table of contents states of matter changes of state gas behavior
DESCRIPTION
Solids - States of Matter definite shape definite volume fixed, closely packed arrangement of particles that vibrate in placeTRANSCRIPT
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
States of Matter
Changes of State
Gas Behavior
Graphing Gas Behavior
Table of Contents
Solids, Liquids, and Gases - States of Matter
Solids1. definite shape2. definite volume 3. fixed, closely packed arrangement of particles that
vibrate in place
Two types of solids:a)crystalline solid
1. regular, repeating pattern of particles.2. Melts at a specific temperature3. Ex: salt, sugar
b) amorphous solid 1. particles are arranged randomly 2. does not melt at a specific temperature 3. Ex: plastic, rubber, glass
2) liquid-a. Definite volume
b. No definite shapec. Particles move freely around one anotherd. fluid- a substance that can flow.
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
LiquidsBecause its particles are free to move, a liquid has no definite shape. However, it does have a definite volume.
- States of Matter
Properties of a Liquidsurface tension
1. the inward pull of molecules toward each other 2. acts like a skin 3. dependent upon the substance
Viscosity 1. Resistance to flowing. 2. high viscosity flows slowly 3. depends on the size and shape of the particles and the attraction between them.
3) gas- a. no definite shape b. no definite volume.
c. Fills the space available
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
GasesAs they move, gas particles spread apart, filling all the space available. Thus, a gas has neither definite shape nor definite volume.
- States of Matter
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Building VocabularyA definition states the meaning of a word or phrase by telling about its most important feature or function. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a definition of each Key Term.
Key Terms: Examples:
- States of Matter
solid A solid has a definite shape and a definite volume.crystalline solid Solids that are made up of crystals are called
crystalline solids.amorphous solid In amorphous solids, the particles are not arranged
in a regular pattern.
liquid A liquid has a definite volume but no shape of its own.
fluid A liquid is also called a fluid, meaning “a substance that flows.”
Key Terms: Examples:surface tension
viscosity
gas
Surface tension is the result of an inward pull among the molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together.
Another property of liquids is viscosity—a liquid’s resistance to flowing.
Like a liquid, a gas is a fluid. Unlike a liquid, however, a gas can change volume very easily.
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Viscosity
Click the Video button to watch a movie about viscosity.
- States of Matter
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
End of Section:States of Matter
2-2 Changes in State-occurs when its thermal energy
increases or decreases significantlymelting1. solid to
liquid2.At its melting point, the particles of a solid substance are vibrating so fast that they break free from their fixed positions.
3. Melting Point Identifies a pure substance.
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Changes Between Solid and LiquidThe change in state from a solid to a liquid is called melting.
- Changes of State
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
freezing1. liquid to solid
2. At its freezing point, the particles of a liquid are moving so slowly they begin to form regular patterns.
3. Same temperature as the melting point.
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Changes Between Solid and LiquidThe change of state from liquid to solid is called freezing.
- Changes of State
takes place when the particles in a liquid gain enough energy to form a gas. 1. Liquid --- > Gas
Vaporization
2. evaporation- vaporization that takes place on the surface of a liquid.
3. boiling- vaporization that takes place within the liquid as well as on its surface.
1). Boiling point identifies a pure substance
2). Boiling depends upon air pressureLower air pressure = lower Boiling
point
Condensation gas ---> liquid1. occurs when particles in a gas
lose enough thermal energy and form a liquid.
2. Example: Fog on a windowSublimation solid --- > gas
1. the particles of a solid do not pass through the liquid state as they form a gas.
2. Surface gains enough energy to form a gas.
3. Example: Dry Ice
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
1. You are stranded in a blizzard. You need water to drink, and
you’re trying to stay warm. Should you melt snow and then drink it,
or just eat snow? Explain.
You should melt snow and then drink it. If you eat snow, your body must use some of its valuable energy to change the snow to a liquid.
2. Why does the evaporation of
sweat cool your body on a warm
day?
Your body supplies the thermal energy necessary to change the sweat from a liquid to a gas, causing the body to lose heat and become cooler
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Temperature and Changes of StateA beaker of ice at –10ºC was slowly heated to 110ºC. The changes in the temperature of the water over time were recorded. The data were plotted on the graph shown here.
- Changes of State
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Temperature and Changes of State
Temperature (ºC) on the y-axis, time (minutes) on the x-axis
Reading Graphs:
What two variables are plotted on the graph?
- Changes of State
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Temperature and Changes of State
The temperature is rising from 0ºC to 100ºC.
Reading Graphs:
What is happening to the temperature of the water during segment C of the graph?
- Changes of State
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Temperature and Changes of State
Segment B: melting point of ice; segment D: boiling point of water
Interpreting Data:
What does the temperature value for segment B represent? For segment D?
- Changes of State
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Temperature and Changes of State
Change from solid to liquid; change from liquid to gas
Drawing Conclusions:
What change of state is occurring during segment B of the graph? For segment D?
- Changes of State
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Temperature and Changes of State
Water molecules in segment E have more thermal energy because they are at a higher temperature.
Inferring:
In which segment, A or E, do the water molecules have more thermal energy? Explain your reasoning.
- Changes of State
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
OutliningAs you read, make an outline about changes of state. Use the red headings for the main topics and the blue headings for the supporting ideas.
Changes in State
I. Changes Between Solid and Liquid
A. MeltingB. Freezing
II. Changes Between Liquid and Gas
A. EvaporationB. BoilingC. Boiling Point and Air
PressureD. Condensation
III. Changes Between Solid and Gas
- Changes of State
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Data Sharing Lab
Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about sharing data for the Skills Lab Melting Ice.
- Changes of State
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
End of Section:Changes of State
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
A Change in PressureA punctured basketball deflates as gas particles begin to escape.
- Gas Behavior
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Using FormulasPressure can be calculated using the formula below. Force is measured in newtons (N). If area is measured in square meters (m2), pressure is expressed in pascals (Pa).
Pressure = Force/Area
For example, a machine exerts a force of 252 N on a piston having an area of 0.430 m2. What is the pressure in pascals on the piston?
Pressure = 252 N/0.430 m2 = 586 Pa
- Gas Behavior
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Using FormulasPractice Problem
A trash compactor exerts a force of 5,600 N over an area of 0.342 m2. What pressure in pascals does the compactor exert?
P = 5,600 N/0.342 m2 = 16,374 Pa
- Gas Behavior
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
2-3 Gas BehaviorGas behavior is dependent upon 3 factors:
1) volume- the amount of space matter fills. cm3, mL, L2) temperature- a measure of the average energy of
motion particles contain. oC3) pressure- the force of its outward push divided by the
area the gas is in.Pa—pascals or kPa--kilopascals
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Pressure and VolumeAs weights are added, the gas particles occupy a smaller volume. The pressure increases.
- Gas Behavior
Solids, Liquids, and GasesBoyle’s LawIf temperature is constant:
As the pressure of a gas increases, the volume decreases.
As the pressure decreases, the volume increases.
P1V1 = P2V2
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Volume and TemperatureChanging the temperature of a gas at constant pressure changes the volume similarly.
- Gas Behavior
Solids, Liquids, and GasesCharles’s LawIf pressure remains constant:
As the temperature of a gas increases,
the volume increases.
As the temperature decreases, the volume decreases.
V1/T1 = V2/T2
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Pressure and TemperatureWhen a gas is heated, the particles move faster and collide more often with each other and with the walls of their container. The pressure of the gas increases.
- Gas Behavior
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Additional Gas Law
If the volume remains constant:As the temperature of a gas is increased,
the pressure increases.
As the temperature is decreased, the pressure decreases.
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Gas Laws Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about gas laws.
- Gas Behavior
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Questions Answers
Asking QuestionsBefore you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what or how question for each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions.
What measurements are useful in studying gases?
Volume, temperature, and pressure
How are the pressure and volume of gases related?
When the pressure of a gas increases at constant temperature, its volume decreases.
How are the pressure and temperature of gases related?
When the temperature of a gas increases at constant volume, its pressure increases.
How are the volume and temperature of gases related?
When the temperature of a gas increases at constant pressure, its volume increases.
- Gas Behavior
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
End of Section:Gas Behavior
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Making a GraphThe x-axis (horizontal) and the y-axis (vertical) form the “backbone” of a graph.
- Graphing Gas Behavior
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Temperature and VolumeAs the temperature of the water bath increases, the gas inside the cylinder is warmed by the water.
- Graphing Gas Behavior
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Temperature and VolumeThe data from the experiment are recorded in the notebook table.
- Graphing Gas Behavior
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Temperature and VolumeThe graph of Charles’s law shows that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its kelvin temperature under constant pressure.
- Graphing Gas Behavior
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Pressure and VolumePushing on the top of the piston decreases the volume of the gas. The pressure of the gas increases.
- Graphing Gas Behavior
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Pressure and VolumeThe data from the experiment are recorded in the notebook table.
- Graphing Gas Behavior
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Pressure and VolumeThe graph of Boyle’s law shows that the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume at constant temperature.
- Graphing Gas Behavior
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Previewing VisualsBefore you read, preview Figure 23. In a graphic organizer like the one below, write questions that you have about the diagram. As you read, answer your questions.
Graphing Charles’s LawQ. What is the relationship between temperature and
volume?
A. The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature under constant pressure.
Q. What does the dotted line show?
A. The dotted line predicts how the graph would look if the gas could be cooled further.
- Graphing Gas Behavior
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Links on Gases
Click the SciLinks button for links on gases.
- Graphing Gas Behavior
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
End of Section:Graphing Gas
Behavior
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Graphic Organizer
Solid Definite
Not definite Water
Not definite Oxygen
State of Matter Shape VolumeExample (at room temperature)
Liquid
Gas
Definite
Definite
Not definite
Diamond
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
End of Section:Graphic Organizer