

Table 6-9: No of sweepers required for Manual street sweeping

Year Norms 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029

Road length 1.05 681 715 751 788 828

Road length to be covered by Manual Sweeping (100%)

0.90 613 644 676 710 745

Daily sweeping of length of road (Km) 0.40 245 257 270 284 298

Alternate day sweeping (Km) 0.30 184 193 203 213 223

Once a week sweeping (Km) 0.20 123 129 135 142 149

Sweepers Requirement at average of 1 per 750 running meter length / day on both sides sweeping

1 per 750

running

Meter

Daily(Nos): 245.16

Km 327 343 360 378 397

Alternate day(Nos): 183.87K

m or

91.935K

m/ daily

245 257 270 284 298

Weekly(Nos): 122.58K

m or

17.51Km

/ daily

163 172 180 189 199

No. of Sweepers 735 772 810 851 894

Table continued…

Year Norms 2032 2035 2038 2041

Road length 1.05 869 913 958 1006


0.90 782 821 862 906

Daily sweeping of length of road (Km) 0.40 313 329 345 362

Alternate day sweeping (Km) 0.30 235 246 259 272

Once a week sweeping (Km) 0.20 156 164 172 181



Year Norms 2032 2035 2038 2041

Sweepers Requirement at average of 1 per 750 running meter length / day on both sides sweeping

1 per 750 running

Meter

Daily(Nos): 245.16 Km 417 438 460 483

Alternate day(Nos): 183.87Km or

91.935Km/ daily 313 329 345 362

Weekly(Nos): 122.58Km or

17.51Km/ daily 209 219 230 241

No. of Sweepers 939 986 1035 1086

Daily sweeping is required along the main roads, commercial centers, markets in high density areas.

Street cleaning needs to be undertaken on all days at major locations including Sundays and public

holidays with special focus on busy centers, markets, bus terminals, railway stations and tourist places.

6.5.4 Requirement of Hand carts:

As mentioned earlier, to cover 681 km of roads in KMC, One crew has to be provided with one

containerized cart with 6 box handcart (capacity 0.01 Tons), for collection of sweepings and for kerb

side collection from shops/offices. The waste collecting from the carts is disposed in the nearest Dust

Bins.

The worker engaged in street sweeping shall be provided with long handle broom, metal trays, Gum

boots, gloves, shovels and uniforms. The sweepers should work in pairs, carrying out the following:

Sweeping road

Collecting the sweeping in container handcart

Cleaning the drains which are included within the street sweeping activity

Carrying the drain cleanings

Depositing the sweeping & drain cleanings in the nearby container(1100lit bin)

Kerb side collection from shops/establishments along the road/street

The Normal life of hand carts is 3 years, requirement of handcarts from 2017 to 2041 presented below.



Table 6-10 : Hand Carts and Sweepers Requirement

Year Present 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029

Road length 1.05 681 715 751 788 828


0.90 613 644 676 710 745

No. of hand carts required (5% stand by) 65 707 811 851 894 939

Table continued…

Year 2032 2035 2038 2041

Road length 869 913 958 1006

Road length to be covered by Manual Sweeping (100%) 782 821 862 906

No. of hand carts required (5% stand by) 986 1035 1087 1140

6.6 MACHINE SWEEPING

Machine sweeping is proposed for 10% of the roads in Kakinada. The requirement for the same is

assessed as follows.

Table 6-11 : Machine Sweeping Requirement

S. No

Description of Parameters Norms 2017 2025 2032 2040

1 Self Propelled Road Sweeping Machine Sweeping Speed 6-8Km

per hour

2 Total length of the road 681 788 869 1006

3 Length of Road under street sweeping machine (10% of total roads)

10% 69 79 87 101

4 No. of operating hours per day 8 8 8 8 8

5 Total Road Sweeping Machines required @ 8 hours working per day

1trip/day 1 1 1 2

6.7 SECONDARY COLLECTION

6.7.1 Compactor Bins Requirement

The main objective of the secondary collection system is to store the waste temporarily and transport it

as early as possible. Waste is temporarily stored in the secondary collection points prior its

transportation disposal site. At present there is no provision for waste storage



It is proposed to follow the two bins system at each collection point for secondary collection. Organic

waste bins are proposed to be in green color and inorganic or non-biodegradable waste bins are

proposed to be in black color. The infrastructure for secondary collection systems is estimated below.

Waste which is collected from households through tricycles and Auto tippers and waste which is

collected through 100lit wheel operated from commercial establishment shall deposit waste at these

assigned bins.

Normal life of HDPE bins is 3 years, provided it is maintained properly. Requirement of bins from 2017

to 2041 presented as follows:

Table 6-12 : Compactor Bins (0.66 cum) Requirement

Year P

rese

nt 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029

Road length 681 715 751 788 828

No of green bins required (500mtrs one bin req.) 1362 1430 1502 1577 1656

No. of black bin required( 500 mtrs one bin req) 1362 1430 1502 1577 1656

Total No. of bins required 0 2724 2860 3003 3153 3311

Table continued..

Year 2032 2035 2038 2041

Road length 869 913 958 1006

No of green bins required (500mtrs one bin req.) 1738 1825 1916 2012

No. of black bin required( 500 mtrs one bin req.) 1738 1825 1916 2012

Total No. of bins required 3477 3650 3833 4025

6.7.1.1 Technical specification of 1.1 cum bin:

Table 6-13 :Technical specification of 1.1 cum bin

Description Specification

Color of bin for bio degradable waste Green

Color of bin for non-bio degradable waste Black

Volume in Liters 1100

Dead weight in Kg 50

Useful load in Kg 440



Description Specification

Overall height in mm 1354

Overall width in mm 1373

Overall depth in mm 1073

Upper edge comb in mm 1206

Wheel diameter in mm 200

Figure: 6-4 – Compactor Bins

6.7.2 Secondary Transportation

Transportation of waste stored at secondary storage locations (container locations) at regular intervals

is essential to ensure that bins/ containers overflow & waste is not seen littered on the streets. Hygienic

conditions should be maintained in KMC by clearing the waste from the bins on a daily basis the

secondary transportation from bins to landfill shall be carried out by Refuse Compactor (14m3 & 8 m3 ).

The wet waste will be lifted as per the generation trend in various parts of the town. For dry waste, bins

will be cleared on an average once a week. Where ever there is necessity to increase the frequency it

shall be done. On this basis, refuse compactors will be deployed as per suggestion by KMC and makes 3

trips in a day by each compactor to clear the waste on day to basis. A standby refuse compactor will be

provided for any contingencies.

Normal life of Refuse compactors 7 years provided it is maintained properly. As the population

increases, naturally waste generation increase, Requirement of Refuse compactor from Year 2017 to

2041 is presented below.



Table 6-14 : Requirement of Refuse Compactor

S. No Description of Parameters

Capacity Norms 2017 2025 2032 2040

1 Refuse Compactors 14 m3 10 T pay load

2 Quantity of waste 192 242 295 367

3 The quantity of MSW in each bin container at 75% full of 1100 ltr

1.1 x 0.75 =0.83

M3 and 0.83 x

0.4 = 0.33 Ton

4 No of R.C Compactors trips required per day

14 m3 10T load 20 25 30 37

5 Number R.C Compactors required

14 m3 1 trip / day

6 Standby (@10 %) 14 m3

2 3 3 4

7 Number of Existing Compactors

14 m3 0 0 0 0

8 m3 0 0 0 0

8 Total Refuse Compactors required

14 m3 22 28 33 41

Table 6-15 : Technical Specifications of Refuse compactor (14m3)

DESCPRITION REQUIREMENT

MATERIAL FOR BODY

Material required for body making High tensile steel EN 24

Roof paneling 3 mm

side paneling 4 mm

Floor thickness 5 mm

Rear cross bar thickness min. 4 mm thick

MATERIAL FOR TAILGATE

Side Paneling Thickness 4 mm EN 36 steel

Rear side Hopper plate thickness 5 mm EN 36 steel

Hopper Bottom 6 mm high tensile steel

Superstructure member thickness 6 mm IS2062

Tailgate hopper mini capacity 2.04 CU.M.

EJECTOR SYSTEM

Ejector Plate Materials high tensile steel (ST 36)/2062 steel IS




Thickness 4 mm

Pads 4 nos. Aluminum bronze pads/ synthetic fibre

HYDRAULICS SYSTEM

P.T.O VEHICLE MANUFACTURER

Hydraulic pump pressure high pressure-2500 psi 80-90 l.p.m.

Packer plate Hyd Cylinder stroke 548 mm

Packer plate Hyd. Cyl. Internal Diameter 100 diameter

Tailgate Hyd. Cyl. Internal Diameter 70 mm

Tailgate Hyd. Cyl. Stroke 726 mm

Binlifter cylinder internal dia. 80

Binlifter cylinder stroke 250 mm

Carrier plate Cyl. Internal dia. 110

Carrier plate Cyl. Stroke 670

Ejector Cyl Telescopic type

Ejector Cyl . No. of stages 4

Ejector Cyl internal diameter 140

Ejector cy. Stroke 3455

Hyd. Valve Vehicle Manufacuture/ Vickers /Heil

Oil Capacity 125 ltrs

Size of suction filters 140 microns

Size of return line filter 10 microns

Size of Ejector Plate 920 X1740X2000

Cylinder duration for bin lifter 25 Seconds

Duration of Ejection 28 seconds

Pump and PTO mounting Directly coupled without any intermediate shaft

BIN LIFTER

Material Cortian or equivalent steel.

Length Min.1.40 mtrs

No. of cylinders Two

Type Double acting hydraulic cylinders




Capacity to lift(lit) Suitable to lift the standard containers of size 120

ltrs, 240, (HDPE Bins) 660 and 1100 ltrs. (GI Bins)

Material of bin catcher Hot dip high tensile steel/ cortian steel

Truck chassis 16 Ton GVW. min. wheelbase 4300 mm

Table 6-16 : Technical Specifications of Refuse compactor (8m3)

Materials used in Compactor:

S. No. Description Material Thickness

1 Main Container Body St-52/ Equivalent Side sheet - 3mm

Roof sheet - 3mm

Floor sheet -5mm 2 Refuse Ejection Barrier St-52/ Equivalent 3 mm

3 Tailgate floor Hardox 400/ Equivalent 5 mm

4 Sweeper plate Hardox 400/ Equivalent 5 mm

General & Hydraulic specification:

S. NO. Description Specification

1 Body volume 8 m3

2 Type of Garbage Agricultural, Semi Solid Waste, Domestic

3 Purpose of Compactor For collecting and transporting maximum garbage by

compaction

4 Type of Operation Automatic loading with Hydraulic Operation

5 Max Engine Speed 1500 rpm (In authorize mode)

6 Hydraulic Cylinders 9 Double Acting cylinders for all operations including Bin Lift

7 Hydraulic Pump Gear pump (52 cc/rev)

8 Hydraulic Flow 52 LPM at 1000 RPM

9 Hydraulic Tank 58 liters

10 Operating Pressure of the

system 165 - 175 bar

12 Operating pressure of

Pump

165 - 175 bar

13 Max. peak pressure

produced by pump 275 bar

14 Hydraulic Oil Specifications ISO grade 68 AW

Cylinder details:

Sr.No Description Size 1 Packer cylinder stroke 550 mm 2 Packer cylinder Internal dia. 80 mm



3 Tailgate cylinder stroke 500 mm 4 Tailgate cylinder internal dia. 70 mm 5 Bin lift cylinder internal dia. 70 mm 6 Bin lift cylinder stroke 240 mm 7 Sweeper cylinder internal dia. 80 mm 8 Sweeper cylinder stroke 410 mm

Figure6-5– Refuse Compactors



6.8 SUMMARY OF PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE FOR COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION

Table 6-17 : Collection and Transportation for 25 years

Sl.No

Item Proposed Infrastructure

2017 2020 2022 2023 2025 2026 2027 2029 2032 2035 2037 2038 2040 2041 2042

A1 Primary Collection and Transportation

(i) House hold Bins 193704 5576

5576

5576

5576 5576 5576 5576 5576

(ii) Tricycles 12 219 0 226 0 231 0 238 244 250 0 256 0 262 0

(iii) Tricycle Bins 96 1752 0 1808 0 1848 0 1904 1952 2000 0 2047 0 2096 0

(iv) Auto Tippers 39 0 49 0 0 0 52 0 54 0 56 0 0 0 59

(v) Commercial Bins 140 148 0 154 0 162 0 170 178 188 0 196 0 206 0

(vi) Hand Carts 707 811 0 851 0 894 0 939 986 1035 0 1087 0 1140 0

(vii) Street Sweeping machine 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

A2 Tools Implements including Health and Safety Items

(i) Gloves 2205 2426 2668 2935 3228 3551 3906 4297 4727

(ii) Boots 2205 2426 2668 2935 3228 3551 3906 4297 4727

(iii) Uniform 2205 2426 2668 2935 3228 3551 3906 4297 4727

(iv) Safety Mask 2205 2426 2668 2935 3228 3551 3906 4297 4727

(v) Rain coat 2205 2426 2668 2935 3228 3551 3906 4297 4727



Sl.No

Item Proposed Infrastructure

2017 2020 2022 2023 2025 2026 2027 2029 2032 2035 2037 2038 2040 2041 2042

A3 Secondary Storage and Transportation

(i) Storage bins Compactor Bins 2724 2860 0 3003 0 3153 0 3311 3477 3650 0 3833 0 4025 0

(ii) Refuse Compactor with UBL+DP( 14m3 )

22 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 41 0 0

(iii) Refuse Compactor with UBL+DP( 8m3 )

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

A4 Street Cleaning, Drain De-Silting and Constructional Waste

(i) Broom 1544 1698 1868 2055 2261 2487 2736 3010 3311

(ii) Dustpan 193 212 233 256 282 310 341 375 413

(iii) Shovels 129 142 156 172 189 208 229 252 277

(iv) Wheel barrow 129 142 156 172 189 208 229 252 277



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6.9 C&D WASTE AND SLAUGHTER HOUSE WASTE

The KMC shall re-use the construction and demolition wastes for filling the low-lying areas wherever so

required. The local residents shall hand-over the construction waste generated from private

construction activities separately to KMC.

The waste generated from slaughter houses shall be dealt with separately by butchers or slaughter

house managers by adopting methods like rendering/ controlled

incineration/burial/composting/anaerobic digestion etc. The private workers and KMC workers shall be

well equipped to avoid direct contact with waste.

6.10 TOOLS IMPLEMENTS AND SAFETY ITEMS FOR WORKERS

In order to obtain and maintain the consistency and efficiency of solid waste management, it is

important to provide priority and encouragement to the workers involved solid waste management.

Hence it is proposed to provide the standard tools (like brooms, dust pans, shovels) and health safety

items (Gloves, boots, uniforms, safety masks, and raincoat) to all the workers involved in solid waste

management system of Kakinada.

6.11 BIOMETHANATION FOR MARKET WASTE

Organic waste and putrescible waste from vegetable, fruit markets are proposed to be processed under

Biomethanation technique. One Biomethanation plant is proposed for the following markets waste.

Big Market

Rythu Bazar

Ramayyampeta Market

It is estimated that around 5 TPD is expected to generate from the markets in Kakinada. A quotation for

setting up Biomethanation plant was obtained with the following details. The detailed quotation is

attached as Annexure.

Input material consideration

Total solids in the waste - 20 %

Organic content in TS - 70%

500 Sqm of Land will be required for each of the Plant.



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Process Description:

Bio-degradable organic waste is reduced in size through pre-treatment. Bio-degradable waste is

processed through DRYADTM based on Biomethanation which is a proven process. The biogas enerated

will be utilized to generate electricity using biogas engines or alternatively could be used for cooking.

Further to generate additional revenue, the dewatered cake from Anaerobic Digester (AD) unit will

further be sold as organic compost after drying.

Pre-treatment

The Bio-degradable organic kitchen waste shall be fed to Pulverizer / Homogenizer where the material

shall get homogenized and sieved /shredded for size reduction < 6 mm material. After a retention time

of few hours in the Pulverizer / Homogenizer, the waste is fed into the AD unit.

Digestion

The AD unit is provided with recirculation. During the anaerobic digestion process, the material passes

through the AD unit. The digested residue is extracted from the AD unit from the bottom. The biogas

generated is collected at the top.

Biogas:

The bio-gas generated through Biomethanation process will be used in bio gas engines to generate

electricity or can be used for cooking in the kitchen.

Power Generation from Bio-Gas:

The gas stored in the gas holders is fed to Biogas engines to generate electricity. Alternatively if the

client so desires, they can route the bio gas directly to the kitchen through gas pipe line.

Slurry Dewatering:

The residue left after the anaerobic digestion will be dewatered and dried. The dried solid can further

be sold as organic compost.

Plant and other specifications: A) Capacity of Project : Feed to the Plant: 5 MT/Day waste

B) Biogas generation per day: approximately 240 Nm3/day biogas will be generated respectively

based on average feed to plant. (Based on input material as per design consideration output

potential may vary).

C) Power generation per day: approximately 375 & Kwh/day power will be generated respectively

based on average feed to plant. (Based on input material as per design consideration output




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D) Manure generation per day: approximately 660 Kg/day manure will be generated respectively

based on average feed to plant (Based on input material as per design consideration output


E) Calorific value of Bio gas: approximately 4500 Kcal/m3 (Based on input material as per design

consideration output potential may vary).

F) Carbon nitrogen ratio in manure: The C/N ratio will be between 15 and 20.

6.12 WTE PLANT FROM COMBUSTIBLE WASTE AT RAJAHMUNDRY

It is proposed that all the collected waste from Rajahmundry is transported to the Waste to Energy

Plant at Vemagiri near Rajahmundry. The plant is under construction by M/s. Yuvraj Power. The details

of the plant are to be obtained. However, it is confirmed that the plant is being set up to take the entire

municipal solid waste generated from all the towns under consideration from East and West Godavari

District.



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6.12.1 MSW in Both Districts

Table 6-18 : MSW Generation in East and West Godavari Districts

S.No Name of the ULB Population Waste Generation (TPD)

East Godavari Year 2015 Year 2017 Year 2027 Year 2042 Year 2015 Year 2017 Year 2027 Year 2042

1 Rajahmundry 362,643 372,012 418,860 484,447 171 183 251 390

2 Mandapeta 56,267 57,606 64,302 73,676 27 29 39 61

3 Ramachandra puram 45,358 46,209 50,461 56,413 24 26 34 52

4 Peddapuram 51,614 52,632 57,719 64,840 26 27 37 56

5 Samalkot 58,944 59,984 65,184 72,464 23 25 33 49

6 Yeleshwaram 32,118 32,135 32,219 32,336 6 6 8 10

7 Kakinada 339,262 345,901 379,093 425,561 181 192 257 388

8 Pithapuram 54,397 55,444 60,676 68,000 24 25 34 51

9 Gollaprolu 23,995 24,052 24,334 24,728 8 8 10 14

10 Mumidi varam 26,183 26,597 28,667 31,565 8 8 11 16

11 Amalapuram 54,501 55,413 59,972 66,354 15 16 21 31

12 Tuni 56,121 57,469 64,209 73,465 27 29 40 61



of 121

S.No Name of the ULB Population Waste Generation (TPD)

Total (East Godavari) 1,161,403 1,185,454 1,305,696 1,473,849 541 575 774 1,179

1 Eluru Corporation 226146 230,487 252,195 284,757 70 76 112 204

2 Tadepalligudem 109697 112,756 128,054 151,001 55 60 79 127

3 Nidadavbole 44351 44,622 45,976 48,007 21 22 27 42

4 Tanuku 95339 97,793 110,064 128,471 51 54 74 129

5 Kovvur 41670 42,654 47,574 54,954 22 23 30 51

6 Jangareddy Gudem 53229 55,347 65,934 81,814 17 19 31 63

7 Bhimavaram 161663 165,128 182,452 208,438 87 93 127 221

8 Palacole 63427 64,357 69,221 77,190 30 33 52 93

9 Narsapur 60617 61,475 65,764 72,197 33 34 44 71

Total (West Godavari) 856,139 874,619 967,234 1,106,829 386 414 576 1,001

Total (Both Districts) 2,017,542 2,060,073 2,272,930 2,580,678 927 989 1,349 2,179



6.12.1 Calculations for Waste to Energy Potential

Table 6-19 : Claculations for RDF to Energy

Cluster Name of the ULB

RDF Quantity (TPD)

Year 2017

Year 2027

Year 2042

Avg. of

2017 &

2042

MSW Calorific

Value (As per Lab Report)

RDF CV=3 times MSW

CV

Total RDF CV

A EAST GODAVARI

1 Rajahmundry 58 79 123 90.67 910 2730 2730

2 Ramachandra puram 17 23 35 26.00 645 1935 1935

3 Peddapuram 16 22 33 24.50 748 2244 2244

4 Yeleshwaram 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.50 714 2142 2142

5 Kakinada 71 95 143 107.00 804 2412 2412

6 Mumidi varam 3 3 5 4.00 741 2223 2223

7 Tuni 9 13 19 14.00 820 2460 2460

B WEST GODAVARI

- 0 0

1 Eluru 22 29 41 31.50 680 2040 2040

2 Tadepalligudem 44 32 48 46.00 856 2568 2568

3 Bhimavaram 35.0 46.0 67.0 51.00 710 2130 2130

277 344 517 397 950,597

Approx 400

Average RDF -

CV 2393

Fuel 400 TPD Processed MSW (RDF fuel)

Calorific value 2400 kcal/kg

Station heat rate 4000 kcal/kwh

WTE Plant Capacity = (400 TPD X 2400

kcal/kg) / 4000 kcal/kwh = 240 MW per

Day = 10 MW per Hour

10 MW per Hour

Capacity

10 MWH Power Plant (Based on processed MSW)

Location Rajamundry, Andhra Pradesh.

Land requirement at 2 Acres per MW 20 Acres

Configuration

Boiler type: Mixed MSW fired Reciprocating Grate - Steam

Turbine Generator with Extraction cum Condensate.



Fuel

Processed MSW Fuel from MSW storage pit and supporting

fuel Biomass like Rice Husk, Julie Flora, etc. or by gas burners

Fuel source

From Municipalities / Grama Panchyaths located in the

districts of East Godavari (12 nos) & West Godavari (9 nos) as

per the table above Fuel Requirement

Processed MSW Fuel from MSW storage pit & supporting fuel

Cooling Water / Plant water source From Godavari irrigation canal /bore-wells

Power Evacuation

Generation at 11KV and step up to 33/ 132 KV - AP Transco

sub station Cost of Project

Rs. 150.00 Crores Approx

Expected PLF 85%

Auxiliary Consumption 15% Approx

Ash Generation 10% Approx = 40 TPD

6.13 RECLAMATION OF EXISTING LANDFILL SITE AT KAKINADA

The existing dumping site for Kakinada contains mixed MSW buried for over 10 years.

Usually the term ‘Landfill Reclamation’ is used for expanding municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill

capacity of a sanitary and scientifically managed landfill site and thus avoiding the high cost of acquiring

additional land. In the present context the term is extended to include open dumpsite of each

municipality as these sites are in prime locality and can be used for transfer stations/ for some other

useful purpose. In this study, a detailed strategy has been worked out for the remediation of the

existing dumping site.

As per the Municipal Corporation, Kakinada Estimates, the total waste in the dump yard is 6 lakhs tons.

Option – I (Bio Mining):

Since the dump is quite old, compostables should have been fully degraded by this time. Similarly

recyclables like plastics metals glasses etc might already have been picked up by the rag pickers. Hence

saleable products which can be harnessed economically will be compost and RDF fluff. Hence simple

screening thro rotary screens of varying screen size in sequence will help to recover compost. The

combustible fractions can be recovered from rejects from the screens by putting air classifiers on line.

This can be sold as RDF fluff usable by cement industries.

Equipments required for this are



1. Three trommel screens of varying screen size alongwith set of conveyors for the compsot

screening.

2. Three air classiffiers for seperating RDF fluff from rejects.

Area Required

Processing plant---400 sq mtrs

Storage space for compost and RDF fluff--1200 sq mtrs

Roads and open space --1000 sq mtrs

End products

Compost---22000 MTs

RDF fluff--60000 Mts

Time Line for the Project

For setting up the facility--2 months

for screening operations----12 months

for removing the facilities--2 months

Option - II

As option II the following steps may have to be undertaken for reclamation and disposal of the

existing solid waste.

An excavator removes the contents of the dumpsite. A front-end loader then organizes the excavated

materials into manageable stockpiles and separates out bulky material, such as appliances and

lengths of steel cable. Soil Separation (Screening)

A trommel (i.e., a revolving cylindrical sieve) separates soil (including the cover material) from solid

waste in the excavated material. The size and type of screen used depends on the end use of the

recovered material. For example, if the reclaimed soil typically is used as landfill cover, a 2.5-inch

screen is used for separation. If, however, the reclaimed soil is sold as construction fill, or for another

end use requiring fill material with a high fraction of soil content, a smaller mesh screen can be used



to remove small pieces of metal, plastic, glass, and paper. It must be noted that trammel screens are

more effective than vibrating screens for basic landfill reclamation.

FINANCIAL IMPLICATION OF RECLAMATION

It is estimated that a 3-inch trommel screen can be used to reclaim the soil cover material. The weight

ratio of reclaimed soil to overs (i.e., materials caught by the screen), after metals and recyclables are

separated, is roughly estimated as 30 %, which works out to 1.8 lakhs tons. This indicates that landfill

reclamation project is efficient given that the reclaimed material is reused as landfill cover material.

The municipality may also take into consideration of the likely revenue, which may be

generated from sale of materials such as ferrous metals, aluminium, plastic and glass from the

screening process.

Reclaimed soil can be used as daily cover material for the new scientific landfill to be

developed. Also, a market exists for such reclaimed soil used in other applications, such as

construction fill.

Recovered combustible waste can also be sold as fuel.

PRECAUTIONS TO BE UNDERTAKEN DURING DUMP SITE RECLAMATION

OPERATIONS

It is necessary however that each municipality shall take care of the following safety aspects while

reclaiming and excavating the solid waste from the present open dumpsite

Hazardous wastes that may be uncovered during reclamation operations are subject to special

handling and disposal requirements. Management costs for hazardous waste can be relatively

high, but may reduce future liability.

Excavation raises a number of potential problems related to the release of gases. Methane and

other gases, generated by decomposing wastes, can cause explosions and fires. Hydrogen

sulfide gas, a highly flammable and odorous gas,can be fatal when inhaled at sufficient

concentrations.

Excavation of one landfill area can undermine the integrity of the neighboring area, which can

sink or collapse into the excavated area.



Reclamation activities shorten the useful life of equipment, such as excavators and loaders,

because of the high density of waste being handled.

The costing for this additional job of disposal of existing solid waste are given and cost estimates. The

costs worked out are based on reclamation of the land without the likely revenue being generated from

the dumped waste. For the proposed reclamation activity to complete as described above it is

anticipated that it may require at least 6 months.



7 PROJECT COST

7.1 INTRODUCTION

The cost estimates for integrated solid waste management system is worked out based on the detailed

study and assessment of the MSW management operations at KMC. The existing infrastructure

available with the KMC has been taken into account and costing for up-gradation of the system is

worked out. The additional investments thus required to increase the efficiency of the system and to

meet the norms prescribed by the MSW (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.

Cost estimates are made for required infrastructure for primary and secondary waste collection system

of respective ULB(Kakinada) and Cost has been given in two patterns, one is immediate investment

requirement and the second is total cost for 25 years as per 2015-16 rates for Segregation, Collection

Transportation, Processing and disposal facilities.

7.2 PROJECT COST

The cost has been estimated for short term (2017),i.e immediate requirement as Rs.3,929.94 Lakhs.

This capital cost for immediate requirement is for following components;

Capital cost for primary and secondary waste collection and transportation- Equipment’s and

vehicles for the year (2017)

Transfer Station

Cost of Bio Methanation Plant

Cost for Reclamation of Existing dump yard.

The project cost for the year 2017 is as follows:

Sl.No. Item

Required Infrastructure

Unit cost 2017

Total Cost (In Lakhs

Rs)

2017 ( Rs) 2017

1 House hold dust bins of 10 lit capacity 193,704 150 290.56

2 100 lit Bins for Commercial Establishments

140 2,000 2.80

3 Tricycles for Primary Collection 12 24,000 2.88

4 Tricycle Bins of 30 lit capacity 96 600 0.58



Sl.No. Item

Required Infrastructure

Unit cost 2017

Total Cost (In Lakhs

Rs)

2017 ( Rs) 2017

5 Auto Tippers for Primary Collection ( 2 Cu.m. capacity)

39 750,000 292.50

6 Hand Carts for Street sweeping 707 8,500 61.00

7 Street Sweeping machine 1 3,100,000 31.00

8 Bins for Compactors 1.1 Cu.m capacity 2,724 27,000 735.48

9 Safety Equipment 86.00

9 Refuse Compactor ( 14m3 ) 22 3,400,000 748.00

Primary Collection and Transportation (A)Cost

2250.79

11 Refuse Transfer Station - 192 TPD Capacity

213.00

12 Biomethanisation Plants 1

11,500,000 115.00

13 Bio Mining 1200.00

B Other Facilities Cost (B) 1528.00

C Total Cost (A+B) 3778.79

Contingencies (3% of C) 113.36

IEC (0.5% of C) 18.89

Administrative charges (0.5% of C) 18.89

Grand Total 3929.94



Table 7-1 : Capital Cost for SWM- Kakinada (2017- 2042)

Sl.No Item Total Cost (In Lakhs Rs)

2017 2020 2022 2023 2025 2026 2027 2029 2032 2035 2037 2038 2040 2041 2042

1 Primary Collection and Transportation

681 158 441 180 40 205 562 234 1020 305 871 348 136 396 1101

2 Tools Implements including Health and Safety Items

70 87 0 102 0 125 0 151 183 221 0 268 0 323 0

3 Secondary Storage and Transportation

1483 849 0 981 1238 1133 0 1309 3408 1746 0 2017 3063 2329 0

4 Street Cleaning, Drain De-Silting and Constructional Waste

16 19 0 24 0 28 0 35 42 51 0 62 0 74 0

A SubTotal (Collection and Transportation)

2250 1113 441 1287 1278 1491 562 1729 4653 2323 871 2695 3199 3122 1101

1 Transfer Station 213 43 172 132 239

B Subtotal (Transfer

Station) 213 0 0 43 0 0 172 0 0 132 0 239 0 0 0

C Biomethanization 115 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

D Biomining 1200

E Total cost (A+B+C+D) 3778.79 1113 441 1330 1278 1491 734 1729 4653 2455 871 2934 3199 3122 1101

Contingencies (3% ) 113.36 34 14 40 39 45 23 52 140 74 27 89 96 94 34

IEC (0.5% ) 18.89 6 3 7 7 8 4 9 24 13 5 15 16 16 6

Administrative charges (0.5% )

18.89 6 3 7 7 8 4 9 24 13 5 15 16 16 6

Total Cost in Lakhs 3929.94 1159 461 1384 1331 1552 765 1799 4841 2555 908 3053 3327 3248 1147

Total capital cost required for the immediate priority year 2017 is Rs. 3929.94 Lakhs



7.3 O&M COST PER ANNUM

Operation and maintenance cost is derived for the following components;

Primary and secondary collection level,

Manpower cost

O&M for composting

O&M for landfill site

Summary of Annual O&M cost for primary and secondary collection waste of Kakinada is presented in

the Table 6-2

Table 7-2 : Operation and Maintenance Cost Rs. In Lakhs for Kakinada

S.NO

Particular 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

2025 2026 2027

1 Collection and Transportation

315 331 348 365 383 402 423 444 466 489 514

2 Manpower cost per annum 1655 1737 1824 1915 2011 2112 2217

232

8 2444 2567 2695

A Total for Primary & Secondary Collection

1970 2068 2172 2280 2394 2514 2640 277

2 2910 3056 3209

O&M cost for the year 2017 is estimated as Rs 1970 Lakhs. 5% increase of O&M cost per annum is

adopted for calculating the O&M cost for subsequent years.



7.4 HOUSE HOLD BIN COSTING


presented below.

Table 7-3: House Holds bins Requirement

Years P

rese

nt 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029 Capital Cost

Rs in Lakhs (2017-2041)

Population 345901 355858 365816 375773 385731 395.94

No. of House holds

96852 99640 102428 105216 108005


96852 2788 2788 2788 2789


0 193704 5576 5576 5576 5578

Unit rate in Rs 150.00 165.00 182.00 200.00 220.00

Rs. In lakh 290.56 9.20 10.15 11.15 12.27

Table Continued…

Years 2032 2035 2038 2041 Cost Rs in Lakhs (2017-2041)

Population 395689 405646 415604 425561 395.94

No. of House holds 110793 113581 116369 119157


2788 2788 2788 2788


5576 5576 5576 5576

Unit rate in Rs. 242.00 266.00 293.00 322.00

Rs. In lakh 13.49 14.83 16.34 17.95



7.5 COSTING FOR BINS AT COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS


presented below.

Table 7-4:House Holds bins Requirement

Years P

rese

nt 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029 Capital Cost

Rs in Lakhs (2017-2041)

Commercial establishments

3500 3675 3859 4052 4254 47.94

No. of Commercial Bins (Black) 1no./50 units

70 74 77 81 85

No. of Commercial Bins (Blue) 1no./50 units

70 74 77 81 85

Total no. of Bins Required

0 140 148 154 162 170

Unit Price.Rs 2000.00 2200.00 2420.00 2662.00 2928.00

Cost in Lakh 2.80 3.26 3.73 4.31 4.98


Commercial establishments

4467 4690 4925 5171 47.94

No. of Commercial Bins (Black) 1no./50 units

89 94 98 103

No. of Commercial Bins (Blue) 1no./50 units

89 94 98 103

Total no. of Bins Required 178 188 196 206

Unit Price.Rs 3221.00 3543.00 3897.00 4287.00

Cost in Lakh 5.73 6.66 7.64 8.83



7.6 COSTING OF TRICYCLE

The normal life of a tricycle is 3 years, provided it is maintained properly. Details of tricycle costing

along with twin bins requirement from Year 2017 to 2041 is presented below.

Table 7-5: Tricycles Cost

Years

Pre

sen

t 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029 Cost Rs in Lakhs (2017-2042)

Population Projections 345901 355858 365816 375773 385731 738.87

No. of House holds 96852 99640 102428 105216 108005


38741 39856 40971 42086 43202

Tri-Cycle for every 200HH (1000 persons)

194 199 205 210 216

Standby @ 10% 19 20 21 21 22

Total Tricycles required 201 12 219 226 231 238

Unit price .Rs 24000 26400 29040 31944 35138

Cost in lakhs 2.88 57.82 65.63 73.79 83.63

Table Continued…


Population Projections 395689 405646 415604 425561 738.87

No. of House holds 110793 113581 116369 119157


44317 45432 46548 47663

Tri-Cycle for every 200HH (1000 persons) 222 227 233 238

Standby @ 10% 22 23 23 24

Total Tricycles required 244 250 256 262

Unit price.Rs 38652.00 42517.00 46769.00 51446.00

Cost in lakhs 94.31 106.29 119.73 134.79



7.7 COSTING OF TRICYCLE BIN

Table 7-6: Tricycle bin (8 no's per tricycle) Cost

Years

Pre

sen

t 2017

2020

2023

2026

2029

Capital Cost Rs in Lakhs

(2017-2042)

Tricycle bin (8 no's per tricycle)

0 96 1752 1808 1848 1904

147.88 Unit rate in Rs. 600 660 726 799 879

Cost in lakhs 0.58 11.56 13.13 14.77 16.74

Table Continued…

Years

2032 2035 2038 2041 Cost

Rs in Lakhs (2017-2042)

Tricycle bin (8 no's per tricycle) 1952 2000 2048 2096

147.88 Unit rate in Rs. 967 1064 1170 1287

Cost in lakhs 18.88 21.28 23.96 26.98

7.8 COSTING OF AUTO TIPPER

Costing of Auto tippers from Year 2017 to 2042 presented below.

Table 7-7: Auto Tippers Cost

Year 2017 2022 2027 2032 2037 2042 Cost Rs in Lakhs

Population 345901 362497 379093 395689 412285 428881

No. of House holds

96852 72499 75819 79138 82457 85776

40% of Households

58111 43499 45491 47483 49474 51466

No. of Auto tippers required

58 43 45 47 49 51

Standby @ 15% 9 6 7 7 7 8

Total requirement 67 49 52 54 56 59

Deduct Existing Tippers

28

Net Requirement 39 49 52 54 56 59

Unit Cost.Rs. 750000 900000 1080000 1296000 1555200 1866240

Cost Rs in Lakhs 293.00 441.00 561.60 699.84 870.91 1101.08 3967.43



7.9 COSTING OF HAND CARTS

Table 7-8: Hand Carts Cost

Year

Pre

sen

t 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029 Cost in Lakhs

(2017-2032)

Road length 681 715 751 788 828 1120.1


613 644 676 710 745

No. of hand carts required (5% stand by)

65 707 811 851 894 939

Unit rate of hand carts in Rs. 8500 9350 10285 11314 12445

Cost in lakh 60.10 75.83 87.53 101.15 116.86

Table Continued…

Year 2032 2035 2038 2041 Cost in Lakhs

(2017-2047)

Road length 869 913 958 1006 1120.1


782 821 862 906

No. of hand carts required (5% stand by)

986 1035 1087 1140

Unit rate of hand carts in Rs. 13690 15059 16565 18222

Cost Rs in lakh 134.98 155.86 180.06 207.73

7.10 COSTING OF COMPACTOR BINS

Table 7-9: Compactor Bins (0.66 cum) Cost

Year

Pre

sen

t 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029 Capital Cost in Lakhs

Road length 681 715 751 788 828 720.72

No of green bins required (500mtrs one bin req.)

1362 1430 1502 1577 1656

No. of black bin required( 500 mtrs one bin req)

1362 1430 1502 1577 1656

Total No. of bins required 0 2724 2860 3003 3153 3311

Unit cost of the bin in Rs. 27000 29700 32670 35937 27000

Cost in lakhs 735.48 849.48 981.15 1133.23 1308.89

Table Continued…



Year 2032 2035 2038 2041 Cost Rs in Lakhs

Road length 869 913 958 1006 12612.1

No of green bins required (500mtrs one bin req.)

1738 1825 1916 2012

No. of black bin required( 500 mtrs one bin req.)

1738 1825 1916 2012

Total No. of bins required 3477 3650 3833 4025

Unit cost of the bin in Rs. 43484 47832 52615 57877

Cost in lakhs 1511.76 1746.07 2016.70 2329.31

7.11 COSTING OF REFUSE COMPACTOR

Table 8-10 : Cost of Refuse Compactor

S.

No

Description of

Parameters

Cap

acity

Norms 2017 (in

Lacs)

2025 (in

Lacs)

2032 (in

Lacs)

2040 (in

Lacs)

Total

in

Lakhs

1 R.C equipment

with compacted

waste

14

m3

10 T pay

load

2 Quantity of waste 192 242 295 367

3 The quantity of

MSW in each bin

container at 75%

full of 1100 ltr

1.1 x 0.75

=0.83 M3

and 0.83 x

0.4 = 0.33

Ton

4 No of R.C

Compactors trips

required per day

14

m3

10T load

@ 60%

20 25 30 37

5 Number R.C

Compactors

required

14

m3

1 trips /

day

20 25 30 37

6 Requirement of

R.C Equipment

vehicle with 10%

spare

14

m3

1.1 22 28 33 41

7 Number of

Existing

Compactors

14

m3

0 0 0 0

8 Total Refuse

Compactors

required

14

m3

22 28 33 41



S.

No

Description of

Parameters

Cap

acity

Norms 2017 (in

Lacs)

2025 (in

Lacs)

2032 (in

Lacs)

2040 (in

Lacs)

Total

in

Lakhs

9 Unit Cost of

Refuse Compactor

( in Rupees)

14

m3

3400000 4420000 5746000 7469800

10 Total Cost (in Lacs) 748 1238 1896 3063 6944

7.12 COST OF THE PROPOSED COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION PLAN

Total capital cost for the proposed collection and transportation system in the town includes the cost of

Primary Collection, Street Sweeping, Secondary Collection, tools & health safety items, equipment for

street sweeping and Transportation.



Table 7-10 : Collection and Transportation Capital cost for 25 years - Kakinada

2017 2020 2022 2023 2025 2026 2027 2029 2032 2035

203

7 2038 2040 2041 2042

A1 Primary Collection

and Transportation

(i) House hold Bins 291 9 0 10 0 11 0 12 13 15 0 16 0 18 0

(ii) Tricycles 3 58 0 66 0 74 0 84 94 106 0 120 0 135 0

(iii) Tricycle Bins 1 12 0 13 0 15 0 17 19 21 0 24 0 27 0

(iv) Auto Tippers 293 0 441 0 0 0 562 0 700 0 871 0 0 0 1101

(v) Commercial Bins 3 3 0 4 0 4 0 5 6 7 0 8 0 9 0

(vi) Hand Carts 60 76 0 88 0 101 0 117 135 156 0 180 0 208 0

(vii) Street Sweeping

machine 31 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 52 0 0 0 136 0 0

Sub-Total for Primary

collection and

Transportation

681 158 441 180 40 205 562 234 1020 305 871 348 136 396 1101

A2 Tools Implements

including Health and

Safety Items

(i) Gloves 2 3 0 3 0 4 0 5 6 7 0 8 0 10 0



2017 2020 2022 2023 2025 2026 2027 2029 2032 2035

203

7 2038 2040 2041 2042

(ii) Boots 22 27 0 32 0 39 0 47 57 69 0 84 0 101 0

(iii) Uniform 22 27 0 32 0 39 0 47 57 69 0 84 0 101 0

(iv) Safety Mask 2 3 0 3 0 4 0 5 6 7 0 8 0 10 0

(v) Rain coat 22 27 0 32 0 39 0 47 57 69 0 84 0 101 0

Sub-Total for Tools

Implements including

Health and Safety

Items

70 87 0 102 0 125 0 151 183 221 0 268 0 323 0

Grand Total (A1 + A2) 751 245 441 282 40 330 562 385 1203 526 871 616 136 719 1101

A3 Secondary Storage

and Transportation

(i) Storage bins

Compactor Bins 735 849 0 981 0 1133 0 1309 1512 1746 0 2017 0 2329 0

(ii) Refuse Compactor

with

UBL+DP( 14m3 )

748 0 0 0 1238 0 0 0 1896 0 0 0 3063 0 0

Sub-Total for

Secondary Storage

and Transportation

1483 849 0 981 1238 1133 0 1309 3408 1746 0 2017 3063 2329 0



2017 2020 2022 2023 2025 2026 2027 2029 2032 2035

203

7 2038 2040 2041 2042

A4 Street Cleaning, Drain

De-Silting and

Constructional Waste

(i) Broom 5 6 0 7 0 8 0 10 12 15 0 18 0 21 0

(ii) Dustpan 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 0

(iii) Shovels 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0

(iv) Wheel barrow 11 13 0 16 0 19 0 24 28 34 0 42 0 50 0

Sub-Total for Street

Cleaning, Drain De-

Silting and

Constructional Waste

16 19 0 24 0 28 0 35 42 51 0 62 0 74 0

Grand Total (A3 + A4) 1500 869 0 1006 1238 1162 0 1344 3450 1798 0 2079 3063 2404 0

Total Cost of Primary and

Secondary collection and

Transportation including

Safety Items in Lakhs

2250 1113 441 1287 1278 1491 562 1729 4653 2323 871 2694 3199 3123 1101

Total capital cost for Collection and Transportation is Rs. 2250 Lakhs for Kakinada for the year 2017, i.e immediate requirement for the Kakinada. Total capital

cost for collection and transportation till the year 2042 is estimated as Rs. 28115 Lakhs for the KMC solid waste management.



7.13 O&M COST FOR THE PROPOSED COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION PLAN

The total operation and maintenance cost for the proposed collection and transportation system is

given below .This cost does not include manpower cost.

Table 7-11 : Summary of O&M Cost per Annum for KMC

S.NO Component No. of Units

Basis Annual O&M Cost, Rs. Lakhs

1 Compactor bins 2724 Rs.300/Bin/Annum 8.2

2 Tricycle 213 Rs.2000/Tricycle/Annum 4.3

3 Auto Tippers 67 Maintenance Cost @ 3 % of Vehicle Cost &

8.8

Operation Cost - Fuel @ 15 km/ liter, and assumed travel of 40 km/ day per vehicle

39.1

4 Bins for Commercial establishmentts

140 Rs.200/Bin/Annum 0.3

5 Refuse Compactors (14m3)

22 Maintenance Cost @ 5 % of Vehicle Cost &

37.4


208.8

6 Street Sweeping Machine

1 Maintenance Cost @ 6 % of Vehicle Cost &

0.0


2.6

7 Hand carts 772 Rs.500/Annum/Unit 3.9

8 Brooms @2kgs/worker/month

1544 Rs.80/unit 1.2

9 Spades 193 Rs.100/unit 0.2

10 Shovels 129 Rs.250/unit 0.3

11 Crow Bar 129 Rs.250/unit 0.3

Total 315.3

Total operation and maintenance cost for collection and transportation of waste for the year 2017 is

estimated to Rs.315.3 Lakh excluding manpower cost. 5% increase of O&M cost per annum is adopted

for calculating the O&M cost for subsequent years.



7.14 HUMAN RESOURCE COST – PRIMARY & SECONDARY

Human resource cost per month is estimated on the basis of salary per month for the respective

designation and its role in solid waste management. Estimation of per month human resource cost is

estimated in table given below.



Table 7-12 : Collections and Transportation Manpower Cost (Rs. Per month)

Description

Equ

ipm

en

t N

um

ber

s

Waste cum Sweeper collector

Majdoor cum Helper

Drivers Jamadar @ One per ward (Total

wards 50)

Sanitary Inspector @ one

per 5 wards ( No's)

S.A.E. (Civil Engineer)@ one

per 10 wards (No's)

A.E. (Environmental Engineer) @ one

per 25 wards

Man

po

we

r St

ren

gth

Salary per Month

Man

po

we

r St

ren

gth

Salary per Month

Man

po

we

r St

ren

gth

Salary per Month

Man

po

we

r St

ren

gth

Salary per Month

Man

po

we

r St

ren

gth

Salary per Month

Man

po

we

r St

ren

gth

Salary per Month

Man

po

we

r

Salary per Month

Rs.10000 Rs.10000 Rs.10000 Rs.10000 Rs.20,000 Rs.30,000 Rs.40,000

C&T

Tri- cycle Cart

213 213 2130000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Street sweeping man power

735 735 7350000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L.C.V 67 0 0 134 1340000 83.75 837500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Refuse Compactor

22 0 88 880000 28 280000

Street Sweeping Machine

1 2 20000 2 20000

Others (Municipal Staff)

0 0 0 0 0 0 50 500000 10 200000 5 150000 2 80000

Total 1038 948 9480000 224 2240000 113.75 1137500 50 500000 10 200000 5 150000 2 80000

Total human resource cost per month for the year 2017 is estimated as Rs.137.87Lakhs per month. 5% increase of O&M cost per annum is adopted for

calculating the O&M cost for subsequent years.



Table 7-13 : Summary of O&M Cost

S.NO Particular KMC Rs. In lakh

1 Operation and maintenance cost per annum 315

2 Manpower cost per annum – Primary & Secondary 1655

Total 1970



8 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

8.1 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

The SWM project is conceptualized keeping in view the way of life of the citizens and their aspirations

to see their city clean. The implementation strategy and institutional framework will have to be such

that it is sustainable in the long run and meets the following requirements;

Ensuring efficiency in implementation and accountability for outcomes through appropriate

contractual and performance measures

Efficient raising, allocating, deploying and servicing financial resources deployed in the project

Forging formal links among the community driven approach, the proposed institutional model

and State and Local Government’s administrative apparatus

Generating internal and external ownership of the project

The implementation strategy for an efficient and integrated SWM system of KMC and RMC has

been designed keeping into consideration several factors like the cultural, political and

demographic profile of the region, existing set up, funding requirements, pay back capacity etc.

In integrated waste management, all the elements work together to form one complete system for

proper management of municipal waste. The integrated waste management system has to be designed

consistent with the demographic profile and waste stream characteristics of the city.

For integrated waste management system to succeed, it is best that all the elements of the system are

handled by a minimum number of entities with well-defined objectives. The delivery capacities of these

entities also need to be assessed carefully. Study of the experiences of other ULBs in the country where

several entities have been handling different elements of the SWM system indicate that there have

been instances of disputes, co-ordination problems, blame passing etc. affecting the overall efficiency

of the system; sometimes even leading to break-down of the system in whole or in parts.

In view of the above, the consultants have suggested an Integrated System for Management of Solid

Waste for the RMC area. Attempts have been made to utilize the existing infrastructure of RMC and

integrate the same to the suggested system to the extent possible.

The Integrated Waste Management System will have two components;

Collection and Transportation



Integrated Waste Processing and Disposal Facility (Integrated Facility)

The collection and transportation shall be upgraded and operated by the RMC. The Integrated Facility

shall be implemented and operated under Public Private Partnership Mechanism on Design Build

Operate Own and Transfer (DBOT) basis.

Figure8-1: Implementation Strategy for Collection and Transportation

Figure8-2: Implementation Strategy for Integrated Facility

8.2 GRANT FUNDING

The grant funding has been considered as recommended under Swatch Bharat Abhiyaan Scheme.

Grant Funding for Integrated Facility

Kakinada Municipal Corporation

Integrated MSW Processing & Disposal

Facility under PPP Lenders

Equity Investors Private Operator

Concession + Land

Lease Agreement

Equity Share Capital Equity Share Capital

Debt

Grant Funding for Collection & Transportation

Kakinada Municipal Corporation

MSW Collection & Transportation



8.2.1 Objective Swatch Bharat Mission (SBM)

Elimination of open defecation

Eradication of Manual Scavenging

Modern and Scientific Municipal Solid Waste Management

To effect behavioral change regarding healthy sanitation practices

Generate awareness about sanitation and its linkage with public health

Capacity Augmentation for ULB’s

To create an enabling environment for private sector participation in Capex (capital

expenditure) and Opex (operation and maintenance)

8.2.2 Mission components

The Mission has the following components:

Household toilets, including conversion of insanitary latrines into pour-flush latrines;

Community toilets

Public toilets

Solid waste management

IEC & Public Awareness

Capacity building and Administrative & Office Expenses (A&OE)

8.2.3 Funding pattern for the Project

As solid waste management is important component of the missions, funding provision for the Kakinada

Solid Waste Management can be made under Swatch Bharat Mission. As per the guidelines for Swatch

Bharat Mission (Urban), as provided by MoUD-GOI; States will contribute a minimum of 25% funds for

SWM projects to match 75% Central Share. Following table elaborates the funding pattern for the

proposed solid waste management scheme for Kakinada Municipal Corporation.

Table 8-1 : Funding Pattern for the project

Component Funding Pattern Capital Cost Rs in Lakhs

Central Government 75% 5071

State Government 25% 1690

Total Capital Cost 100% 6761



8.3 REVENUES FROM INTEGRATED FACILITY

The revenue streams for the proposed project are;

Sale of compost

Sale of recycled plastic

Sale of RDF

8.4 MARKET PRICE OF COMPOST

The price of compost is varying from Rs.1,000 to Rs.5,000 per ton in different parts of the country. The

price of compost depends on the quality/grade of compost, production process and place where

compost sold.

Table 8-2 : Market Price of Compost at Various Places

Place Manufacturer Plant(s) At Price (Rs./Ton)

Nasik (Maharashtra) Nasik Municipal

Corporation

Nasik 1,750 (Loose)2,050

(Packed)

Delhi KrishiRasayan Puri& Delhi 3,500

Delhi Excell Industries Ahmedabad, Calicut, etc. 3,500

Ahmedabad Excell Industries Ahmedabad, Calicut, etc. 3,500

Kerala Various Various 3000 – 5000

Andhra Pradesh Various Various 1000 – 3000

A comparison among the prices of compost produced from different organic material has also been

carried out for a comprehensive understanding of marketability of compost from MSW. Compost from

MSW has got good market price and can be marketed as good as compost from other sources.



Table 8-3 : Market Prices of Compost from Different Sources

Formulated Organic Manure Bases Price Range (Rs./Ton)

Municipal waste compost 800 – 3500

Press mud + distillery spent wash compost 1500 – 2500

Spent mushroom compost and other ingredients 2000 – 3500

Meals– high analysis

Lower analysis

6000 – 6500

3000 – 6000

Vermicomposting and other ingredients 2500 – 3500

For the proposed project the sale price of compost is anticipated as Rs.2,000/ton at the factory outlet.

8.5 SALE PRICE OF PLASTIC

The revenue from the sale of plastic is assessed at the rate of Rs 2000/Tonne.

8.6 SALE PRICE OF RDF

The revenue from the sale of RDF is assessed at the rate of Rs 1200/Tonne.

8.7 FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY

The financial sustainability of the project may be achieved through the following measures;

Grant funding towards capital cost from central government

O&M Cost recovery by applying user charges for collection of municipal solid waste, sale of RDF,

Compost, Plastic etc.

8.8 REVENUE RECEIPT THROUGH USER CHARGES

In order to sustain the quality of solid waste management services, there is need to apply the user

charges in order to recover the cost incurred to provide these services. At the same time, there should

be provision to penalise those citizens against in-disciplinary actions pertaining to solid waste

management.



It is proposed to implement user charges with respect to category (residential, commercial etc.) while

implementing the proposed solid waste management scheme for Kakinada. User charges will be applied

for door to door collection.

Table 8-4 : Proposed Used Charges For Solid Waste Management

Type of Users Monthly User Charges

Households (excluding 30% slum & BPL family) 40

Shops 120

Commercial Institutes/ Offices 600

Dhaba & sweet shops 120

Restaurant 600

Non Starred Hotels/ Dharmshala 600

Starred Hotels 5200

ClInic, dispensory & laboratories 300

Hospital up to 50 beds 1800

Hospital above 50 beds 3500

Community Halls 3000

User charges under Corporation have been proposed for Kakinada Corporation in order to project the

cost recovery for operation and maintenance cost. Following section provides the revenue receipt and

recovery scenario for KMC solid waste management.



Table 8-5 : Revenue Generaion - Kakinada

Type of Users No. of

users

Monthly

User

Charges

Amount of

revenue

received in a

year without

sale of

compost

Revenue

receipt from

sale of

compost @

2000/- per

MT(Rs. Lakh)

Revenue from

Sale of

Recyclables(Rs.

Lakh)

Revenue

from RDF

(Rs. Lakh)

Amount of

revenue

received in a

year including

sale of

compost

(Rs.Lakh)

Profit/

(Loss) with

composting

(Rs. Lakh)

Households (excluding 30% slum &

BPL family) 67796 40 325.42

Shops 3500 120 50.40

Commercial Institutes/ Offices 250 600 18.00

Dhaba & sweet shops 250 120 3.60

Restaurant 200 600 14.40

Non Starred Hotels/ Dharmshala 250 600 18.00

Starred Hotels 5 5200 3.12

ClInic, dispensory & laboratories 100 300 3.60

Hospital up to 50 beds 20 1800 4.32

Hospital above 50 beds 4 3500 1.68

Community Halls 20 3000 7.20



Type of Users No. of

users

Monthly

User

Charges

Amount of

revenue

received in a

year without

sale of

compost

Revenue

receipt from

sale of

compost @

2000/- per

MT(Rs. Lakh)

Revenue from

Sale of

Recyclables(Rs.

Lakh)

Revenue

from RDF

(Rs. Lakh)

Amount of

revenue

received in a

year including

sale of

compost

(Rs.Lakh)

Profit/

(Loss) with

composting

(Rs. Lakh)

Total Revenue in 5th year onwards

with 100% collection of user

charges

503.71 334.98 12.85 278.99 1,130.53 -1,471

Total Revenue in 4th year with 90%

collection of user charges 494.14 334.98 11.56 251.10 1,091.78 -1,386

Total Revenue in 3rd year with 80%

collection of user charges 427.15 334.98 9.64 195.30 967.06 -1,393

Total Revenue collection in 2nd

year with 70% collection of user

charges

363.18 334.98 7.71 167.40 873.26 -1,374

Total Revenue collection in 1st year

with 60% collection of user charges 302.23 334.98 7.71 167.40 812.31 -1,328



At present, KMC does not have any revenue from solid waste management. Through the application of

user charges and by selling of compost, RDF RMC at least can recover part of operation and

maintenance cost through implementation of proposed solid waste management scheme. Assuming

that in 2021 the operation of the facility and collection of 100% user charges, estimated O&M cost for

primary collection, secondary collection, compost plant and landfill is Rs 26.93 Cr whereas revenue

receipts are expected as Rs 11.30 Cr.

However solid waste management is mandatory service to be managed by urban local body. It has high

operation and maintenance and long gestation period for the cost recovery. This gap also can to be

compensated by the Grant from state govt or central government for prolonged period. Also there is

need to implement robust reforms in terms of effective implementation of user charges from urban

local body and private sector participation in solid waste management.



9 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL

EDUCATION

9.1 INTRODUCTION

Management of solid waste and its effectiveness is primarily dependent on the attitude and co-

operation and participation of the local community. People in all walks of their day-to-day activities

generate waste, which however, can be collected by the local body only once or maximum twice in a

day. In the present setup, the waste is thrown on the streets or open collection points, leading to

unhygienic conditions in the city. It is difficult for KMC to collect all the stray litter in a systematic and

regular manner. The other critical aspect of waste management is the location of waste management

facilities such as dumper bins or the disposal site. There have been number of cases where in the

community has objected to the location of these facilities in their neighborhood.

Popularly known as ‘Not in My Back Yard (NIMBY) Syndrome’, it is the general perception of the public

that location of any of these solid waste facilities will create the problem of health and hygiene. In light

of the above facts, it becomes imperative that a successful implementation of any solid waste

management plan will need effective cooperation and co-ordination of the local community in various

aspects of waste collection, transportation and disposal. Successful cases in various parts of the country

viz, Exnora in Chennai, ALM System in Mumbai, Muskan Jyoti Samiti in Lucknow, DWCUA groups in

Hyderabad and Vijayawada all accentuate the fact that effective participation by the community can

ensure a successful waste management system in the city. In view of all these factors, ensuring

community participation also needs to be incorporated as an integral component of the proposed solid

waste collection and transportation plan for KMC; Sections below discuss the several aspects of

community participation that could complement the efforts of the local body in improving the solid

waste management practices in the town.

There have been several discussions with various sections of people on the need for public participation

and cooperation for the municipal activities with particular reference to SWM. The reaction of the

community is mixed. Some are ready to participate whereas the majority is totally dissatisfied with the

past performance of KMC and RMC and feel helpless. Such attitude of majority of the population makes

the management of the MSW with public participation and cooperation even more difficult. It is felt

that a significant effort is required to induce the public to support the efforts of RMC on the

management of the MSW.



9.2 CURRENT LEVEL OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

No NGOs are operating in the town in the areas of solid waste management, health and sanitation and

welfare of rag pickers. It is however significant to note that, the level of understanding of the

community on sanitation issues is good. There are some efforts also going on for plastic recycling from

the solid waste. Thus it can be concluded that the mobilization of the community and educating them

on sanitation issues may be difficult but not an impossible task. The modalities of educating the

community are discussed below.

9.3 MODALITIES OF COMMUNITY EDUCATION AND PARTICIPATION

The steps involved in implementing and ensuring community participation will comprise of the

following sub-activities

Identification of Resident Associations (RAs) and formation of Resident’s Welfare Committees

(RWCs)

Identification and mobilization of Non-Governmental Organizations or other social welfare groups in

the city

Identification of areas of SWM where community participation is elicited

Orient the RAs, RWCs, key personalities, social activists, politicians and local corporators towards

environmental education and solid waste management

Conduct sanitation campaigns in various parts of the city emphasizing on areas where their co-

operation / participation is sought

Carry out mass media campaigns on various aspects of solid waste management

9.4 IDENTIFICATION AND ORIENTATION OF RESIDENT’S WELFARE

COMMITTEES

Resident’s Welfare Committee (RWC) is basically a group of people from a particular Resident’s

Association who can actively involve and influence the members of RAs. RWCs will ideally comprise of

around 10 to 15 people representing RA.

For the purpose of forming RWCs, all the RAs in KMC and RMC shall be listed and identified. Similarly

the commercial traders may also be divided into vegetable markets, wholesale traders, commercial

business centers, etc.



The municipal officials shall help them to form a group of welfare association by explaining to each of

these RAs/groups the benefits of formation of such groups. The community will identify 10-15 people

who shall be representing the RAs/group in various activities of solid waste management and

sanitation.

Orientation of RWCs

The RWCs thus formed will then have to be trained and oriented by the local body officials and NGOs on

various aspects of solid waste management, especially on new guidelines of solid waste management

by MoEF. These groups will also have to be oriented towards the importance of community

participation in implementing these guidelines and need to educate all members of the RAs/group on

these aspects.

9.5 IDENTIFICATION AND MOBILISATION OF NGOS OR SOCIAL WELFARE

GROUPS

Based on the available information, the activity of NGO involved in solid waste management in the city

is marginal. These groups of organizations shall have to be identified and appraised of various activities

that could be taken for improving the solid waste management of the city and the emphasize the

significance of community participation to achieve this.

9.6 IDENTIFICATION OF AREAS OF SWM FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

The next step after identifying and mobilizing the RWCs and NGOs is to identify areas where the active

involvement of community participation is elicited and working out the modalities of the same. Some of

the areas that have emerged from experience elsewhere in the country, in which the community can

contribute to waste management are, avoiding indiscriminate throwing of waste by the residents, shop

keepers, etc. on the streets need to segregate and store the waste at source and hand over the same to

the sanitary workers of the local body or to the collector arranged by the association themselves at a

specified time understanding the importance of community secondary collection stations such as

dumper bins at various localities of the city and their criticality in the efficient management of waste

and therefore co-operating while the siting of these facilities realizing the utility of organic component

in the solid waste (compost) and understanding the importance of Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and

Recovering of various recyclables in the waste and their utility.



All these aspects have to be explained to the representatives of RWCs and NGOs who will in turn convey

the message to the community.

9.7 ORIENTATION OF KEY PERSONALITIES, SOCIAL ACTIVISTS AND POLICY

MAKERS

After identifying the areas of participation expected from the community, the key personalities, policy

makers of the city will also have to be appraised of the implications of the new guide lines and the need

for the community participation in managing the waste. The cost implications of house to house

collection of waste and need for the community to organize primary collection from the households by

themselves are also to be highlighted.

An effective orientation program shall sensitize the group on the above aspects and shall motivate them

to educate the community. The orientation program shall be organized with active co-operation from

well-known personalities / specialists in the field of waste management in order to ensure the proper

understanding to the community in respect of waste management and the importance of such

programs in the ensuring community participation in waste management.

9.8 CONDUCT SANITATION CAMPAIGNS

In addition to the above activities, vigorous sanitation campaigns across the city shall also be taken up

emphasizing the need for storage and segregation, recycling and reduction and house-to-house

collection of waste. These campaigns shall also involve the school children and NGOs so that the

message of the campaign reaches the community effectively.

9.9 MEDIA CAMPAIGNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

Media is another important tool in environmental education. Hence extensive campaigning through

electronic media, print media, mass media and other means on environmental sanitation and solid

waste management shall be carried out. All these activities may be performed by the local body through

nodal agency assigned to an NGO who can guide and support the RWCs and the local officials in

environmental education. These NGOs shall conduct rallies, street plays, competitions and cultural

activities concerning environmental sanitation and try to educate the community.



9.10 IMPLEMENTATION

The measures discussed above can be implemented in phases in KMC, in all the Wards, every quarter

and shall be targeted to complete within two years period. However, provisions should also be made on

penalties and punishments to the people who do not abide by the agreed practices of waste

management.



10 ANNEXURES

10.1 POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR KAKINADA

Year Total Population of Town

Arithmetical Increase Method

Geometrical Progression

Method

Incremental Increase Method

Increment per Decade Percent (%) increment per

decade

Incremental Increase per

Decade

1971

1981 226409 .

1991 279980 53571 23.66

2001 296329 16349 5.84

2011 325985 29656 10.01 13307

Average 33192 13307

Geometric Mean 11.14

Methods of population Projections

Future Population

1) Arithmetical Increase Method Pn = P + nI

2) Geometrical Increase Method Pn = P (1+ I g/100)^n

3) Incremental Increase Method Pn = P+nI +(n(n+1)*r/2)

Where,

Pn = Future Population at the end of 'n' decades

P = Present Population

I = Average Increment for a Decade

I g = Geometric Mean Percentage Increase per Decade

r = Average Incremental Increase per decade



Derived Population Projections

Year Arithmetical Increase Method (Pn)

Geometrical Increase Method (Pn)

Incremental Increase Method (Pn)

Graphical Increase Method

2011 325985 325985 325985 360000

2014 335943 336480 338538 365000

2016 342581 343664 347572 375000

2021 359177 362300 372484 400000

2028 382412 390102 412951 415000

2031 392369 402660 432290 425000

2038 415604 433559 482072 430000

2040 422242 442815 497493 450000

2046 442157 471785 546950 475000

Graphical Method;



10.2 QUANTIFICATION OF WASTE

Year Projected

Population

Waste Generation (PerCapita

/Day)

Total Domestic Waste(TPD)

Commercial

Establishment (TPD)

Street sweepi

ng (TPD)

Institutional (TPD)

Total Waste

Generated

(TPD)

2015 339,262 300 102 31 25 23 181

2016 342,581 305 104 31 26 26 188

2017 345,901 309 107 32 27 27 192

2018 349,220 314 110 33 28 28 198

2019 352,539 318 112 34 29 29 204

2020 355,858 323 115 35 29 29 209

2021 359,177 330 118 36 30 30 215

2022 362,497 336 122 37 31 31 222

2023 365,816 343 125 39 32 32 228

2024 369,135 350 129 40 33 33 235

2025 372,454 357 133 41 34 34 242

2026 375,773 364 137 42 35 35 249

2027 379,093 371 141 43 36 36 257

2028 382,412 379 145 45 37 37 264

2029 385,731 386 149 46 38 38 271

2030 389,050 394 153 47 39 39 279

2031 392,369 402 158 48 40 40 287

2032 395,689 410 162 50 42 42 295

2033 399,008 416 166 51 43 43 303

2034 402,327 424 171 53 44 44 311

2035 405,646 433 176 54 45 45 320

2036 408,965 441 181 56 46 46 329

2037 412,285 450 186 57 48 48 339

2038 415,604 459 191 59 49 49 348

2039 418,923 466 195 61 51 51 357

2040 422,242 476 201 62 52 52 367

2041 425,561 485 206 64 53 53 377



10.3 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MSW –KAKINADA



10.4 COST ESTIMATIONS FOR TRANSFER STATION

Sl. No

Description Unit

2017-2022 2023-2027 2027-2032

Cost / Unit (Rs)

Qty Amount (Rs) Cost / Unit (Rs)


Qty Amount (Rs)

A) Civil Works

1 Boundary wall RM 2,799 0 0

2 Entry Gate kgs 80 0 0

3 Security Room Sqm 12,000 9 108,000

4 Toilet Block Sqm 10,000 32 320,000

5 Material Recovery unit Sqm 1,000 800 800,000

6 Tipping Area Pad Per Sqm

3,227 756 2,439,612 3,550 325 1,153,653

7 Open Parking Platform Per Sqm

2,187 360 787,320

8 Surface Drains per m 2,589 200 517,800

9 Internal Road per m 5,532 100 553,200

10 Green Belt Development Per Sqm

100 4000 400,000

Sub-Total (A) 5,925,932 0 1,153,653



B) Machineries & Equipments

1 Conveyor Each 1,000,000 1 1,000,000 1,100,000 1 1,100,000

2 Trommel (80-100mm) Each 1,200,000 1 1,200,000 1,320,000 1 1,320,000

3 Frontend Loader Each 1,500,000 2 3,000,000 1,650,000 2 3,300,000

4 Refuse Compactor (14 Cum) Each 3,400,000 2 6,800,000 3,740,000 1 3,740,000 3,740,000 2 7,480,000

5 GPS fitment Each 25,000 7 175,000 27,500 2 55,000 27,500 10 275,000

6 Brake Down Van Each 500,000 1 500,000 550,000 1 550,000

7 Welding Machine Each 750,000 1 750,000 825,000 1 825,000

8 Tyre repair section Each 30,000 1 30,000 33,000 1 33,000

9 Generator Each 500,000 1 500,000 550,000 1 550,000

10 Internal Electrical Each 1,000,000 1 1,000,000

Sub-Total (B) 14,955,000 3,795,000 15,433,000



C) Miscellaneous Items

1 Workshop Tool Kit LS 100,000 1 100,000 120,000 1 120,000 144,000 1 144,000

2 First Aid Kit LS 20,000 1 20,000 24,000 1 24,000 28,800 1 28,800

3 Fire Fighting Equipments LS 200,000 1 200,000 240,000 1 240,000 288,000 1 288,000

4 Equipments for Labour LS 75,000 1 75,000 90,000 1 90,000 108,000 1 108,000

Sub-Total (C) 395,000 474,000 568,800

Grand Total - A+B+C (Rs) 21,275,932 4,269,000 17,155,453

Table to be continued…..



Sl. No

Description Unit

2033-2037 2038-2042 Total

Cost / Unit (Rs)


Qty Amount (Rs) (Rs)

A) Civil Works

1 Boundary wall RM

2 Entry Gate kgs

3 Security Room Sqm

4 Toilet Block Sqm

5 Material Recovery unit Sqm

6 Tipping Area Pad Per Sqm

7 Open Parking Platform Per Sqm

8 Surface Drains per m

9 Internal Road per m

10 Green Belt Development Per Sqm

Sub-Total (A) 0 0 7,079,585



Sl. No

Description Unit

2033-2037 2038-2042 Total

Cost / Unit (Rs)



B) Machineries & Equipments

1 Conveyor Each 1,210,000 1,331,000 1 1,331,000

2 Trommel (80-100mm) Each 1,452,000 1,597,200 1 1,597,200

3 Frontend Loader Each 1,815,000 1,996,500 2 3,993,000

4 Refuse Compactor (14 Cum) Each 4,114,000 3 12,342,000 4,525,400 3 13,576,200

5 GPS fitment Each 30,250 5 151,250 33,275 5 166,375

6 Brake Down Van Each 605,000 665,500 1 665,500

7 Welding Machine Each 907,500 998,250 1 998,250

8 Tyre repair section Each 36,300 39,930 1 39,930

9 Generator Each 605,000 665,500 1 665,500



Sl. No

Description Unit

2033-2037 2038-2042 Total

Cost / Unit (Rs)



10 Internal Electrical Each

Sub-Total (B) 12,493,250 23,032,955 69,709,205

C) Miscellaneous Items

1 Workshop Tool Kit LS 172,800 1 172,800 207,360 1 207,360

2 First Aid Kit LS 34,560 1 34,560 41,472 1 41,472

3 Fire Fighting Equipments LS 345,600 1 345,600 414,720 1 414,720

4 Equipments for Labour LS 129,600 1 129,600 155,520 1 155,520

Sub-Total (C) 682,560 819,072 2,939,432

Grand Total - A+B+C (Rs) 13,175,810 23,852,027 79,728,222



10.5 DRAWINGS

S.No. Name of Drawing Drawing No.

1 OFFICE BUILDING KKD,PTM&GLU/SWM/01

2 SECURITY ROOM KKD,PTM&GLU/SWM/02

3 WEIGH BRIDGE METER ROOM KKD,PTM&GLU/SWM/03

4 WORK SHOP KKD,PTM&GLU/SWM/04

5 DETAIL OF OPEN PARKING PLATFROM AND COVERED PARKING KKD,PTM&GLU/SWM/17

6 DETAIL OF COMPOUND WALL WITH BARBED WIRE FENCING & ENTRANCE GATE

KKD,PTM&GLU/SWM/25

7 TOILET BLOCK KKD,PTM&GLU/SWM/28

8 RTS KAKINADA KKD/SWM/29



10.6 QUOTATIONS FOR EQUIPMENT’S & VEHICLES



10.7 SITE PHOTOS



Dumping Site

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