table of contents - sae international · the 4p organisation central development unit 40 ... tata...
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF FIGURES 17
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 26
KEY MARKET DRIVERS 26
The Global Economy 26
Legislation 27
Access to Developing Markets 29
Economies of Scale 30
Market Cycles and Capacity Management 30
KEY TRENDS 33
Globalisation 33
Vertical Integration in North America and Europe 33
Rationalisation and Restructuring 34
Product Development Cycles 34
Profitability within The Value Chain 35
PART 1 – GLOBAL TRUCK MANUFACTURERS 36
DAIMLER AG 36
Background 36
Global Strategy 39
The 4P Organisation Central Development Unit 40
Global Spark 40
Group Structure 41
Manufacturing Locations 42
Production Performance 45
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Production Forecast 47
Sales Performance 48
Outlook 49
Sustainability 50
Product Range 51
Europe 51
North America 54
Latin America 57
Asia 57
Financial Performance 58
VOLVO AB 59
Volvo Truck Corporation 59
Background 59
Global Strategy 60
Group Structure 63
Manufacturing Locations 65
Manufacturing in Developing Markets 67
Production Performance 68
Production Forecast 69
Sales Performance 69
Outlook 75
Product Range 75
Financial Performance 80
IVECO 82
Background 82
Global Strategy 85
Group Structure 86
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Manufacturing Locations 87
Production Performance 88
Production Forecast 90
Sales Performance 90
Western Europe 92
PACCAR 98
Background 98
Global Strategy 98
Group Structure 100
Production Performance 102
Production Forecast 104
Sales Performance 105
Western Europe 107
Outlook 108
Product Range 109
Environmental Focus 111
Financial Performance 111
SCANIA 114
Background 114
Global Strategy 117
Group Structure 119
Manufacturing Locations 121
Production Performance 123
Production Forecast 124
Sales Performance 124
Delivery Volumes 124
Western Europe 127
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Central and Eastern Europe 128
Latin America 129
Sales Revenue 130
Product Range 134
Financial Performance 136
MAN NUTZFAHRZEUGE AG 139
Background 139
Group Structure 142
Manufacturing Locations 142
Production Performance 144
Production Forecast 145
Sales Performance 146
Outlook 147
Product Range 148
Financial Performance 150
EUROPEAN AND CIS MANUFACTURER 152
EUROPE 153
Avia (Czech Republic) 153
Dennis Eagle (UK) 153
GINAF (Netherlands) 154
Nissan (Spain) 154
Rába (Hungary) 155
Roman (Romania) 156
Sisu (Finland) 156
Tatra (Czech Republic) 157
Terberg Benschop (Netherlands) 158
Zastava (Serbia) 159
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KaMAZ 160
Uralaz 161
ZIL 161
KrAZ 162
LuAZ 163
BelAZ 163
MAZ 163
Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant 164
INTERNATIONAL (NAVISTAR) TRUCK AND ENGINE CORPORATION 164
Background 164
Product Range 166
Production Performance 168
Production Forecast 169
Sales Performance 169
Financial Performance 171
FORD (USA) 174
Background 174
Product Range 174
Production Performance 175
Production Forecast 176
Financial Performance 177
GENERAL MOTORS (US) 178
Background 178
Product Range 179
Production Performance 179
Sales Performance 180
Financial Performance 181
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AMERICAN LAFRANCE 182
OSHKOSH TRUCK CORPORATION 182
TIGER TRUCK 183
SOUTH AMERICA 184
VW (BRAZIL) 184
Background 184
Product Range 184
Production Performance 185
Production Forecast 185
Financial Performance 187
South American Assembly Operations 188
INDIA 188
TATA MOTORS 188
Background 188
Product Range 189
Sales Performance 192
ASHOK LEYLAND 194
Background 194
Product Range 195
Production Performance 196
Production Forecast 197
Sales 198
Performance 198
Financial Performance 198
EICHER 199
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Background 199
Product Range 200
Sales Performance 200
Financial Performance 201
Swaraj Mazda 202
Tatra Vectra 203
Asia MotorWorks 204
MAN Force Trucks 205
Mahindra & Mahindra 205
PAKISTAN 206
SRI LANKA 208
BANGLADESH 208
CHINESE MANUFACTURERS 208
CHINA FIRST AUTOMOTIVE GROUP CORPORATION (CFAGC) 209
Background 209
Product Range 209
Sales Performance 209
Financial Performance 212
DONGFENG MOTOR CORPORATION 213
Background 213
Product Range 214
Production Performance 214
Production Forecast 215
Sales Performance 215
CHINA NATIONAL HEAVY DUTY TRUCK CORPORATION (CNHTC) 216
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Background 216
Product Range 217
Production and Sales Performance 217
Financial Performance 217
Baotou North Benz Truck Corporation 217
Beiqi Foton 218
Shaanxi Automobile Group 218
Chongqing Heavy Vehicle Company 218
Anhui Hualing Automobile Group 219
Qingling Motors 219
JAPANESE AND KOREAN MANUFACTURERS 219
JAPAN 219
ISUZU (JAPAN) 219
Background 219
Product Range 221
Production Performance 221
Production Forecast 222
HINO MOTORS 224
Background 224
Product Range 225
Production Performance 225
Production Forecast 226
Financial Performance 227
NISSAN DIESEL (JAPAN) 228
Background 228
Product Range 229
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Production Performance 230
Production Forecast 231
Sales Performance 231
SOUTH KOREA 233
HYUNDAI 233
Background 233
Product Range 233
Production Performance and Forecast 233
Sales Performance 234
Financial Performance 235
AUSTRALIAN AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAN MANUFACTURERS 236
AUSTRALIA 236
Iveco 236
Paccar 237
Volvo 237
SOUTH-EAST ASIA 238
BMC 238
Daimler 238
Hino 238
Isuzu 238
KaMAZ 238
MAZ 239
Mitsubishi Fuso 239
Nissan Diesel 239
Scania 239
Tata 239
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Truong Hai 240
AFRICAN AND MIDDLE EASTERN MANUFACTURERS 240
AFRICA 240
ALGERIA 240
EGYPT 240
ETHIOPIA 240
KENYA 240
MOROCCO 240
NIGERIA 240
SOUTH AFRICA 241
TUNISIA 241
THE MIDDLE EAST 241
IRAN 241
Aras Khodro Diesel 241
Iran Khodro Diesel 241
MAN 241
MAZ 242
Rakhsh Khodro Diesel 242
SAIPA Diesel 242
Sam Motor Group 242
SAUDI ARABIA 242
TURKEY 242
AIOS 242
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Askam Kamyon 243
BMC 243
Ford Otosan 243
MAN Türkiye A.S. (MANAŞ) 244
Mercedes-Benz Turk 244
Otoyol 244
TEMSA 244
Hyundai 245
PART 2 – TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS 246
INTRODUCTION 246
Key Technology Drivers 246
Future Trends 247
ENGINE DEVELOPMENT 248
Active Valvetrain Mechanisms 249
Turbo-Charging 250
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) 250
Cooled EGR 251
Combustion Chamber Design 252
Hybrid Powertrains 252
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) 253
EXHAUST AFTER-TREATMENT 254
Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOC) 254
Reduction of NOx in Lean Exhaust 255
Decomposition of Nitric Oxide 256
Ammonia SCR catalysts 256
Lean NOx Catalyst 257
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NOx Adsorber Catalysts 257
Selective NOx Recirculation (SNR). 258
FUTURE TRENDS 258
Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) 260
Filter Regeneration 260
Passive and Active Regeneration 261
Active DPF Regeneration 261
Combustion of HC Over a Catalyst 261
FUEL DEVELOPMENTS 261
Sulphur 261
ALTERNATIVE FUELS 262
Biodiesel 262
Natural Gas 262
Dimethyl Ether 262
Hydrogen 262
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 262
Fuel Cells 263
Lubrication Technology 263
TRANSMISSION DEVELOPMENT 263
BRAKING SYSTEMS 265
Disc Brakes 265
Retarders 266
Electronic Braking Control 267
TYRE TECHNOLOGY 268
VEHICLE BODY DESIGN 268
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Materials and Structures 269
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 269
SAFETY SYSTEMS 269
Passive Safety Systems 269
Active Safety Systems 269
Communications 270
Traffic Management 270
AFTERMARKET SIZE AND GROWTH 271
Tied and Free Aftermarkets 272
Routine Replacement Parts 272
Wear Replacement Parts 272
Accident Damage Parts 272
The Importance of the Aftermarket to Component Manufacturers 273
Vehicle Manufacturers Move Down the Value Chain 273
Competition in the Aftermarket 274
LEGISLATION 275
EUROPE 275
Emission Standards 277
Emission – Testing Methods 277
Proposals for Euro VI 278
Taxation 279
Plated Weight 281
Operator’s Licence 284
UNITED STATES 285
Emission Standards 285
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Emission – Testing Methods 287
Road Transport Weights and Dimensions 288
EMISSIONS STANDARDS – REST OF THE WORLD 293
Japan 293
Mexico 293
China 293
India 293
South Korea 294
Thailand 294
Australia 295
Malaysia 295
PART 3 – THE GLOBAL MARKETPLACE 296
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 296
Limited Market Growth but Significant Change 298
Growing Demand for Services to Augment the Product 298
The Phenomenon of Market Cycles 299
Regional Characteristics 299
WESTERN EUROPE 300
Regional Issues 300
The Continuing Effects of Haulage Deregulation 300
Sale of Used Vehicles 303
Increasing Operator Costs 303
Economic Outlook 303
Truck Production and Demand 304
Forecast Truck Production 306
Truck Registrations in Western Europe 307
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Forecast Truck Sales 310
Market Shares 312
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE 314
Regional Issues 314
Economic Outlook 314
NORTH AMERICA 3
Truck Production and Demand 316
Forecast Truck Production 318
Forecast Truck Sales 319
Regional Issues 320
Economic Outlook 323
Truck Production and Demand 324
Forecast Truck Production 325
Forecast Truck Sales 329
SOUTH AMERICA 329
Regional Issues 329
Economic Outlook 330
Truck Production and Demand 331
Forecast Truck Production 332
Forecast Truck Sales 333
INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT 334
Regional Issues 334
Economic Outlook 335
Truck Production and Demand 336
CHINA 340
Regional Issues 340
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Economic Outlook 341
Truck Production and Demand 342
JAPAN AND SOUTH KOREA 344
Regional Issues 344
Economic Outlook 344
Japan 345
South Korea 345
Truck Production and Demand 345
AUSTRALIA AND SOUTH EAST ASIA 348
Regional Issues 348
Economic Outlook 348
Truck Production and Demand 349
Asia Combined Production Forecast 352
Asia Combined Sales Forecast 352
AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST 353
Regional Issues 353
Economic Outlook 354
Truck Production and Demand 356
North Africa 356
Central Africa 357
South Africa 357
Iran 358
Turkey 358
GLOSSARY OF TERMS 359
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TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: North American Heavy (Class 8) Truck Market 1985 – 2007 ................................................................... 31
Figure 2: European Heavy Truck Market 1985 - 2007 ............................................................................................. 32
Figure 3: Major Truck Manufacturers Operating Margins (%), 1997 – 2007 ........................................................... 35
Figure 4: Daimler Key Commercial Vehicle Production ........................................................................................... 43
Figure 5: Daimler Medium and Heavy Truck Production 2003 – 2007 .................................................................... 45
Figure 6: Daimler Truck Production 2003 – 2007 .................................................................................................... 45
Figure 7: Daimler Truck Production by Country and Region 2003 – 2007 .............................................................. 46
Figure 8: Daimler Truck Production by Region 2007 ............................................................................................... 46
Figure 9: Daimler Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 ..................................................................................... 47
Figure 10: Daimler AG Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 ............................................................................. 47
Figure 11: Daimler Commercial Vehicle Division Sales 2005 – 2007 ...................................................................... 48
Figure 12: Daimler Truck Group Sales 2005 – 2007 ................................................................................................ 49
Figure 13: Daimler Medium and Heavy Truck Sales* by Region ............................................................................. 49
Figure 14: Daimler AG Commercial Vehicle, Europe ............................................................................................... 52
Figure 15: Daimler Commercial Vehicles, North America ........................................................................................ 54
Figure 16: Daimler Commercial Vehicles, Asia ........................................................................................................ 57
Figure 17: Daimler AG Truck Group Revenue and Profit 2005 – 2007 ................................................................... 58
Figure 18: Volvo Group Key Manufacturing Sites .................................................................................................... 65
Figure 19: Volvo/RVI/Mack Production by Country and Region 2003 – 2007 ......................................................... 68
Figure 20: Volvo/RVI/Mack Production by Region 2007 .......................................................................................... 68
Figure 21: Volvo AB Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 ................................................................................. 69
Figure 22: Volvo AB Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 ................................................................................. 69
Figure 23: Volvo Group Trucks Delivered by Region 2003 – 2007 .......................................................................... 70
Figure 24: Volvo Group Trucks Delivered by Region 2003 – 2007 .......................................................................... 70
Figure 25: Volvo Truck Deliveries by Region 2007 .................................................................................................. 71
Figure 26: Volvo Group Trucks Delivered ................................................................................................................ 72
Figure 27: Volvo Truck Deliveries by Brand and Model 2006 – 2007 ...................................................................... 73
Figure 28: Volvo Group Truck Deliveries ................................................................................................................. 74
Figure 29: Volvo Model Structure ............................................................................................................................. 76
Figure 30: Renault Model Structure ......................................................................................................................... 78
Figure 31: Mack Model Structure ............................................................................................................................. 79
Figure 32: Nissan Diesel Model Structure ................................................................................................................ 80
Figure 33: Volvo Trucks Segment Financial Performance 2003 – 2007 .................................................................. 80
Figure 34: Volvo Trucks Segment Revenue (SEKm) 2003 – 2007 .......................................................................... 81
Figure 35: Volvo Trucks Segment Operating Income (SEKm) 2003 – 2007 ........................................................... 81
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Figure 36: Iveco Growth by Acquisition and Joint Venture, 1975 – 2007 ................................................................ 84
Figure 37: Iveco European Truck and Components Production .............................................................................. 87
Figure 38: Iveco Commercial Vehicle Production 2003 – 2007 ............................................................................... 88
Figure 39: Iveco Medium and Heavy Truck Production 2003 – 2007 ...................................................................... 88
Figure 40: Iveco Truck Production by Country and Region 2003 – 2007 ................................................................ 89
Figure 41: Iveco Truck Production by Region 2007 ................................................................................................. 89
Figure 42: Iveco Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 ....................................................................................... 90
Figure 43: Iveco Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 ....................................................................................... 90
Figure 44: Iveco Global Vehicle Sales 2003 – 2007 ................................................................................................ 91
Figure 45: Iveco Global Vehicle Sales 2003 – 2007 ................................................................................................ 91
Figure 46: Iveco Commercial Vehicle Sales by Product Segment 2003 – 2007 ..................................................... 92
Figure 47: Iveco Commercial Vehicle Sales by Product Segment 2003 – 2007 ..................................................... 93
Figure 48: Iveco Commercial Vehicle Sales by Region 2003 – 2007 ...................................................................... 93
Figure 49: Iveco Commercial Vehicle Sales by Region 2003 – 2007 ...................................................................... 94
Figure 50: Iveco Financial Results 2003 – 2007 (€m) ............................................................................................. 96
Figure 51: Iveco Revenue 2003 – 2007 (€m) ........................................................................................................... 97
Figure 52: Iveco Operating Income 2003 – 2007 (€m) ............................................................................................ 97
Figure 53: Paccar Truck Manufacturing Locations ................................................................................................. 101
Figure 54: Paccar Global Truck Production ........................................................................................................... 102
Figure 55: Paccar Global Truck Production 2003 – 2007 ...................................................................................... 102
Figure 56: Paccar Production by Marque 2003 – 2007 ......................................................................................... 103
Figure 57: Paccar Truck Production by Country and Region 2003 – 2007 ........................................................... 103
Figure 58: Paccar Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2012 .................................................................................. 104
Figure 59: Paccar Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2012 .................................................................................. 104
Figure 60: Paccar Truck Deliveries by Region 2004 – 2007 .................................................................................. 105
Figure 61: Paccar Truck Deliveries by Region 2007 .............................................................................................. 105
Figure 62: Paccar Class 8 Sales in the US 2003 – 2007 ....................................................................................... 106
Figure 63: Paccar Class 7 Sales in the US 2003 – 2007 ....................................................................................... 106
Figure 64: Paccar US Class 7 and 8 Sales 2003 – 2007 ....................................................................................... 107
Figure 65: Paccar Registrations Over 6 Tonne GVW, ........................................................................................... 107
Figure 66: Paccar Registrations Over 6 Tonne GVW, ........................................................................................... 108
Figure 67: Paccar Group Truck Product Range ..................................................................................................... 109
Figure 68: Paccar Truck Segments Revenue and Income 2003 – 2007 ($m) ....................................................... 112
Figure 69: Paccar Truck Segments Revenues ...................................................................................................... 112
Figure 70: Paccar Truck Segment Income before Taxes ...................................................................................... 113
Figure 71: The Ten Largest Shareholders in Scania, ............................................................................................ 120
Figure 72: Scania's Wholly-Owned, Main Production Plants ................................................................................. 121
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Figure 73: Scania Commercial Vehicle Production 2003 – 2007 ........................................................................... 123
Figure 74: Scania Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 ................................................................................... 124
Figure 75: Scania Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 ................................................................................... 124
Figure 76: Scania Global Truck Registrations ........................................................................................................ 125
Figure 77: Scania Global Truck Deliveries 2003 – 2007 ........................................................................................ 126
Figure 78: Scania Truck Deliveries by Market Region 2007 .................................................................................. 126
Figure 79: Scania Truck Registrations, .................................................................................................................. 127
Figure 80: Scania Truck Registrations, .................................................................................................................. 128
Figure 81: Scania Truck Registrations, Latin America 2003 – 2007 ...................................................................... 129
Figure 82: Scania Truck Registrations and Other Markets 2003 – 2007 ............................................................... 129
Figure 83: Scania Truck Registrations, Asia 2003 – 2007 ..................................................................................... 130
Figure 84: Scania Commercial Vehicle Revenue (SEKm) 2003 – 2007 ................................................................ 130
Figure 85: Scania Commercial Vehicle Revenue ................................................................................................... 131
Figure 86: Scania Commercial Vehicle Revenue by Product 2007 ....................................................................... 132
Figure 87: Scania Vehicles and Services Revenue by Region (SEKm) 2003 – 2007 ........................................... 132
Figure 88: Scania Vehicles and Services Revenue by Region 2007 ..................................................................... 133
Figure 89: Scania Vehicles and Services Financial Performance ......................................................................... 137
Figure 90: Scania Vehicle and Services Revenue (SEKm) 2003 – 2007 .............................................................. 138
Figure 91: Scania Vehicles and Services Operating Profit (SEKm) 2003 – 2007 ................................................. 138
Figure 92: MAN Manufacturing Locations .............................................................................................................. 143
Figure 93: MAN Truck Production 2003 – 2007 ..................................................................................................... 144
Figure 94: MAN Truck Production 2003 – 2007 ..................................................................................................... 144
Figure 95: MAN Truck Production by Country and Region .................................................................................... 145
Figure 96: MAN Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 ...................................................................................... 145
Figure 97: MAN Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 ...................................................................................... 146
Figure 98: MAN Global Truck Sales 2003 – 2007 .................................................................................................. 146
Figure 99: MAN Truck Sales 2003 – 2007 ............................................................................................................. 147
Figure 100: MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Revenue (€m) .................................................................................................... 150
Figure 101: MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Revenue (€m) 2003 – 2007 ............................................................................... 150
Figure 102: MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Operating Profit (€m) ......................................................................................... 151
Figure 103: MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Operating Profit (€m) 2003 – 2007 .................................................................... 151
Figure 104: Relationships Between Truck Manufacturers Worldwide ................................................................... 152
Figure 105: International's Truck and Bus Product Range .................................................................................... 166
Figure 106: International Medium and Heavy Truck Production 2003 – 2007 ....................................................... 168
Figure 107: International Medium and Heavy Truck Production ............................................................................ 168
Figure 108: International Medium and Heavy Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 ........................................ 169
Figure 109: International Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 ........................................................................ 169
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Figure 110: International Medium and Heavy Truck Sales in the US 2003 – 2007 ............................................... 170
Figure 111: International Medium and Heavy Truck Sales in the US .................................................................... 170
Figure 112: International Revenue and Net Income ($m) 2003 – 2007 ................................................................. 172
Figure 113: International Revenue ($m) 2003 – 2007 ........................................................................................... 172
Figure 114: International Net Income ($m) 2003 – 2007 ....................................................................................... 173
Figure 115: Ford Commercial Vehicle Models by Class and GVW ....................................................................... 174
Figure 116: Ford Medium and Heavy (6t GVW and over) Truck Production 2003 – 2007 .................................... 175
Figure 117: Ford Medium and Heavy (6t GVW and over) Truck Production 2003 – 2007 .................................... 175
Figure 118: Ford Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 .................................................................................... 176
Figure 119: Ford Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 .................................................................................... 176
Figure 120: Ford Truck Sales in the US by Class 2003 – 2007 ............................................................................. 177
Figure 121: Ford Truck Sales in the US by Class 2003 – 2007 ............................................................................. 177
Figure 122: GM Medium and Heavy (6t GVW and over) Production ..................................................................... 179
Figure 123: GM Medium and Heavy (6t GVW and over) Truck Production 2003 – 2007 ...................................... 179
Figure 124: GM Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 ...................................................................................... 180
Figure 125: GM Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 ...................................................................................... 180
Figure 126: GM Medium and Heavy Truck Sales in the US 2003 – 2007 ............................................................. 180
Figure 127: GM Medium and Heavy Truck Sales in the US 2003 – 2007 ............................................................. 181
Figure 128: GM Revenue and Net Income ($bn) 2003 – 2007 .............................................................................. 181
Figure 129: Volkswagen Truck Production 2003 – 2007 ....................................................................................... 185
Figure 130: Volkswagen Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 ........................................................................ 185
Figure 131: Volkswagen Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 ........................................................................ 185
Figure 132: Volkswagen Truck (5t – 45t GVW) Sales 2003 – 2007 ...................................................................... 186
Figure 133: Volkswagen Truck (5t - 45t GVW) Sales 2003 – 2007 ....................................................................... 186
Figure 134: Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Revenue and Operating Profit (€) 2003 – 2007 .......................... 187
Figure 135: Volkswagen Commercial Vehicle Revenue and Operating Profit (€bn) 2003 – 2007 ........................ 187
Figure 136: South American Truck Assembly Operations 2003 – 2007 ................................................................ 188
Figure 137: Tata Commercial Vehicle Production 2004 – 2007 ............................................................................ 190
Figure 138: Tata Commercial Vehicle Production 2004 – 2007 ............................................................................ 191
Figure 139: Tata Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 .................................................................................... 191
Figure 140: Tata Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 .................................................................................... 192
Figure 141: Tata Commercial Vehicle Sales 2003/04 - 2007/08 ........................................................................... 192
Figure 142: Tata Commercial Vehicle Sales 2003/04 - 2007/08 ........................................................................... 193
Figure 143: Tata Motors Revenue and Operating Profit (Rs bn) ........................................................................... 193
Figure 144: Tata Motors Revenue and Operating Profit (Rs bn) ........................................................................... 194
Figure 145: Ashok Leyland Medium and Heavy Truck Production ........................................................................ 196
Figure 146: Ashok Leyland Medium and Heavy Truck Production ........................................................................ 197
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Figure 147: Ashok Leyland Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 .................................................................... 197
Figure 148: Ashok Leyland Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 .................................................................... 197
Figure 149: Ashok Leyland Medium and Heavy Truck Sales 2003 – 2007 ........................................................... 198
Figure 150: Ashok Leyland Medium and Heavy Truck Sales 2003 – 2007 ........................................................... 198
Figure 151: Ashok Leyland Revenue and Operating Profit 2003 – 2007 .............................................................. 199
Figure 152: Ashok Leyland Revenue and Operating Profit .................................................................................... 199
Figure 153: Eicher Commercial Vehicle Sales 2003 – 2007 .................................................................................. 200
Figure 154: Eicher Commercial Vehicle Sales 2003 – 2007 .................................................................................. 201
Figure 155: Eicher Revenue and Operating Profit (Rs m) 2003 – 2007 ................................................................ 201
Figure 156: Eicher Revenue and Operating Profit (Rs m) 2003 - 2007* ................................................................ 202
Figure 157: Swaraj Mazda Revenue and Operating Profit (Rs m) ......................................................................... 203
Figure 158: Swaraj Mazda Revenue and Operating Profit (Rs bn) 2005 – 2008 .................................................. 203
Figure 159: Pakistan Truck Production by Manufacturer 2003 – 2008 .................................................................. 206
Figure 160: Pakistan Truck Production by Manufacturer 2003 - 2008* ................................................................. 207
Figure 161: Pakistan Truck Sales by Manufacturer 2003 – 2008 .......................................................................... 207
Figure 162: Pakistan Truck Sales by Manufacturer 2003 - 2008* ......................................................................... 208
Figure 163: FAW Truck Sales 2003 – 2007 ........................................................................................................... 210
Figure 164: FAW Sales Volume by Segment 2007 ................................................................................................ 210
Figure 165: FAW Truck Production 2003 – 2007 ................................................................................................... 211
Figure 166: FAW Heavy Truck Production 2003 – 2007 ....................................................................................... 211
Figure 167: FAW Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 .............................................................................................. 211
Figure 168: FAW Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 .................................................................................... 212
Figure 169: FAW Consolidated Revenue (Yuan bn) .............................................................................................. 212
Figure 170: FAW Consolidated Revenue (CNY bn) 2003 – 2007 ......................................................................... 213
Figure 171: Dongfeng Heavy and Medium Truck Production ................................................................................ 214
Figure 172: Dongfeng Truck Production 2005 – 2007 ........................................................................................... 214
Figure 173: Dongfeng Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 ............................................................................ 215
Figure 174: Dongfeng Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 ............................................................................ 215
Figure 175: Dongfeng Sales Performance 2003 – 2007 ........................................................................................ 216
Figure 176: Dongfeng Sales Performance 2003 – 2007 ........................................................................................ 216
Figure 177: Isuzu's 'Standard' (M&H) Production in Japan .................................................................................... 221
Figure 178: Isuzu 'Standard' Truck Production in Japan 2003 – 2007 .................................................................. 221
Figure 179: Isuzu Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 ................................................................................... 222
Figure 180: Isuzu Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2013 ................................................................................... 222
Figure 181: Isuzu Consolidated Financial Data (¥bn) 2003 - 2007* ...................................................................... 223
Figure 182: Isuzu Consolidated Financial Data (¥bn) ............................................................................................ 223
Figure 183: Hino Standard* Truck Production 2003 – 2007 .................................................................................. 225
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Figure 184: Hino Standard* Truck Production 2003 – 2007 .................................................................................. 226
Figure 185: Hino Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2012 .................................................................................... 226
Figure 186: Hino Truck Production Forecast ......................................................................................................... 226
Figure 187: Hino Net Sales (¥bn) 2006 - 2007* ..................................................................................................... 227
Figure 188: Hino Revenue and Operating Profit (¥bn) 2006 - 2007* ..................................................................... 227
Figure 189: Hino Operating Profit (¥bn) 2006 - 2007* ........................................................................................... 228
Figure 190: Nissan Diesel 'Standard'* Truck Production ....................................................................................... 230
Figure 191: Nissan Diesel 'Standard'* Truck Production 2003 – 2007 .................................................................. 230
Figure 192: Nissan Diesel Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2012 ...................................................................... 231
Figure 193: Nissan Diesel Truck Production Forecast 2008 – 2012 ...................................................................... 231
Figure 194: Nissan Diesel Truck Deliveries by Segment 2006 – 2007 .................................................................. 232
Figure 195: Nissan Diesel Truck Deliveries 2006 – 2007 ...................................................................................... 232
Figure 196: Nissan Diesel Revenue (SEKm) Apr - Dec 2007 ................................................................................ 232
Figure 197: Hyundai Truck Production Forecast 2007 – 2012 .............................................................................. 234
Figure 198: Hyundai Truck Production Forecast 2007 – 2012 .............................................................................. 234
Figure 199: Hyundai Medium and Heavy Commercial Vehicle Sales .................................................................... 234
Figure 200: Hyundai Medium and Heavy Commercial Vehicle Sales 2003 – 2007 .............................................. 235
Figure 201: Hyundai Consolidated Revenue and Net Profit (KWbn) ..................................................................... 235
Figure 202: Hyundai Revenue (KWbn) 2003 – 2007 ............................................................................................. 236
Figure 203: Iveco Australia Truck Production ........................................................................................................ 236
Figure 204: Paccar Truck Deliveries, Australasia .................................................................................................. 237
Figure 205: Hino Production SE Asia 2007 ............................................................................................................ 238
Figure 206: Isuzu Commercial Vehicle Production SE Asia 2007 ......................................................................... 238
Figure 207: Mitsubishi Fuso Production SE Asia 2007 .......................................................................................... 239
Figure 208: Nissan Diesel Commercial Vehicle Production ................................................................................... 239
Figure 209: NOx /particulates trade-off in cooled and non-cooled EGR systems ................................................. 251
Figure 210: Reactions in a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst ............................................................................................ 255
Figure 211: NOx Reduction in SCR Catalyst .......................................................................................................... 256
Figure 212: Operation of NOx Adsorber ................................................................................................................. 258
Figure 213: NOx Conversion Using Different Catalyst Technologies .................................................................... 259
Figure 214: Merits of DPF Regeneration Methods ................................................................................................. 260
Figure 215: Comparative Stopping Data for Disc and Drum Brake Combinations ................................................ 266
Figure 216: The effect of congestion on fuel consumption .................................................................................... 270
Figure 217: European Union Countries (EU27) as at Sept 2008 ........................................................................... 276
Figure 218: European Union Emission Regulations, Euro I – Euro VI ................................................................... 277
Figure 219: Four Proposed Euro VI Scenarios For Diesel Engines ....................................................................... 278
Figure 220: Monetary Impacts of Euro VI Emission Limit Value Sub-Options in 2020 (€m) ................................. 279
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Figure 221: EU Maximum Heavy Vehicle Dimension Limits .................................................................................. 281
Figure 222: EU Heavy Vehicle Maximum Weight Limits ........................................................................................ 282
Figure 223: EU Heavy Vehicle Maximum Axle Weights ........................................................................................ 283
Figure 224: US Heavy Vehicle Engine Emission Limits ......................................................................................... 285
Figure 225: CARB CO2 Equivalent Emissions Reduction ..................................................................................... 286
Figure 226: US highway Use Taxation Schedule 2007 for Heavy Commercial Vehicles ...................................... 287
Figure 227: US Maximum Heavy Vehicle Width Limits .......................................................................................... 288
Figure 228: US Minimum Mandatory Length Limits for Heavy Commercial Vehicles ........................................... 289
Figure 229: US Interstate Highway Maximum Gross Vehicle and Axle Weights .................................................. 290
Figure 230: US Interstate Highway Longer Combination Vehicle GVW and Length Limits ................................... 290
Figure 231: US Heavy Vehicle Maximum Noise Limits .......................................................................................... 291
Figure 232: Japan’s Diesel Emission Standards for Heavy Commercial Vehicles ................................................ 293
Figure 233: South Korea’s Emission Standards for Heavy-Duty Engines ............................................................. 294
Figure 234: Thailand’s Emission Standards for Heavy Diesel Vehicles ................................................................ 294
Figure 235: Australian Emission Standards for Commercial Vehicles ................................................................... 295
Figure 236: World Population, Economy and Vehicle Statistics 2007 ................................................................... 296
Figure 237: World Truck (over 7t GVW) Production by Region 2002 – 2007 ........................................................ 297
Figure 238: Freight Volume in Europe as a Percentage of 1995 Freight ............................................................. 301
Figure 239: Freight Volume in Europe as a Percentage of 1995 Freight, 2001 – 2006 ........................................ 302
Figure 240: Road Freight in Europe as a percentage of total freight .................................................................... 302
Figure 241: Road Freight in Europe as a Percentage of ....................................................................................... 303
Figure 242: Euro Zone GDP Growth and Forecast (%) 2001 – 2008 ................................................................... 304
Figure 243: EU15 Truck Production (over 7t GVW) 2003 – 2007 ......................................................................... 305
Figure 244: EU15 Truck Production (over GVW) 2003 – 2007 .............................................................................. 305
Figure 245: Medium and Heavy Truck Production, Western Europe by ............................................................... 305
Figure 246: Medium and Heavy Truck Production, Western Europe by Manufacturer 2003 – 2007 ................... 306
Figure 247: Forecast Truck Production over 6t GVW W.Europe 2007 - 2012 ('000) ........................................... 307
Figure 248: Truck Registrations in Western Europe by GVW 2002 – 2007 ......................................................... 307
Figure 249: Truck Registrations in Western Europe by GVW 2002 – 2007 ......................................................... 308
Figure 250: Truck (>3.5t) Registrations in Europe by Manufacturer 2002 – 2007 ................................................ 308
Figure 251: Truck (>3.5t) Registrations in Europe by Manufacturer 2002 – 2007 ................................................ 309
Figure 252: Heavy (16t+) Truck Registrations in Europe by Manufacturer 2003 – 2007 ..................................... 310
Figure 253: Heavy (16t+) Truck Registrations in Europe by Manufacturer ........................................................... 310
Figure 254: Forecast Truck Sales Over 6t GVW W.Europe 2007 - 2012 ('000) ................................................... 311
Figure 255: Market Shares (%) of Trucks* in Western Europe ............................................................................. 312
Figure 256: Market Shares of Trucks (>3.5t), Western Europe 2007 ................................................................... 312
Figure 257: Market Shares (%) of Heavy* Trucks in Western Europe .................................................................. 313
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Figure 258: Market Shares of Heavy Trucks in Western Europe 2007 ................................................................. 313
Figure 259: Economic Indicators in Central and Eastern Europe ......................................................................... 315
Figure 260: Truck Production (over 7t GVW) in Central and E. Europe 2003 – 2007 .......................................... 317
Figure 261: Truck Production (Over 7t GVW) Central and E. Europe 2003 – 2007 ............................................. 317
Figure 262: Forecast Truck Production over 6t GVW Eastern Europe ................................................................. 318
Figure 263: Forecast Truck Sales Over 6t GVW Eastern Europe 2007 - 2012 (‘000) .......................................... 320
Figure 264: US Gross Vehicle Weight Classes ..................................................................................................... 321
Figure 265: NAFTA Class 8 Truck Sales, 1986 – 2008 ........................................................................................ 322
Figure 266: Economic Indicators in NAFTA .......................................................................................................... 323
Figure 267: US GDP Growth (%) Recorded and Predicted ................................................................................... 324
Figure 268: NAFTA Truck (over 7t GVW) Production by Country 2003 – 2007 ................................................... 324
Figure 269: NAFTA Truck (over 7t GVW) Production by Country ........................................................................ 325
Figure 270: Forecast Truck Production over 6t GVW North America 2007 - 2012 (‘000) .................................... 325
Figure 271: US Truck Sales and Market Shares Classes 4 - 8 2007 ................................................................... 327
Figure 272: US Class 8 Market Shares 2007 ........................................................................................................ 328
Figure 273: US Class 4 - 7 Market Shares 2007 .................................................................................................. 328
Figure 274: Forecast Truck Sales Over 6t GVW North America 2007 - 2012 (‘000) ............................................ 329
Figure 275: Economic Indicators in South America .............................................................................................. 330
Figure 276: South American Truck (over 7t GVW) Production by Country .......................................................... 331
Figure 277: South American Truck (over 7t GVW) Production by Country ........................................................... 332
Figure 278: Forecast Truck Production Over 6t GVW South America 2007 - 2012 (‘000) ................................... 333
Figure 279: Forecast Truck Sales Over 6t GVW South America 2007 - 2012 (‘000) ........................................... 333
Figure 280: South American Medium and Heavy Truck ....................................................................................... 334
Figure 281: Economic Indicators in the Indian Sub-Continent .............................................................................. 335
Figure 282: India's Economic Data 2003 – 2007 .................................................................................................. 336
Figure 283: Indian Sub-Continent Medium and Heavy Truck* Production, 2003 – 2007 ..................................... 337
Figure 284: Indian Sub-Continent Medium and Heavy Truck* Production 2003 – 2007 ...................................... 338
Figure 285: Medium & Heavy Commercial Vehicle Sales in India ........................................................................ 338
Figure 286: Medium & Heavy Commercial Vehicle Sales in India ........................................................................ 339
Figure 287: Pakistan Truck Production 2003 - 2007* ........................................................................................... 339
Figure 288: Pakistan Truck Production 2003 – 2007* .......................................................................................... 339
Figure 289: Pakistan Truck Sales 2003 – 2007 .................................................................................................... 340
Figure 290: Pakistan Truck Sales 2003 – 2007* ................................................................................................... 340
Figure 291: China's Economic Data 2003 – 2007 ................................................................................................. 342
Figure 292: Economic Indicators in China ............................................................................................................ 342
Figure 293: China's Truck (over 7t GVW) Production 2003 – 2007 ...................................................................... 343
Figure 294: China’s Medium and Heavy Truck Production ................................................................................... 343
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Figure 295: Economic Indicators in Japan and South Korea ................................................................................ 344
Figure 296: Japan & South Korea Medium and Heavy Truck Production 2003 – 2007 ....................................... 346
Figure 297: Japan and South Korea Medium and Heavy Truck Production ......................................................... 346
Figure 298: ‘Standard’* Truck Registrations in Japan, 2003 – 2007 ..................................................................... 347
Figure 299: ‘Standard’ Truck Registrations in Japan 2003 – 2007 ....................................................................... 347
Figure 300: Economic Indicators in Australia and South-East Asia ...................................................................... 349
Figure 301: JAMA Members Truck Production in ASEAN Countries 2006 .......................................................... 350
Figure 302: Australia & South-East Asia Medium and Heavy Truck Production 2003 – 2007 ............................. 350
Figure 303: Australia & South-East Asia Medium and Heavy Truck Production 2003 – 2007 ............................. 351
Figure 304: Forecast Truck Production over 6t GVW Asia 2007 - 2012 (‘000) .................................................... 352
Figure 305: Forecast Truck Sales Over 6t GVW Asia 2007 – 2012 (‘000) ........................................................... 352
Figure 306: Economic Indicators in Africa and the Middle East ............................................................................ 354
Figure 307: Medium and Heavy Truck Production in Egypt 2003 – 2007 ............................................................ 356
Figure 308: Medium and Heavy Truck Production in Egypt 2003 – 2007 ............................................................ 356
Figure 309: Medium and Heavy Truck Production in South Africa ....................................................................... 357
Figure 310: Medium and Heavy Truck Production in South Africa ....................................................................... 357
Figure 311: Medium and Heavy Truck Production in Turkey 2003 – 2007 ........................................................... 358
Figure 312: Medium and Heavy Truck Production in Turkey 2003 – 2007 ........................................................... 358
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