FINAL ESSAY SOURCE COLLECTION

Table of Contents

CONTENTS

Final Essay Source Collection................................................................................................. 1Table of Contents.........................................................................................................1

Data...................................................................................................................................... 3Read First......................................................................................................................3Education and Literacy.................................................................................................4

Chart 1: % of population (ages 15 and up) enrolled in formal education. Also world literacy rate since 1820.......................................................................................................................4Chart 2: Literacy in India since 1900....................................................................5Chart 3: Percentage enrollment in elementary school in Africa...........................6

Economics....................................................................................................................7Table 1: Gross Domestic Product per capita of select countries since 1900.........7Chart 4: GDP per capita for select African countries............................................8Table 2: Real wages of Indian Unskilled Laborers, 1600-1871............................9Table 3: Indian Agricultural exports and total production, 1600-1871.................9Table 4: Cotton textile production in India vs those imported to India from Britain, 1600-1871 10Table 5: Urban Population of India, 1600-1871..................................................10Table 6: Per Capita GDP of India compared to Great Britain, 1600-1871.........11

Quality of Life............................................................................................................12Chart 5: Death by Violence of different continental groups...............................12Chart 6: Average Life Expectancy of Select African Countries since 1925.......13Chart 7: Political Freedom Index for Select African Countries since 1884........14

Primary sources...................................................................................................................15European Authors.......................................................................................................15

On America's Territorial Possessions and Interests, Theodore Roosevelt, 1903 15The Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation by William McKinley...................16On German Colonial Policy, by Dr. Carl Peters, 1885.......................................16On Colonial Policy, by Otto von Bismarck.........................................................16Hun Speech, by Kaiser Wilhelm II.....................................................................17On the Destruction of the Summer Palace, by Lt. Colonel G. J. Wolsely..........17Diary Excerpt From a Missionary named Casalis, 1833.....................................17On Missionary Practices, by Gustav Warneck, 1879..........................................17Report from the Blue Book on Native Affairs, 1880..........................................17Letter Published by John G. Paton, New Hebrides Mission:..............................18Report From a Missionary named Duvoisin, 1885.............................................18The Rise of Our East African Empire, 1893.......................................................19The Black Man's Burden by Edward Morel 1903...............................................20Lord Lugard’s Diary, 1892..................................................................................20The Economic Bases of Imperialism by John Hobson 1902...............................21A Place in the Sun, by Kaiser Wilhelm II...........................................................22

Platform of the American Anti-Imperialist League............................................23An Anti-Imperialist, by Mark Twain..................................................................23On French Colonial Expansion, By Jules Ferry..................................................24On Colonies and Colonization, John Stuart Mill, 1848......................................24Social Darwinism: Imperialism Justified by Nature, by Karl Pearson, 1900......25On Empire and Education, by Thomas Babington, 1833....................................26On Indian Education, by Thomas Babington, 1834............................................27

Non-European Authors...............................................................................................27Witbooi’s Plea, by Hendrik Witbooi, 1905.........................................................27His Story, by Ndansi Kumalo, 1936...................................................................28Aguinaldo's Manifesto.........................................................................................28The Benefits of British Rule, by Dadabhai Naoroji, 1871..................................29Letter to Sir George Grey, by Chief Moshweshewe, 1858.................................31Letter to Queen Victoria, by Lin Zexu, 1839......................................................32Macemba’s Reply, by Chief Macemba of the Yao, 1890...................................32I Speak of Freedom, by Kwame Nkrumah, 1961................................................33

DATA

Read FirstWhen looking for trends in data, it’s important to keep in mind when imperialism began/ended for each of the mentioned countries. The following dates are chosen for simplicity and in some instances may gloss over details. For example, in South Africa, full independence was not achieved until 1930 but this list states 1910, the date in which South Africa became autonomous from Great Britain (meaning Britain no longer had much of any control over the country).

Another important note: British colonies kept a great deal more records than French, German, or Portuguese colonies. As a result, most data will come from British colonies. In general, the perception is that Britain was the kindest to its colonies and did the most to develop them. So treat figures as best-case scenarios.

DATES OF CONQUEST AND INDEPENDENCE

For all referenced areasDate of Conquest Country/Region Imperializing Power Date of Independence

Varies1870-1890Generally

Africa Britain, France, Germany, Belgium,

Portugal, others.

Varies1960-1980Generally

1885 Botswana Britain 19661884 Congo (Democratic

Republic)Belgium 1960

1882 Egypt Britain 19221914 Ghana Britain 19571888 Kenya Britain 19661875 Malawi Britain 19641878 Namibia Britain (as part of

South Africa)1910

South Africa 19901914 Nigeria Britain 19701884 Rwanda Belgium 19621787 Sierra Leone Britain 19611775 South Africa Britain 1910

Germany 1882-1919 Britain 1919

Tanzania Germany, Britain 1964

1888 Uganda Britain 19621891 Zambia Britain 19641890 Zimbabwe Britain 1980

Varies Asia Britain and others VariesGradual

1757-1858India Britain 1947

1839 China Britain, France, Germany, America, Russia, and others

~1945

1899 Phillipines USA 1946

Education and Literacy

CHART 1: % OF POPULATION (AGES 15 AND UP) ENROLLED IN FORMAL EDUCATION. ALSO WORLD LITERACY RATE SINCE 1820.

CHART 2: LITERACY IN INDIA SINCE 1900As a percentage of all census individuals

CHART 3: PERCENTAGE ENROLLMENT IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IN AFRICA

Amongst elementary aged people.

Economics

TABLE 1: GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT PER CAPITA OF SELECT COUNTRIES SINCE 1900Based on estimations by Angus Madison in 2008, should not be considered exact or even necessarily accurate.Controlled for inflation. Highlighted in yellow are countries/regions experiencing significant imperialism during the period 1840-1940.

GDP (PPP) per capita in 1990 International DollarsCountry / Region

1 1000 1500 1600 1700 1820 1870

1913 1950 1973 1989 2008

Austria 425 425 707 837 993 1,218 1,863 3,465 3,706 11,235 16,360 24,131

Belgium 450 425 875 976 1,144 1,319 2,692 4,220 5,462 12,170 16,744 23,655

Denmark 400 400 738 875 1,039 1,274 2,003 3,912 6,943 13,945 18,261 24,621

Finland 400 400 453 538 638 781 1,140 2,111 4,253 11,085 16,946 24,344

France 473 425 727 841 910 1,135 1,876 3,485 5,271 13,114 17,300 22,223

Germany 408 410 688 791 910 1,077 1,839 3,648 3,881 11,966 16,558 20,801

Italy 809 450 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,117 1,499 2,564 3,502 10,634 15,969 19,909

Netherlands 425 425 761 1,381 2,130 1,838 2,757 4,049 5,996 13,082 16,695 24,695

Norway 400 400 610 664 723 801 1,360 2,447 5,430 11,323 18,157 28,500

Sweden 400 400 695 824 977 1,198 1,662 3,096 6,739 13,493 17,710 24,409

Switzerland 425 410 632 750 890 1,090 2,102 4,266 9,064 18,204 20,935 25,104

UK 400 400 714 974 1,250 1,706 3,190 4,921 6,939 12,025 16,414 23,742

12 country average 599 425 798 907 1,032 1,243 2,087 3,688 5,018 12,157 16,751 22,246

Portugal 450 425 606 740 819 923 975 1,250 2,086 7,063 10,372 14,436

Spain 498 450 661 853 853 1,008 1,207 2,056 2,189 7,661 11,582 19,706

Other 539 400 472 525 584 711 1,027 1,840 2,538 7,614 10,822 19,701

West European average 576 427 771 889 997 1,202 1,960 3,457 4,578 11,417 15,800 21,672

Eastern Europe 412 400 496 548 606 683 937 1,695 2,111 4,988 5,905 8,569

Former USSR 400 400 499 552 610 688 943 1,488 2,841 6,059 7,112 7,904

United States 400 400 400 400 527 1,257 2,445 5,301 9,561 16,689 23,059 31,178

Other Western offshoots 400 400 400 400 408 761 2,244 4,752 7,425 13,399 16,724 23,073

Average Western offshoots 400 400 400 400 476 1,202 2,419 5,233 9,268 16,179 22,255 30,152

Mexico 400 400 425 454 568 759 674 1,732 2,365 4,853 5,899 7,979

Other Latin America 400 400 410 431 502 661 677 1,438 2,531 4,435 4,203 5,750

Latin American average 400 400 416 438 527 691 676 1,493 2,503 4,513 5,131 6,973

Japan 400 425 500 520 570 669 737 1,387 1,921 11,434 17,943 22,816

China 450 450 600 600 600 600 530 552 448 838 1,834 6,725

India [A] 450 450 550 550 550 533 533 673 619 853 1,270 2,975

Other east Asia 425 425 554 564 561 568 594 842 771 1,485 2,528 4,696

GDP (PPP) per capita in 1990 International DollarsCountry / Region

1 1000 1500 1600 1700 1820 1870

1913 1950 1973 1989 2008

West Asia 522 621 590 591 591 607 742 1,042 1,776 4,854 4,590 6,947

Asian average (excl. Japan) 457 466 572 576 572 577 548 658 639 1,225 2,683 5,611

Africa 472 425 414 422 421 420 500 637 890 1,410 1,444 1,780

World 467 450 566 596 616 667 873 1,526 2,113 4,091 5,130 7,614

Country / Region 1 1000 1500 1600 1700 1820 187

0 1913 1950 1973 1989 2008

CHART 4: GDP PER CAPITA FOR SELECT AFRICAN COUNTRIES

Assumes 0 GDP for countries not yet existing. Figures for all countries except Ghana, Egypt, and Botswana should be ignored before 1950.

TABLE 2: REAL WAGES OF INDIAN UNSKILLED LABORERS, 1600-1871Relative figure based on the wage earning potential of unskilled laborers in 1871. Think of the numbers as a % of the total wage of unskilled laborers in 1871.

TABLE 3: INDIAN AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS AND TOTAL PRODUCTION, 1600-1871Relative figure based on the production levels of 1871. Think of the numbers as a % of total agricultural production in 1871. Shows trends rather than exact values.

TABLE 4: COTTON TEXTILE PRODUCTION IN INDIA VS THOSE IMPORTED TO INDIA FROM BRITAIN, 1600-1871

TABLE 5: URBAN POPULATION OF INDIA, 1600-1871

TABLE 6: PER CAPITA GDP OF INDIA COMPARED TO GREAT BRITAIN, 1600-1871Uses 1990 levels of inflation.

Quality of Life

CHART 5: DEATH BY VIOLENCE OF DIFFERENT CONTINENTAL GROUPS

CHART 6: AVERAGE LIFE EXPECTANCY OF SELECT AFRICAN COUNTRIES SINCE 1925

CHART 7: POLITICAL FREEDOM INDEX FOR SELECT AFRICAN COUNTRIES SINCE 1884

PRIMARY SOURCES

European Authors

ON AMERICA'S TERRITORIAL POSSESSIONS AND INTERESTS, THEODORE ROOSEVELT, 1903State of the Union Address by Theodore Roosevelt excerpt

... So far our action in the Philippines has been abundantly justified, not mainly and indeed not primarily because of the added dignity it has given us as a nation by proving that we are capable honorably and efficiently to bear the international burdens which a mighty people should bear, but even more because of the immense benefit that has come to the people of the Philippine Islands.

In these islands we are steadily introducing both liberty and order, to a greater degree than their people have ever before known. We have secured justice. We have provided an efficient police force, and have put down ladronism. Only in the islands of Leyte and Samar is the authority of our Government resisted and this by wild mountain tribes under the superstitious inspiration of fakirs and pseudo—religions leaders. We are constantly increasing the measure of liberty accorded the islanders, and next spring, if conditions warrant, we shall take a great stride forward in testing their capacity for self—government by summoning the first Filipino legislative assembly; and the way in which they stand this test will largely determine whether the self—government thus granted will be increased or decreased; for if we have erred at all in the Philippines it has been in proceeding too rapidly in the direction of granting a large measure of self—government.

We are building roads. We have, for the immeasurable good of the people, arranged for the building of railroads. Let us also see to it that they are given free access to our markets. This nation owes no more imperative duty to itself and mankind than the duty of managing the affairs of all the islands under the American flag——the Philippines, Porto Rico, and Hawaii——so as to make it evident that it is in every way to their advantage that the flag should fly over them…

THE BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION PROCLAMATION BY WILLIAM MCKINLEY

President William McKinley of the United StatesDecember 21, 1898

In performing this duty [the extension of American sovereignty throughout the Philippines by means of force] the military commander of the United States is enjoined to make known to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands that in succeeding to the sovereignty of Spain, in severing the former political relations, and in establishing a new political power, the authority of the United States is to be exerted for the securing of the persons and property of the people of the Islands and for the confirmation of all private rights and relations… Finally, it should be the earnest and paramount aim of the military administration to win the confidence, respect, and affection of the inhabitants of the Philippines by assuring them in every possible way that full measure of individual rights and liberties which is the heritage of a free people, and by assuring them in every possible way that full measure of individual rights and liberties which is the heritage of a free people, and by proving to them that the mission of the United States is one of the benevolent assimilation, substituting the mild sway of justice and right for arbitrary rule. In the fulfillment of this high mission, supporting the temperate administration of affairs for the greatest good of the governed, there must be sedulously maintained the strong arm of authority, to repress disturbance and to overcome all obstacles to the bestowal of the blessings of good and stable government upon the people of the Philippine Islands under the flag of the United States.

ON GERMAN COLONIAL POLICY, BY DR. CARL PETERS, 1885

German colonial policy is the natural consequence of German unification. It was only natural, that the German nation, after having reestablished its militaryposition on the battlefields of Koniggratz (i.e. Sadowa) and Sedan, immediately sensed the desire to terminate the pityful and despicable position of our nation beyond the oceans, and simultaneously to join in benefitting from the material advantages which have, at all times, been accompanied by large scale imperial expansion.

ON COLONIAL POLICY, BY OTTO VON BISMARCK

Excerpt from a letter directed at Roon, Minister of War (1868)

"On one hand the advantages for trade and industry of the motherland, which are expected from the possession of colonies, for the most part are based on illusions. Because the costs caused by the establishment, support and maintenance of colonies, often exceed the benefit enjoyed by the motherland, as the experiences of England and France prove. Furthermore it is difficult to justify to make the entire nation by, via taxation, for the benefit of certain branches of trade and industry. Based on its experience, England has given up the policy of colonial acquisitions, and France equally seems little interested in establishing new colonies ... On the other hand our navy is not yet sufficiently developed to take responsibility for the protection in distant states. Finally, the attempt to found colonies in regions claimed by other states, no matter if with or without legitimation, would cause manifold, undesired conflicts."

HUN SPEECH, BY KAISER WILHELM IIKaiser Wilhelm II, 1900, speech to soldiers departing to China to put down the Boxer Rebellion

“Should you encounter the enemy, he will be defeated! No quarter will be given! Prisoners will not be taken! Whoever falls into your hands is forfeited. Just as a thousand years ago the Huns under their King Attila made a name for themselves, one that even today makes them seem mighty in history and legend, may the name German be affirmed by you in such a way in China that no Chinese will ever again dare to look cross-eyed at a German.”

ON THE DESTRUCTION OF THE SUMMER PALACE, BY LT. COLONEL G. J. WOLSELY

Member of the British Expeditionary Force that fought in China during the Second Opium War.

“The great vulnerable point in a Mandarin's character lies in his pride… the destruction of the Summer Palace was the most crushing of all blows which could be leveled at his Majesty's inflated notions of universal supremacy… [it was] the strongest proof of our superior strength and served to undeceive all Chinamen in their absurd conviction of their monarch's universal sovereignty”

DIARY EXCERPT FROM A MISSIONARY NAMED CASALIS, 1833Writing from Thaba Bosiu in Lesotho

"... we said that, wishing to provide entirely for our own subsistence, we must have a site where we could build houses and cultivate the ground according to our own ideas and habits. Our buildings and plantations would also serve as a model for the Basutos, whom we regretted to see dwelling in huts, and living in a manner so precarious and so little worthy of the intelligence with which they were gifted."

ON MISSIONARY PRACTICES, BY GUSTAV WARNECK, 1879Written by German Theologian after a trip to Africa

"It is not only that the requirement of modesty necessitates the providing of some sort of clothing, however simple; but Christian morality desires also a dwelling corresponding to human dignity, decency and purity. Building plays an important part in the mission. First the missionary builds a simple small house for himself, to which he soon adds a school and a church. Generally he must himself superintend this work; often enough, indeed, he must execute it with his own hand, and it stands him in good stead to have been a tradesman at home. But he induces the natives also to help him, and, much patience as it requires on his part, he undertakes to instruct them. Gradually his word and his example produce their effect, and the converts from heathenism begin to build new and more decent dwellings for themselves."

REPORT FROM THE BLUE BOOK ON NATIVE AFFAIRS, 1880Report by Matthew Blyth, an upper-level administrator for the region of Transkei.

"More large schools with European masters, where trades could be learnt and discipline enforced, are wanted in every district, so that there may be more thoroughness about the education. The expense would be large, but it is a matter of vital importance to the Colony that the young may be so trained that they can take their places worthily as members of a civilized and industrious community."

LETTER PUBLISHED BY JOHN G. PATON, NEW HEBRIDES MISSION:

For the following reasons we think the British government ought now to take possession of the New Hebrides group of the South Sea islands, of the Solomon group, and of all the intervening chain of islands from Fiji to New Guinea:

…2. The sympathy of the New Hebrides natives are all with Great Britain, hence they long for British protection, while they fear and hate the French, who appear eager to annex the group, because they have seen the way the French have treated the native races in New Caledonia, the Loyalty Islands, and other South Sea islands.

…4. All the men and all the money used in civilizing and Christianizing the New Hebrides have been British. Now fourteen missionaries and the Dayspring mission ship, and about 150 native evangelists and teachers are employed in the above work on this group, in which over #6000 yearly of British and British-colonial money is expended; and certainly it would be unwise to let any other power now take possession and reap the fruits of all this British outlay.

…8. The thirteen islands of this group on which life and property are now comparatively safe, the 8000 professed Christians on the group, and all the churches formed from among them are, by God's blessing, the fruits of the labors of British missionaries, who, at great toil, expense, and loss of life have translated, got printed, and taught the natives to read the Bible in part or in whole in nine different languages of this group, while 70,000 at least are longing and ready for the gospel. On this group twenty-one members of the mission families died or were murdered by the savages in beginning God's work among them, not including good Bishop Peterson, of the Melanesian mission, and we fear all this good work would be lost if the New Hebrides fall into other than British hands.

For the above reasons, and others that might be given, we sincerely hope and pray that you will do all possible to get Victoria and the other colonial governments to help and unite in urging Great Britain at once to take possession of the New Hebrides group. Whether looked at in the interests of humanity, or of Christianity, or commercially, or politically, sure it is most desirable that they should at once be British possessions.

REPORT FROM A MISSIONARY NAMED DUVOISIN, 1885Writing from Berea, Lesotho

"Their first preoccupation was to acquire the arms of the Europeans; after which they have progressively adopted their dress, their agricultural implements, their household utensils. They have gradually begun to replace the native hut with stone or brick cottages, which offer a greater resemblance to European houses; finally they have begun to imitate them in their habits and their mode of life."

THE RISE OF OUR EAST AFRICAN EMPIRE, 1893Capt. F. D. Lugard:

…A word as to missions in Africa. Beyond doubt I think the most useful missions are the medical and the industrial, in the initial stages of savage development. A combination of the two is, in my opinion, an ideal mission.

…As the skill of the European in medicine asserts its superiority over the crude methods of the medicine man, so does he in proportion gain an influence in his teaching of the great truths of Christianity. He teaches the savage where knowledge and art cease, how far natural remedies produce their effects, independent of charms or supernatural agencies, and where divine power overrules all human efforts. Such demonstration from a medicine man, whose skill they cannot fail to recognize as superior to their own, has naturally more weight than any mere preaching. A mere preacher is discounted and his zeal is not understood. The medical missionary, moreover, gains an admission to the houses and homes of the natives by virtue of his art, which would not be so readily accorded to another. He becomes their adviser and referee, and his counsels are substituted for the magic and witchcraft which retard development.

The value of the industrial mission, on the other hand, depends, of course, largely on the nature of the tribes among whom it is located. Its value can hardly be overestimated among such people as the Waganda, both on account of their natural aptitude and their eager desire to learn. But even the less advanced and more primitive tribes may be equally benefited, if not only mechanical and artisan work, such as the carpenter's and blacksmith's craft, but also the simpler expedients of agriculture are taught. The sinking of wells, the system of irrigation, the introduction and planting of useful trees, the use of manure, and of domestic animals for agricultural purposes, the improvement of his implements by the introduction of the primitive Indian plough, etc.---all of these, while improving the status of the native, will render his land more productive, and hence, by increasing his surplus products, will enable him to purchase from the trader the cloth which shall add to his decency, and the implements and household utensils which shall produce greater results for his labor and greater comforts in his social life.

In my view, moreover, instruction (religious or secular) is largely wasted upon adults, who are wedded to custom and prejudice. It is the rising generation who should be educated to a higher plane, by the establishment of schools for children. They, in turn, will send their children for instruction; and so a progressive advancement is instituted, which may produce really great results. I see, in a recent letter, that Dr. Laws supports this view, and appositely quotes the parallel of the Israelites after their exodus from Egypt, who were detained for forty years in the desert, until the generation who had been slaves in Egypt had passed away. The extensive schools at his mission at Bandawi were evidence of the practical application of his views. These schools were literally thronged with thousands of children, and chiefs of neighboring tribes were eagerly offering to erect schools in their own villages at their own cost.

…As in all agesEvery human heart is human; There are longings, yearnings, strivingsFor the good they comprehend not. That the feeble hands and helpless, Groping blindly in the darkness,Touch God's right hand in that darkness."

That is to say, that there is in him, like the rest of us, both good and bad, and that the innate good is capable of being developed by culture.

THE BLACK MAN'S BURDEN BY EDWARD MOREL 1903Excerpt

Edward Morel, a British journalist in the Belgian Congo, drew attention to the abuses of imperialism in 1903, in this response to Rudyard Kipling’s poem, the White Man's Burden.

It is [the Africans] who carry the 'Black man's burden'. They have not withered away before the white man's occupation. Indeed ... Africa has ultimately absorbed within itself every Caucasian and, for that matter, every Semitic invader, too. In hewing out for himself a fixed abode in Africa, the white man has massacred the African in heaps. The African has survived, and it is well for the white settlers that he has.... For from the evils of the [modern capitalistic exploitation], scientifically applied and enforced, there is no escape for the African. Its destructive effects are not spasmodic: they are permanent. In its permanence resides its fatal consequences. It kills not the body merely, but the soul. It breaks the spirit. It attacks the African at every turn, from every point of vantage. It wrecks his polity, uproots him from the land, invades his family life, destroys his natural pursuits and occupations, claims his whole time, enslaves him in his own home....

. . . In Africa, especially in tropical Africa, which a capitalistic imperialism threatens and has, in part, already devastated, man is incapable of reacting against unnatural conditions. In those regions man is engaged in a perpetual struggle against disease and an exhausting climate, which tells heavily upon childbearing; and there is no scientific machinery for salving the weaker members of the community. The African of the tropics is capable of tremendous physical labours. But he cannot accommodate himself to the European system of monotonous, uninterrupted labour, with its long and regular hours, involving, moreover, as it frequently does, severance from natural surroundings and nostalgia, the condition of melancholy resulting from separation from home, a malady to which the African is specially prone. Climatic conditions forbid it. When the system is forced upon him, the tropical African droops and dies.

Nor is violent physical opposition to abuse and injustice henceforth possible for the African in any part of Africa. His chances of effective resistance have been steadily dwindling with the increasing perfectibility in the killing power of modern armament....

Thus the African is really helpless against the material gods of the white man, as embodied in the trinity of imperialism, capitalistic exploitation, and militarism....

LORD LUGARD’S DIARY, 1892By Lord Frederick Lugard, British Colonial Administrator of Nigeria. Referring to the treaties signed between African peoples and the British South Africa Company.

No man if he understood it would sign it, and to say that a savage chief has been told that he cedes all rights to the company in exchange for nothing is an obvious untruth. If he had been told that the Company will protect him against his enemies, and share in his wars as an ally, he has been told a lie, for the Company have no idea of doing any such thing and no force to do it with if they wished.

THE ECONOMIC BASES OF IMPERIALISM BY JOHN HOBSON 1902Excerpt

John A. Hobson (18581940), an English economist, wrote one the most famous critiques of the economic bases of imperialism in 1902.

…An ever larger share of our population is devoted to the manufactures and commerce of towns, and is thus dependent for life and work upon food and raw materials from foreign lands. In order to buy and pay for these things we must sell our goods abroad. During the first three quarters of the nineteenth century we could do so without difficulty by a natural expansion of commerce with continental nations and our colonies, all of which were far behind us in the main arts of manufacture and the carrying trades. So long as England held a virtual monopoly of the world markets for certain important classes of manufactured goods, Imperialism was unnecessary.

After 1870 this manufacturing and trading supremacy was greatly impaired: other nations, especially Germany, the United States, and Belgium, advanced with great rapidity, and while they have not crushed or even stayed the increase of our external trade, their competition made it more and more difficult to dispose of the full surplus of our manufactures at a profit. The encroachments made by these nations upon our old markets, even in our own possessions, made it most urgent that we should take energetic means to secure new markets. These new markets had to lie in hitherto undeveloped countries, chiefly in the tropics, where vast populations lived capable of growing economic needs which our manufacturers and merchants could supply…

It was this sudden demand for foreign markets for manufactures and for investments which was avowedly responsible for the adoption of Imperialism as a political policy.... They needed Imperialism because they desired to use the public resources of their country to find profitable employment for their capital which otherwise would be superfluous....

Every improvement of methods of production, every concentration of ownership and control, seems to accentuate the tendency. As one nation after another enters the machine economy and adopts advanced industrial methods, it becomes more difficult for its manufacturers, merchants, and financiers to dispose profitably of their economic resources, and they are tempted more and more to use their Governments in order to secure for their particular use some distant undeveloped country by annexation and protection…

A PLACE IN THE SUN, BY KAISER WILHELM IIKaiser Wilhelm II of Germany: Speech to the North German Regatta Association, 1901

In spite of the fact that we have no such fleet as we should have, we have conquered for ourselves a place in the sun. It will now be my task to see to it that this place in the sun shall remain our undisputed possession, in order that the sun's rays may fall fruitfully upon our activity and trade in foreign parts, that our industry and agriculture may develop within the state and our sailing sports upon the water, for our future lies upon the water. The more Germans go out upon the waters, whether it be in races or regattas, whether it be in journeys across the ocean, or in the service of the battle flag, so much the better it will be for us.

For when the German has once learned to direct his glance upon what is distant and great, the pettiness which surrounds him in daily life on all sides will disappear. Whoever wishes to have this larger and freer outlook can find no better place than one of the Hanseatic cities....we are now making efforts to do what, in the old time, the Hanseatic cities could not accomplish, because they lacked the vivifying and protecting power of the empire. May it be the function of my Hansa during many years of peace to protect and advance commerce and trade!

As head of the Empire I therefore rejoice over every citizen, whether from Hamburg, Bremen, or Lübeck, who goes forth with this large outlook and seeks new points where we can drive in the nail on which to hang our armor. Therefore, I believe that I express the feeling of all your hearts when I recognize gratefully that the director of this company who has placed at our disposal the wonderful ship which bears my daughter's name has gone forth as a courageous servant of the Hansa, in order to make for us friendly conquests whose fruits will be gathered by our descendants!

PLATFORM OF THE AMERICAN ANTI-IMPERIALIST LEAGUE

October 18, 1899

…We earnestly condemn the policy of the present national administration in the Philippines. It seeks to extinguish the spirit of 1776 in those islands. We deplore the sacrifice of our soldiers and sailors, whose bravery deserves admiration even in an unjust war. We denounce the slaughter of the Filipinos as a needless horror. We protest against the extension of American sovereignty by Spanish methods.

We demand the immediate cessation of the war against liberty, begun by Spain and continued by us. We urge that Congress be promptly convened to announce to the Filipinos our purpose to concede to them the independence for which they have so long fought and which of right is theirs.

The United States have always protested against the doctrine of international law which permits the subjugation of the weak by the strong. A self-governing state cannot accept sovereignty over an unwilling people. The United States cannot act upon the ancient heresy that might makes right.

…We hold with Abraham Lincoln, that "no man is good enough to govern another man without that other's consent. When the white man governs himself, that is self-government, but when he governs himself and also governs another man, that is more than self-government--that is despotism." "Our reliance is in the love of liberty which God has planted in us. Our defense is in the spirit which prizes liberty as the heritage of all men in all lands. Those who deny freedom to others deserve it not for themselves, and under a just God cannot long retain it."

We cordially invite the co-operation of all men and women who remain loyal to the declaration of independence and the constitution of the United States.

AN ANTI-IMPERIALIST, BY MARK TWAIN

New York Herald [New York, 10/15/1900]

I left these shores, at Vancouver, a red-hot imperialist. I wanted the American eagle to go screaming into the Pacific. It seemed tiresome and tame for it to content itself with the Rockies. Why not spread its wings over the Philippines, I asked myself? And I thought it would be a real good thing to do.

I said to myself, here are a people who have suffered for three centuries. We can make them as free as ourselves, give them a government and country of their own, put a miniature of the American constitution afloat in the Pacific, start a brand new republic to take its place among the free nations of the world. It seemed to me a great task to which we had addressed ourselves.

But I have thought some more, since then, and I have read carefully the treaty of Paris, and I have seen that we do not intend to free, but to subjugate the people of the Philippines. We have gone there to conquer, not to redeem....

It should, it seems to me, be our pleasure and duty to make those people free, and let them deal with their own domestic questions in their own way. And so I am an anti-imperialist. I am opposed to having the eagle put its talons on any other land.

ON FRENCH COLONIAL EXPANSION, BY JULES FERRY

Ferry was twice prime minister of France, from [1880-1881, 1883-1885]. He is especially remembered for championing laws that removed Catholic influence from most education in France and for promoting a vast extension of the French colonial empire.

Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races ....

I repeat, that the superior races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize the inferior races .... In the history of earlier centuries these duties, gentlemen, have often been misunderstood; and certainly when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race .... But, in our time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty.

I say that French colonial policy, the policy of colonial expansion…was inspired by... the fact that a navy such as ours cannot do without safe harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas .... Are you unaware of this? Look at a map of the world.

ON COLONIES AND COLONIZATION, JOHN STUART MILL, 1848If it is desirable, as no one will deny it to be, that the planting of colonies should be conducted, not with an exclusive view to the private interests of the first founders, but with a deliberate regard to the permanent welfare of the nations afterwards to arise from these small beginnings; such regard can only be secured by placing the enterprise, from its commencement, under regulations constructed with the foresight and enlarged views of philosophical legislators; and the government alone has power either to frame such regulations, or to enforce their observance.

The question of government intervention in the work of Colonization involves the future and permanent interests of civilization itself, and far outstretches the comparatively narrow limits of purely economical considerations. But even with a view to those considerations alone, the removal of population from the overcrowded to the unoccupied parts of the earth's surface is one of those works of eminent social usefulness, which most require, and which at the same time best repay, the intervention of government. To appreciate the benefits of colonization, it should be considered in its relation, not to a single country, but to the collective economical interests of the human race. The question is in general treated too exclusively as one of distribution; of relieving one labor market and supplying another. It is this, but it is also a question of production, and of the most efficient employment of the productive resources of the world….

SOCIAL DARWINISM: IMPERIALISM JUSTIFIED BY NATURE, BY KARL PEARSON, 1900What I have said about bad stock seems to me to hold for the lower races of man. How many centuries, how many thousands of years, have the Kaffir or the negro held large districts in Africa undisturbed by the white man? Yet their intertribal struggles have not yet produced a civilization in the least comparable with the Aryan. Educate and nurture them as you will, I do not believe that you will succeed in modifying the stock. History shows me one way, and one way only, in which a high state of civilization has been produced, namely, the struggle of race with race, and the survival of the physically and mentally fitter race…

…The only healthy alternative is that he should go and completely drive out the inferior race. That is practically what the white man has done in North America… In place of the red man, contributing practically nothing to the work and thought of the world, we have a great nation, mistress of many arts, and able, with its youthful imagination and fresh, untrammeled impulses, to contribute much to the common stock of civilized man…

…The path of progress is strewn with the wrecks of nations; traces are everywhere to be seen of the hecatombs of inferior races, and victims who found not the narrow way to perfection. Yet these dead people are, in very truth, the stepping-stones on which mankind has arisen to the higher intellectual and deeper emotional life of today.

ON EMPIRE AND EDUCATION, BY THOMAS BABINGTON, 1833Thomas Babington Macaulay, member of the British “Supreme Council for India.”

I feel that, for the good of India itself, the admission of natives to high office must be effected by slow degrees. But that, when the fulness of time is come, when the interest of India requires the change, we ought to refuse to make that change lest we should endanger our own power, this is a doctrine of which I cannot think without indignation. …

It is scarcely possible to calculate the benefits which we might derive from the diffusion of European civilisation among the vast population of the East. It would be, on the most selfish view of the case, far better for us that the people of India were well governed and independent of us, than ill governed and subject to us; that they were ruled by their own kings, but wearing our broadcloth, and working with our cutlery, than that they were performing their salams to English collectors and English magistrates, but were too ignorant to value, or too poor to buy, English manufactures. To trade with civilised men is infinitely more profitable than to govern savages. That would, indeed, be a doting wisdom, which, in order that India might remain a dependency, would make it an useless and costly dependency, which would keep a hundred millions of men from being our customers in order that they might continue to be our slaves.

Are we to keep the people of India ignorant in order that we may keep them submissive? Or do we think that we can give them knowledge without awakening ambition? Or do we mean to awaken ambition and to provide it with no legitimate vent? Who will answer any of these questions in the affirmative? Yet one of them must be answered in the affirmative, by every person who maintains that we ought permanently to exclude the natives from high office. 1 have no fears. The path of duty is plain before us: and it is also the path of wisdom, of national prosperity, of national honor.

ON INDIAN EDUCATION, BY THOMAS BABINGTON, 1834Thomas Babington Macaulay, member of the British “Supreme Council for India.”

We now come to the gist of the matter. We have a fund to be employed as Government shall direct for the intellectual improvement of the people of this country. The simple question is, what is the most useful way of employing it?

…What then shall that language be? One-half of the Committee maintain that it should be the English. The other half strongly recommend the Arabic and Sanscrit. The whole question seems to me to be, which language is the best worth knowing?

I have no knowledge of either Sanscrit or Arabic.-But I have done what I could to form a correct estimate of their value... I have never found one among them who could deny that a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia. The intrinsic superiority of the Western literature is, indeed, fully admitted by those members of the Committee who support the Oriental plan of education.

…when we pass from works of imagination to works in which facts are recorded, and general principles investigated, the superiority of the Europeans becomes absolutely immeasurable. It is, I believe, no exaggeration to say, that all the historical information which has been collected from all the books written in the Sanscrit language is less valuable than what may be found in the most paltry abridgements used at preparatory schools in England. In every branch of physical or moral philosophy, the relative position of the two nations is nearly the same.

How, then, stands the case? We have to educate a people who cannot at present be educated by means of their

mother-tongue. We must teach them some foreign language. The claims of our own language it is hardly necessary to recapitulate. It stands preeminent even among the languages of the west…

Whether we look at the intrinsic value of our literature, or at the particular situation of this country, we shall see the strongest reason to think that, of all foreign tongues, the English tongue is that which would be the most useful to our native subjects.

Non-European Authors

WITBOOI’S PLEA, BY HENDRIK WITBOOI, 1905Made to German Ostafrika

Since you have the guns, you force the right on your side. I fully agree with you in one thing: in comparison with you, we are nothing here. …I guess this time I shall be forced to defend myself against you. I shall do so not so much in my own name but in the name of the Lord. Trusting in His aid and strength I shall defend myself. …I have told you that I am fully in favor of peace and that I shall never be the one breaking such peace. But you say you intend to attack me. The responsibility for the innocent blood of my men and yours therefore cannot be mine since I am not the instigator of another war...

Please do leave us alone and withdraw! Call your troops back and withdraw. Please do withdraw! Please do so! This is my very serious plea!

HIS STORY, BY NDANSI KUMALO, 1936Excerpts

Taken from a recollection of Kumalo’s experiences during British occupation in the early 1900s.

…They came and were overbearing and we were ordered to carry their clothes and bundles. They interfered with our wives and our daughters and molested them. In fact, the treatment was intolerable. We thought it best to fight and die rather than bear it…

…There was much bitterness because so many of our cattle were branded and taken away from us; we had no property, nothing we could call our own. We said, "It is not good living under such conditions; death would be better—let us fight." …

…We knew that we had very little chance because their weapons were so much superior to ours. But we meant to fight to the last, feeling that even if we could not beat them we might at least kill a few of them and so have some sort of revenge…

AGUINALDO'S MANIFESTO Protesting the United States' Claim of Sovereignty Over the Philippines

Aguinaldo's manifesto was issued as a protest against President McKinley's December 21, 1898 Benevolent Proclamation asserting that America intended to rule the Philippines. Aguinaldo's response was considered tantamount to a declaration of war.

January 5, 1899

General Otis styles himself Military Governor of these Islands, and I protest one and a thousand times and with all the energy of my soul against such authority. I proclaim solemnly that I have not recognized either Singapore or in Hong Kong or in the Philippines, by word or in writing, the sovereignty of America over this beloved soil. On the contrary, I say that I returned to these Islands on an American warship on the 19th of May last for the express purpose of making war on the Spaniards to regain our liberty and independence. I stated this in my proclamation of the 24th of May last, and I publish it in my Manifesto addressed to the Philippine people on the 12th of June. Lastly, all this was confirmed by the American General Merritt himself, predecessor of General Otis, in his Manifesto to the Philippine people some days before he demanded the surrender of Manila from the Spanish General Jaudenes. In that Manifesto it is distinctly stated that the naval and field forces of the United States had come to give us our liberty, by subverting the bad Spanish Government, And I hereby protest against this unexpected act of the United States claiming sovereignty over these Islands. My relations with the United States did not bring me over here from Hong Kong to make war on the Spaniards for their benefit, but for the purpose of our own liberty and independence. . .

THE BENEFITS OF BRITISH RULE, BY DADABHAI NAOROJI, 1871The Benefits of British Rule for India:

In the Cause of Humanity: Abolition of suttee and infanticide. Destruction of Dacoits, Thugs, Pindarees, and other such pests of Indian society. Allowing remarriage of Hindu widows, and charitable aid in time of famine. Glorious work all this, of which any nation may well be proud, and such as has not fallen to the lot of any people in the history of mankind.

In the Cause of Civilization: Education, both male and female. Though yet only partial, an inestimable blessing as far as it has gone, and leading gradually to the destruction of superstition, and many moral and social evils. Resuscitation of India's own noble literature, modified and refined by the enlightenment of the West.

Politically: Peace and order. Freedom of speech and liberty of the press. Higher political knowledge and aspirations. Improvement of government in the native states. Security of life and property. Freedom from oppression caused by the caprice or greed of despotic rulers, and from devastation by war. Equal justice between man and man (sometimes vitiated by partiality to Europeans). Services of highly educated administrators, who have achieved the above-mentioned results.

Materially: Loans for railways and irrigation. Development of a few valuable products, such as indigo, tea, coffee, silk, etc. Increase of exports. Telegraphs.

Generally: A slowly growing desire of late to treat India equitably, and as a country held in trust. Good intentions. No nation on the face of the earth has ever had the opportunity of achieving such a glorious work as this. I hope in the credit side of the account I have done no injustice, and if I have omitted any item which anyone may think of importance, I shall have the greatest pleasure in inserting it. I appreciate, and so do my countrymen, what England has done for India, and I know that it is only in British hands that her regeneration can be accomplished. Now for the debit side.

The Detriments of British Rule:

In the Cause of Humanity: Nothing. Everything, therefore, is in your favor under this heading.

In the Cause of Civilization: As I have said already, there has been a failure to do as much as might have been done, but I put nothing to the debit. Much has been done, though.

Politically: Repeated breach of pledges to give the natives a fair and reasonable share in the higher administration of their own country, which has much shaken confidence in the good faith of the British word. Political aspirations and the legitimate claim to have a reasonable voice in the legislation and the imposition and disbursement of taxes, met to a very slight degree, thus treating the natives of India not as British subjects, in whom representation is a birthright. Consequent on the above, an utter disregard of the feelings and views of the natives. The great moral evil of the drain of wisdom and practical administration, leaving none to guide the rising generation.

Financially: All attention is engrossed in devising new modes of taxation, without any adequate effort to increase the means of the people to pay; and the consequent vexation and oppressiveness of the taxes imposed, imperial and local. Inequitable financial relations between England and India, i.e., the political debt of ,100,000,000 clapped on India's shoulders, and all home charges also, though the British Exchequer contributes nearly ,3,000,000 to the expense of the colonies.

Materially: The political drain, up to this time, from India to England, of above ,500,000,000, at the lowest computation, in principal alone, which with interest would be some thousands of millions. The further continuation of this drain at the rate, at present, of above ,12,000,000 per annum, with a tendency to increase. The consequent continuous impoverishment and exhaustion of the country, except so far as it has been very partially relieved and replenished by the railway and irrigation loans, and the windfall of the consequences of the American war, since 1850. Even with this relief, the material condition of India is such that the great mass of the poor have hardly tuppence a day and a few rags, or a scanty subsistence. The famines that were in their power to prevent, if they had done their duty, as a good and intelligent government. The policy adopted during the last fifteen years of building railways, irrigation works, etc., is hopeful, has already resulted in much good to your credit, and if persevered in, gratitude and contentment will follow. An increase of exports without adequate compensation; loss of manufacturing industry and skill. Here I end the debit side.

Summary: To sum up the whole, the British rule has been: morally, a great blessing; politically, peace and order on one hand, blunders on the other; materially, impoverishment, relieved as far as the railway and other loans go. The natives call the British system "Sakar ki Churi," the knife of sugar. That is to say, there is no oppression, it is all smooth and sweet, but it is the knife, notwithstanding. I mention this that you should know these feelings. Our great misfortune is that you do not know our wants. When you will know our real wishes, I have not the least doubt that you would do justice. The genius and spirit of the British people is fair play and justice.

LETTER TO SIR GEORGE GREY, BY CHIEF MOSHWESHEWE, 1858

Your Excellency---it may scarcely appear necessary to lay before Your Excellency any lengthened details of what has taken place between the Orange Free State and myself. I know that you have followed with interest the transactions which have led to the commencement of hostilities, and you have heard with pain of the horrors occasioned by the war, at present suspended in the hopes that peace may be restored by Your Excellency's mediation.

Allow me, however, to bring to your remembrance the following circumstances: About twenty-five years ago my knowledge of the White men and their laws was very limited. I knew merely that mighty nations existed, and among them was the English. These, the blacks who were acquainted with them, praised for their justice. Unfortunately it was not with the English Government that my first intercourse with the whites commenced. People who had come from the Colony first presented themselves to us, they called themselves Boers. I thought all white men were honest. Some of these Boers asked permission to live upon our borders. I was led to believe they would live with me as my own people lived, that is, looking to me as to a father and a friend.…

I tried my utmost to satisfy them and avert war. I punished thieves, and sent my son Nehemiah and others to watch the part of the country near the Boers, and thus check stealing. In this he was successful, thieving did cease. We were at peace for a time. In the commencement of the present year my people living near farmers received orders to remove from their places. This again caused the fire to burn, still we tried to keep all quiet, but the Boers went further and further day by day in troubling the Basutos and threatening war. The President (Boshof) spoke of Warden's line, this was as though he had really fired upon us with his guns. Still I tried to avert war.

It was not possible, it was commenced by the Boers in massacring my people of Beersheba, and ruining that station, against the people of which there was not a shadow of a complaint ever brought forward. Poor people, they thought their honesty and love for Christianity would be a shield for them, and that the white people would attack in the first place, if they attacked at all, those who they said were thieves. I ordered my people then all to retreat towards my residence, and let the fury of the Boers be spent upon an empty land; unfortunately some skirmishes took place, some Boers were killed, some of my people also. We need not wonder at this, such is war! But I will speak of many Basutos who were taken prisoners by the Whites and then killed, most cruelly. If you require me to bring forward these cases, I will do so. I will however speak of the horrible doings of the Boers at Morija, they there burnt down the Missionary's house, carried off much goods belonging to the Mission, and pillaged and shamefully defiled the Church Buildings.

I had given orders that no farms should be burnt, and my orders were obeyed till my people saw village after village burnt off, and the corn destroyed, they then carried destruction among the enemy's homes. On coming to my mountain, the Boers found I was prepared to check their progress, and they consequently retired. My intention was then to have followed them up, and to have shown them that my people could also carry on offensive operations, believing that having once experienced the horrors of war in their midst, I should not soon be troubled by them again. My bands were getting ready to make a descent upon them, when the Boers thought proper to make request for a cessation of hostilities. I knew what misery I should bring upon the country by leaving the Basutos to ravage the Boer places, and therefore I have agreed to the proposal of Mr. J. P. Hoffman. I cannot say that I do so with the consent of my people, for many of those who suffered by the enemy were anxious to recover their losses. If they have remained quiet, it has been owing to my persuasions and my promises that they might have good hope of justice---Your Excellency having consented to act as arbitrator between the Boers and Basutos. With the expectation of soon meeting you, I remain, etc., etc.,

Mark X of Moshweshewe, Chief of the Basutos.

LETTER TO QUEEN VICTORIA, BY LIN ZEXU, 1839Head official of the Qing Dynasty to Queen Victoria of England. In response to the opium crisis in China.

…You have traded in China for almost 200 years, and as a result, your country has become wealthy and prosperous. As this trade has lasted for a long time, there are bound to be unscrupulous as well as honest traders. Among the unscrupulous are those who bring opium to China to harm the Chinese; they succeed so well that this poison has spread far and wide in all the provinces. You, I hope, will certainly agree that people who pursue material gains to the great detriment of the welfare of others can be neither tolerated by Heaven nor endured by men...

Your country is more than 60,000 li from China. The purpose of your ships in coming to China is to realize a large profit. Since this profit is realized in China and is in fact taken away from the Chinese people, how can foreigners return injury for the benefit they have received by sending this poison to harm their benefactors? They may not intend to harm others on purpose, but the fact remains that they are so obsessed with material gain that they have no concern whatever for the harm they can cause to others. Have they no conscience? I have heard that you strictly prohibit opium in your own country, indicating unmistakably that you know how harmful opium is. You do not wish opium to harm your own country, but you choose to bring that harm to other countries such as China. Why?...

MACEMBA’S REPLY, BY CHIEF MACEMBA OF THE YAO, 1890Response made to the Germans of Tanganyika when the Yao were asked to obey German laws.

I have listened to your words but can find no reason why I should obey you—I would rather die first… I look for some reason why I should obey you and find not the smallest. If it should be friendship that you desire, then I am ready for it, today and always; but not to be your subject, that I cannot be. If it should be war you desire, then I am ready, but never to be your subject. I do not fall at your feet, for you are God’s creature just as I am. I am sultan here in my land. You are sultan there in yours. Yet listen, I do not say to you that you should obey me; for I know that you are a free man. As for me, I will not come to you, and if you are strong enough, then come and fetch me.

I SPEAK OF FREEDOM, BY KWAME NKRUMAH, 1961Nkrumah was the leader of Ghana, the former British colony of the Gold Coast and the first of the European colonies in Africa to gain independence with majority rule. Until he was deposed by a coup d'état in 1966, he was a major spokesman for modern Africa.

For centuries, Europeans dominated the African continent. The white man arrogated to himself the right to rule and to be obeyed by the non-white; his mission, he claimed, was to "civilise" Africa. Under this cloak, the Europeans robbed the continent of vast riches and inflicted unimaginable suffering on the African people. All this makes a sad story, but now we must be prepared to bury the past with its unpleasant memories and look to the future. All we ask of the former colonial powers is their goodwill and co-operation to remedy past mistakes and injustices and to grant independence to the colonies in Africa….It is clear that we must find an African solution to our problems ,and that this can only be found in African unity. Divided we are weak; united, Africa could become one of the greatest forces for good in the world.

Although most Africans are poor, our continent is potentially extremely rich. Our mineral resources, which are being exploited with foreign capital only to enrich foreign investors, range from gold and diamonds to uranium and petroleum. Our forests contain some of the finest woods to be grown anywhere. Our cash crops include cocoa, coffee, rubber, tobacco and cotton. As for power,which is an important factor in any economic development, Africa contains over 40% of the potential water power of the world, ascompared with about 10% in Europe and 13% in North America. Yet so far, less than 1% has been developed. This is one of the reasons why we have in Africa the paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty, and scarcity in the midst of abundance. Never before have a people had within their grasp so great an opportunity for developing a continent endowed with so much wealth. Individually, the independent states of Africa, some of them potentially rich, others poor, can do little for their people. Together, by mutual help, they can achieve much. …

The scant attention paid to African opposition to the French atomic tests in the Sahara, and the ignominious spectacle of the U.N.in the Congo quibbling about constitutional niceties while the Republic was tottering into anarchy, are evidence of the callous disregard of African Independence by the Great Powers. We have to prove that greatness is not to be measured in stockpiles of atom bombs. I believe strongly and sincerely that with the deep-rooted wisdom and dignity, the innate respect for human lives ,the intense humanity that is our heritage, the African race, united under one federal government, will emerge not as just another world bloc to flaunt its wealth and strength, but as a Great Power whose greatness is indestructible because it is built not on fear, envy and suspicion, nor won at the expense of others, but founded on hope, trust, friendship and directed to the good of all mankind.